Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry

Fifteen essential oils, four essential oil fractions, and three pure compounds (thymol, carvacrol, and eugenol), characterized by gas chromatography and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry, were investigated for biological and nonbiological antioxidant activity. Clove oil and eugenol showed strong DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free-radical scavenging activity (IC 50 = 13.2 μg/mL and 11.7 μg/mL, respectively) and powerfully inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human neutrophils stimulated by PMA (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) (IC 50 = 7.5 μg/mL and 1.6 μg/mL) or H 2 O 2 (IC 50 = 22.6 μg/mL and 27.1 μg/mL). Nutmeg, ginger, and palmarosa oils were also highly active on this test. Essential oils from clove and ginger, as well as eugenol, carvacrol, and bornyl acetate inhibited NO (nitric oxide) production (IC 50 < 50.0 μg/mL). The oils of clove, red thyme, and Spanish oregano, together with eugenol, thymol, and carvacrol showed the highest myeloperoxidase inhibitory activity. Isomers carvacrol and thymol displayed a disparate behavior in some tests. All in all, clove oil and eugenol offered the best antioxidant profile.

This work is a review of the results of some studies conducted around the world on the essential oil of Mentha spicata . Thus, chemical analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) have identified several compounds in the oil. Among the main ones, we cited carvone, limonene, germacrene D, β-caryophyllene, menthone and 1,8-cineole. Indeed, the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of the essential oil by the DPPH test revealed a difference in the results that is probably due to the diversity of the chemical composition, factors and according to the region. As well as, the ABTS test results revealed that the essential oil of Mentha spicata possessed reasonable antioxidant activity. This could be attributed to the presence of a large amount of carvone. In addition, the evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil by the technique of aromatogram and the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) showed that it possessed a great inhibitory power on Gram positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus , and Streptococcus mutans , and Gram negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasturella multocida, Escherichia coli , and Salmonella. As well as on fungi such as Mucor mucedo, Rhizopus solani, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus , and Alternaria alternate . In another way, the results of cytotoxic activity using MTT assay showed that Mentha spicata essential oil had a potent cytotoxic action on KB and HeLa cells.

Azima tetracantha Lam. (Salvadoraceae) is a traditional medicinal plant primarily used for mother care treatments after delivery. Based on literature survey, it was noticed that the evaluation of the biopotential of A. tetracantha, and its phytoconstituents are scarcely reported from plant materials growing in the state of Kerala, India. An attempt was made to reveal the phytochemical profile of the plant using various chromatographic as well as spectroscopic techniques. A triterpenoid of friedelane derivative, was isolated from the leaves of A. tetracantha by employing chromatographic techniques like Column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC), along with preparative TLC. The isolated compound was observed to be white coloured powder consisting of needle shaped crystals. The melting point of the isolated compound was found to be 261-263 ºC (uncorrected). The crystals were soluble in hexane, acetone, ethyl acetate and methanol. It was insoluble in water. Further spectroscopic characterization using ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV-Vis), infra red spectroscopy (FTIR), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LCMS) and 1 H-NMR. of the compound revealed it to be friedelin. Ab initio calculations of isolated compound at HF/3-21G* level of theory has generated an IR spectrum which showed strong signals for carbonyl oxygen (C=O) and C-H stretching of methyl groups similar to the experimental IR spectrum reported in the study. This computed IR spectrum matched perfectly with experimental IR spectrum, confirming the isolated compound to be friedelin.

Mangosteen Herbarium voucher specimen In situ mass spectrometry Xanthones A B S T R A C T Herbarium voucher specimens are used primarily for taxonomic confirmation. However, they also afford a record of the metabolic profile of a plant, potentially at the time it was collected, or at the very least, at the time of analysis. Even with the enhanced sensitivity of modern analytical techniques, analysis of the metabolites of a herbarium voucher requires removal and consumption of at least part of an entire specimen. We present herein a non-destructive method to analyze the metabolites of herbarium voucher specimens with the droplet-liquid microjunction-surface sampling probe (droplet probe) coupled to ultra-performance liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry. As proof of concept, a herbarium voucher specimen of Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) was utilized due to the well-characterized xanthones biosynthesized by this plant, which are of interest as potential anticancer agents. Also, the juice of the fruits of this plant is used widely in the United States and in other countries as a botanical dietary supplement. Metabolite profiles of the sampled surfaces were compared to a subset of xanthone standards. Using this innovative method on the herbarium voucher specimen, we were able to readily identify cytotoxic prenylated xanthones while maintaining the integrity of the entire specimen.

Objective: The present study was conducted to detect possible chemicals (phytoconstituents), prove
ethno-medicinal value of the plant, and investigate antimicrobial, anthelmintic, and total phenolic
content of crude methanolic extract of the Solanum violaceum plant.
Materials and Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out using different chemical group
test methods. In anthelmintic activity test (using Pheretima posthuma model), five concentrations (10,
20, 30, 40, 50, and 80 mg/ml in distilled water) of extracts and albendazole as standard were used
which involved the vermifuge and vermicidal activity on the worms. For the evaluation of in vitro
antimicrobial activity, disc diffusion method, and to determine the total phenolic content, Folin-
Ceocalteu method (gallic acid as standard) were used.
Results: The phytoconstituent analysis revealed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrate, glycoside,
flavonoid, saponin, gum, diterpenes, phenol, protein, and tannin. The crude extract exhibited
significant anthelmintic property comparing with the standard. The methanolic extract revealed broadspectrum
antimicrobial activity at the concentration of 400 μg/disc. The results were compared with
that of the standard ciprofloxacin. The extract exhibited moderate amount of total phenolic compound
(54.67±1.18 mg/gm of gallic acid equivalent).
Conclusion: Since S. violaceum have shown antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anthelmintic activities,
more studies such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, and other pharmacological activities
should be carried out to justify its traditional use, as the plant is available and used broadly in the rural
areas for folkloric remedies.

In Persian nutrition culture, drinking aromatic waters (hydrosols, distillate) has a long history as functional beverages or therapeutic remedies. The co-distilled water with essential oils, which contains partial amounts of more water-soluble volatile compounds are diluted and used as beverages. Since the solubility of volatile components is different in water, the overall composition, and thus the biological activities of aromatic waters seem to be different from the essential oils they were co-distilled with. Despite the essential oils, chemical constituents of many aromatic waters have not been evaluated scientifically. This research investigated hydrosols used for mental and neurological health maintenance in Persian nutrition culture and their chemical constituents. Constitutions of these hydrosols were extracted by liquid/liquid extraction method and identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Furthermore, cluster analysis was used to evaluate the relevance of these hydrosols chemical constituents. About 93 compounds were identified from 20 aromatic waters. the major or second major constituents were thymol (azarol howthorn, frankincense, lemon balm, valerian, shadab), phenethyl alcohol (damask rose, dog-rose, star-flower), carvacrol (basil, creeping buttercup, lemon balm); eugenol (shadab, dog-rose, starflower, basil), camphor (yarrow and wormwood), carvone (oriental plane), caryophyllene (cuminum), cinnamaldehyde (Chinese cinnamon), p-cymen-7-ol (musk willow), limonene (lemon verbena), linalool and a-terpineol (bitter orange), menthol (date palm) and methyl 5-vinylnicotinate (olive). Although, these hydrosols prepared from plants belong to different genus and families, but cluster analysis showed obvious similarities between their chemical constituents. Results of this investigation showed in many cases that the constituents of aromatic waters are different from the pure essential oil.

People in Bangladeshi village area have long practice to take plant-based products for their basic health care. Schleichera oleosa (Lour.) Oken (Family: Sapindaceae) is an important folk medicine in Bangladesh, India that has been used to cure a wide variety of human ailments. Here, the crude methanol extract of S. oleosa leaf (MESOL) and its various solvent (Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, aqueous) fractions were evaluated to determine the level of biological activities by both in vitro and in vivo approaches. The crude methanol extract along with its different solvent fractions was investigated for antioxidant activity by measuring total phenolic content and DPPH radical scavenging assay. Cytotoxic activity was performed by brine shrimp lethality bioassay method. The blood clot lysis ability was screened using aspirin as standard. In vitro anti-inflammatory test was performed by RBC membrane stabilizing activity. Beside in vitro analysis, tail immersion procedure and formalin-induced writhing test was carried out to evaluate the analgesic activity of the plant extract in mice. In addition, the anti-diarrheal activity was determined by castor oil-induced diarrheal model in mice. The ethyl acetate fraction of S. oleosa showed prominent antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radical with an IC 50 value of 9.46 μg/ml, possibly due to its highest phenol content (103.23 mg of GAE/g of plant extract). The methanol extract revealed significant cytotoxicity towards brine shrimp with an LC 50 value of 16.79 μg/ml. The dichloromethane fraction showed moderate blood clot lysis ability (28.93% clot lysis) while the crude methanol extract of S. oleosa leaf produced the highest 74.62% inhibition of hemolysis induced by hypotonic solution. During in vivo assay, the crude methanol extract of S. oleosa leaf produced significant (p<0.05) and dosedependent pain response and anti-diarrheal effect in mice. The present study revealed that Schleichera oleosa possesses significant pharmacological activities. However, additional studies are compulsory to discover the mechanism of action of the plant.

A B S T R A C T Macrothelypteris torresiana is a fern species belonging to the family Thelypteridaceae. The present study was conducted to evaluate hepatoprotective potential of ethanol extract from M. torresiana aerial parts (EEMTAP) and detect the polyphenolic compounds present in the extract using high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC). Hepatoprotective potential of EEMTAP were tested at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg, per os (p.o.), on Wistar albino rats. The extract and silymarin treated animal groups showed significant decrease in activities of different biochemical parameters like serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), which were elevated by carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4) intoxication. The levels of total bilirubin and total protein along with the liver weight were also restored to normalcy by EEMTAP and silymarin treatment. After CCl 4 administration, the levels of hepatic antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) were decreased whereas the level of hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) was elevated. The levels of these hepatic antioxidant enzymes were also brought to normalcy by EEMTAP and silymarin treatment. Histological studies supported the biochemical findings, and treatment with EEMTAP at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg, p.o. was found to be effective in restoring CCl 4-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. A simple HPTLC analysis was conducted for the detection of polyphenolic compounds in EEMTAP, and the result revealed the presence of caffeic acid as phenolic acid and quercetin as flavonoid. The proposed HPTLC method is simple and concise and provides a good resolution of caffeic acid and quercetin from other constituents present in EEMTAP.

Griffonia simplicifolia has ethnomedicinal use in the treatment of depression, fibromyalgia, bladder and kidney problems, insomnia, malaria, obesity, migraine, as an aphrodisiac and a remedy for cough. The aim of this present study is to investigate the biological activities (antimicrobial and antioxidant) and isolate some of the components in the methanol and petroleum ether leaf extracts of Griffonia simplicifolia. Phytochemical screening, antimicrobial (agar and broth dilution method) and antioxidant [total antioxidant capacity (TAC), DPPH and H2O2 scavenging] assays were carried out on extracts. Thin layer and column chromatography were employed to isolate a single component which was analyzed using FTIR analysis. The petroleum ether and methanol extracts showed antimicrobial activity against test organisms with MICs ranging from 12.5 – 62.5 mg/mL. The IC50 values for methanol and petroleum ether extracts in the DPPH and H2O2 assays were 61.85 ± 0.41 and 94.26 ± 0.82 µg/mL; and ...

Pharmacogn Mag. 2017 Jul;13(Suppl 2):S273-S279. doi: 10.4103/pm.pm_454_16. Epub 2017 Jul 11.
Antiurolithiatic Effect of Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer: A Polyherbal Siddha Decoction on Ethylene Glycol-induced Renal Calculus in Experimental Rats.
Vasanthi AHR1, Muthulakshmi V1, Gayathri V1, Manikandan R1, Ananthi S1, Kuruvilla S2.
Author information
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer (SK), a polyherbal decoction containing four medicinal plants has been used in Siddha system of medicine, practiced in Southern parts of India for the management of urolithiasis.

OBJECTIVE:
The present study is carried out to scientifically validate the traditional claim and to study the mechanism of action of the drug.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
In the present study, anti-urolithiatic effect of SK was evaluated in Sprague-Dawley rats using ethylene glycol through drinking water and intraperitoneal injection of sodium oxalate. Renal damage was confirmed by the increased production of thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS).

RESULTS:
Co-treatment with SK to urolithiatic rats for 21 days significantly prevented the elevation of renal and urinary stone biomarkers in plasma and renal tissue thereby preventing renal damage and the formation of renal calculi. Administration of SK at all doses and cystone restored the antioxidant (glutathione) levels by preventing the elevation of TBARS in the kidney tissue, which was further confirmed by histological sections.

CONCLUSIONS:
SK treatment promotes diuresis which leads to flushing of the renal stones and maintains the alkaline environment in the urinary system which probably mediates the antilithiatic activity. SK provides structural and functional protection to the kidneys by enhancing its physiological function against stone formation and validates its clinical use.

SUMMARY:
SK exhibited antilithiatic and diuretic potential in ethylene glycol and sodium oxalate induced urolithiasis in ratsElevated urinary stone markers (Calcium, oxalate, uric acid, magnesium and phosphates) in plasma and renal tubular enzymes (LDH, GGT, ALP, AST ALT) in urolithiatic rats were reversed by SK treatmentSK administration significantly reduced the level of renal stress markers like Urea, Creatinine, LPO and elevated SOD, GPx, GSH levels aiding in nephroprotectionSK also provides structural and functional protection against ethylene glycol- induced renal calculus in rats as evidenced by histopathological studies. Abbreviations used: SK: Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer; TBARS: ThioBarbituric Acid Reactive Substances; SOD: SuperOxide Dismutase; GPx: Gluthathione peroxidase; GSH- Glutathione; LPO: Lipid peroxidation as measured as TBARS; AST: Aspartate AminoTransferase; ALT: Alanine Amino transferase; GGT: Gamma Glutamyl Transferase; LDH: Lactate Dehydrogenase.

KEYWORDS:
Ethylene glycol; Siddha drug Sirupeelai Samoola Kudineer; oxidative stress; sodium oxalate; urolithiasis

It has been reported that salicylic acid (SA) induces both immediate spike and long lasting phases of oxidative burst represented by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radical (O2
-). In general, in the earlier phase of oxidative burst, apoplastic peroxidase are likely involved and in the late phase of the oxidative burst, NADPH oxidase is likely involved. Key signaling events connecting the 2 phases of oxidative burst are calcium channel activation and protein phosphorylation events. To date, the known earliest signaling event in response to exogenously added SA is the cell wall peroxidase-catalyzed generation of O2
- in a hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-dependent manner. However, this model is incomplete since the source of the initially required H2O2 could not be explained. Based on the recently proposed role for H2O2-independent mechanism for ROS production catalyzed by plant peroxidases (Kimura et al., 2014, Frontiers in Plant Science), we hereby propose a novel model for plant peroxidase-catalyzed oxidative burst fueled by SA.

Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. (Euphorbiaceae) is traditionally used to treat diabetes mellitus. The extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. are having potential in the development of drug for diabetes due to their antidiabetic activity. Purpose of the study was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extracts of leaves of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn. (Euphorbiaceae). The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effect in high fat diet-streptozotocin (HFD-STZ )induced type-2 diabetic rats. Sprague Dawley rats weighing 200-250 gm were consumed high fat diet (HFD). Two weeks later the animals were given with intraperitonial injection of streptozotocin (STZ) (35mg/kg body weight). The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of repeated oral administration of the ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia Linn at a dose of (200 and 400 mg/kg) on fasting blood glucose levels and lipid metabolism in streptozotocin induced type-2 diabetic rats. After 21 days of repeated oral administration of 400mg of Euphorbia neriifolia ethanolic extract (ENEE) produced a significant decrease on fasting blood glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL levels in HFD-STZ induced type-2 diabetic rats, on the other hand there was significant increase in HDL levels. Glibenclamide 2.5mg/kg,p.o was used as standard drug. In oral glucose tolerance test, reduction of fasting blood glucose levels took place from 60 min of extract administration. We conclude that the ethanolic extract of Euphorbia neriifolia (400mg/kg) exhibits anti diabetic potential along with potent lipid lowering effect after repeated oral administration.

Abstract: Terminalia catappa L. popularly known as tropical almonds, sea almonds and Indian almonds. It is widely distributed to
many tropical countries ranging from India, Malaysia, Australia, and Pakistan among others. It has been used traditionally to cure
diseases like dysentery, bilious fever, diarrhoea, sores and abscesses. The aim of this study was to evaluate antioxidant activity of leaf
and fruit of Terminalia catappa, with regard to fruit ripening. Total phenolic and total flavonoid content of the samples were
assessed using the in vitro Folin–Ciocalteu method and aluminium chloride assay respectively. While antioxidant potential of the
samples were evaluated via DPPH radical scavenging and Ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays. Leaf extract showed the
highest levels of total phenolic, total flavonoid content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power potential, with 285.77
± 4.83(mg GAE/ g), 59.95 ± 3.41(mg QAE/ g), 43.34 IC50 (ìg/ml) and 2512.89±13.47(mM Fe (II)/g) respectively. However, nearest all
the activities studied increases as the ripening progressed. Thus ripe fruit showed highest levels of total phenolic, total flavonoid
content, DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing power potential compared to unripe fruit. This may be related to the
increased of vitamin C content through ripening process.
Keywords: DPPH antioxidant, FRAP assay, phenolics, flavonoids, ripening

Essential oils from leaves of Taiwan’s indigenous cinnamon, Cinnamomum osmophloeum extracts (CEs), contain similar constituents to those of commercial cinnamons from dried barks of other Cinnamomum species. However, cinnamon bark extracts showed controversial in vitro and in vivo results in their antibacterial activities against H. pylori. Whether CEs inhibit H. pylori growth and inflammation of H. pylori-infected gastric epithelium is unknown. In this study, we used 4-h water distillation to obtain CEs, which comprised >95% trans-cinnamaldehyde and other 4 minor compounds that were confirmed by analysis GC-MS and contained 1305.5 μg/ml of trans-cinnamaldehyde that was quantified by HPLC. The minimal inhibitory concentration of trans-cinnamaldehyde in CEs against H. pylori was 5.1 μg/ml in 48-h co-cultures. We subsequently performed 2 cinnamon extract assays: 3-h treatment of CEs containing 6.3 μg/ml and 63 μg/ml of trans-cinnamaldehyde significantly inhibited IL-8 mRNA and protein expression in the 1-hour H. pylori-infected cells, whereas 6-h treatment of CEs containing 21 μg/ml of trans-cinnamaldehyde, but not CEs containing 10.5 μg/ml of trans-cinnamaldehyde, substantially downregulated IL-8 mRNA expression and these two CEs strongly suppressed IL-8 protein secretion in the 2-h H. pylori-infected cells. In the 2-h IL-1β-treated cells, both CEs and t-SSs containing 21 μg/ml and 10.5 μg/ml of trans-cinnamaldehyde for 6-h markedly downregulated IL-8 mRNA expression; CEs inhibited IL-8 protein production more potently than t-SSs when both contained the same concentration of trans-cinnamaldehyde at 21 μg/ml. In conclusion, CEs concentration-dependently inhibit H. pylori growth and postinfectiously inhibit IL-8 mRNA and protein expression in H. pylori- and IL-1β-pretreated AGS cells. Moreover, CEs exhibited a stronger anti-inflammatory effect than trans-cinnamaldehyde, indicating that CEs can potentially be used to treat H. pylori infection.

The study was designed to investigate the antiulcer activity of ethyl acetate extract of the Saussurea lappa root using different models of gastric and duodenal ulceration in rats. Gastric ulcers were induced by oral administration of ethanol, aspirin and by pyloric ligation and duodenal ulcers were induced by oral administration of cysteamine HCl. The extract was administered at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg orally 30 min prior to ulcer induction. Ranitidine (50 mg/kg) was used as a reference standard. The antiulcer activity was accessed by determining and comparing the ulcer index in the test group with that of the standard drug treated group. Gastric volume, total acid and free acid were estimated in the pylorus-ligated rats. Saussurea lappa root (400mg/kg) showed maximum inhibition of gastric acid, free acid and total acid to 53.54%, 52.55% and 30.30%, respectively. The ulcer index in the Saussurea lappa root treated animals was found to be significantly less in all the models compared to standard drug treated cases. The antiulcer activity of Saussurea lappa root was, however, less than that of ranitidine. The results suggest that Saussurea lappa root possesses significant antiulcer property which could be due to cytoprotective action of the drug or strengthening of gastric and duodenal mucosa with the enhancement of mucosal defense.

The present review is an attempt to highlight the various ethno botanical and traditional uses as well as phytochemical and pharmacological reports on Mimusops elengi to which commonly known as Bakul and Spanish cherry, belonging to Sapotaceae family. It is a large ornamental evergreen tree cultivated in India and generally reared in gardens for the sake of its fragrant flowers. In the traditional Indian system of medicine, the ayurveda and in various folk system of medicine, the bark, fruit and seeds of Mimusops elengi possess several medicinal properties such as astringent, tonic, and febrifuge. Chemical studies have shown that, Bark contain tannin, some caoutchouc, wax, starch and ash and Flower contain volatile oil as well as Seeds contain fixed fatty oil. Preclinical studies have shown that Mimusops elengi or some part of its phytochemicals possess Analgesic, Antibiotic, Antihyperlipidemic, Anti-inflammatory, Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, Antipyretic, Cytotoxic, Congestive enhanc...

The seeds of Cleome viscosa are used in traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of many diseases in Asia.
This study evaluated fixed oil from the seeds of Cleome viscosa for analgesic and antiemetic activity by using the acetic acid
induced writhing test in mice (intraperitoneally) and chick emetic model (oral treatment) respectively. The results showed
significant analgesic and antiemetic activities of Cleome viscosa fixed oil.

Despite the fact that Anogeissus leiocarpus has been in use for many decades in the treatment of many illnesses little is known about its phytochemistry and toxicological effect in mammals. This study sought to quantitatively determine its phytochemical constituents and its sub acute toxicological effects at certain doses with a view to recommending continual usage of the plant bark at a define concentration or otherwise, and to suggest further research based on the outcome. The concentration of saponins was found to be higher (89.5mg/100g) than all other phytochemicals where as that of Glycosides were found to be the least (1.7 mg/100g). Concentration of alkaloids, tannins, steroids, flavonoids and Phenols were 26.7, 29.9, 10.6, 27.3, 5.2mg/100g respectively in the aqueous extract. The activities of alanine amino tranferases (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and levels of total and direct biluribin were not significantly higher (p<0.05) in all the groups administered with dosage of up to 200mg/kg bw of the aqueous extract of the bark. However, the studies showed that the bark extract results in no liver toxicity, and that is safe for consumption at a dose of up to 200mg/kg bw.

An accurate, precise, simple and economical High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method for the Estimation of Bortezomib in its lyophilized dosage form has been developed. The method developed is Reverse Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method using Hypersil BDS C18 column (Length: 150 mm, Diameter: 4.6mm, Particle size: 5μ) with a simple 0.1 % TFA buffer and Acetonitrile mixed in the proportion of 20:80v/v as a mobile phase, and Methanol: Water (90:10) as a diluent. The method so developed was validated in compliance with the regulatory guidelines by using well developed analytical method validation tool which comprises with the analytical method validation parameters like Linearity, Accuracy, Method precision, Specificity with forced degradation, System suitability, Robustness and Ruggedness. The results obtained were well within the acceptance criteria.

ABSTRACT
Context: Mādhava is regarded as a 7th century Indian Physician
who composed two treatises (in Sanskrit) on Ayurveda, the
Mādhava Nidāna and Mādhava Cikitsā. The former treatise
deals with the diagnosis of diseases while the latter with the
treatment using medicinal plants and other recipes. In Mādhava
Cikitsā, a common Sanskrit name is found to describe two or
more totally different botanical plant species (thus leading to
ambiguity) and a distinct botanical species is also found to
represent two or more Sanskrit names at several instances.
Aims: The present paper deals with the correct botanical
identification (most probable) of Sanskrit named plants
described in Mādhava Cikitsā for the treatment of
Diarrhoea (Atisāra Cikitsā).
Subjects and Methods: The authentic manuscripts of
‘Mādhava Cikitsā’ were critically studied for the present
research outcome. A detailed literature survey is carried
out from various references and texts.
Results: The list of Sanskrit named plants contains
103 names, while after the critical study and assigning the
most probable botanical identification as per ICBN, the list
of plant species described in the text for the treatment of
Diarrhoea is found to contain 73 names.
Conclusions: The present study will certainly benefit
Ayurvedic medical practitioners and pharmaceutical
companies in selection of proper plant species avoiding
substitutions for drug formulation.
KEYWORDS: Atisāra Cikitsā, botanical identification,
diarrhoea, Mādhava Cikitsā

Simarouba glauca is well known as paradise tree in India and other parts of world. It has been used for various ailments like, including gastrointestinal to complains, amoebicide, analgesic, anthelmintic, anti-bacterial, anti-dysenteric, anti-leukemic, anti-malarial, anti-microbial, anti-tumorous, anti-viral, astringent. In the present study the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the plant has been done. In qualitative analysis, the phytochemical compounds such as, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, protein, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phytosterols and glycosides were screened in five solvent extracts. The Ethanolic extract from the leaf showed positive results of 7 phytochemical tests. Ethyl acetate and chloroform leaf extract exhibited positive results for 5 tests. Hexane and Dichloromethane extract of the leaf showed positive results for very less phytochemical compounds. The quantification of the compounds like alkaloids, saponins, total phenols and total flavonoids has also been done. From the results, it is evident that the plant Simarouba glauca leaves are found to have maximum amount of phytocomponents.

The methanol extract of Cleome rutidosperma (Family: Capparidaceae) roots showed significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activity. The acute toxicity, orally evaluated in mice, was found to be higher than 3000 mg/kg. The antinociceptive response using writhing and tail immersion test in mice were examined. The antiinflammatory activity using carrageenan and antipyretic activity in yeast-induced pyrexia in rats were also examined. The extract at the doses 400 and 600 mg/kg significantly reduced the numbers of writhings induced by intraperitoneal injection of acetic acid in mice. However, the extract significantly exerted protective effects on heat-induced pain in mice at all test doses (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg p.o.). The percentage inhibition of oedema due to injection of carrageenan was found to be in accordance with the doses tested. The extract showed significant effect on yeast-induced fever in rats at doses of 600 mg/kg. Although these results provide a support for the traditional uses of C. rutidosperma roots, further studies are necessary to better evaluate for its safety and modes of action.

The overuse of clinical laboratory services has been documented for many years. This overuse use does not contribute to the quality of medical care, does not shorten hospital stay, nor reduce mortality. The utilization of diagnostic laboratories has increased over the last decade around the world. This increased laboratory use is appropriate if it allows accurate diagnoses to be made, ideal treatment to be identified and monitored, accurate prognoses to be established, and patients' hospital stays to be shortened. Thus, improving the appropriateness of testing behavior and reducing the number of laboratory tests have been recognized as essential parts of quality improvement program. In this study, the effectiveness of a computer-based system in improving the laboratory test-ordering in a general hospital was investigated. The study was conducted through four stages, the preparation stage, the pre-intervention stage, the post-intervention 1) stage and post-intervention 2) stage. Guideline and computer system were developed during preparation stage. Medical records were reviewed against guideline recommendations before any intervention during the pre-intervention stage, after guideline dissemination through educational workshops during the post intervention 1) stage, and after implementation of the computer system with the new requesting form during the post intervention 2) stage. The study revealed that the computer-based system achieved a statistically significant increase in the percentage of appropriate use from 44.6% in the post-intervention 1) stage to 55.6%, and a statistically significant increase in the compliance with guideline by prescriber as well as increased in guideline conformity rate from 16.7% in the post-intervention 1) stage to 32.5% in the post-intervention 2) stage, and decreased in the percentage of prescribers whose level was unsatisfactory from 85.4% the post-intervention 1) stage to 66.7% in the post-intervention 2) stage.

Background: Urtica dioica L. is a common Himalayan species which produces allergenic substances causing oedema and inflammation in humans. It has become a source of folk medicine for the treatment of many diseases. The leaves and roots both are used internally as a blood purifier and diuretic and an infusion of the plant is used for nasal and men-strual haemorrhage, diabetes, rheumatism, eczema, anaemia, hair loss, as an expectorant and antidiarrhoeal. Present study includes pharmacognostic evaluation, antioxidant activity and HPTLC analysis of Urtica dioica L. Methods: Pharmacognostic evaluation of aerial part of U. dioica has been performed as per Indian pharmacopoeia. In-vitro anti-oxidant evaluation of U. dioica has been performed using DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Ferulic acid, a poten-tial phenolic antioxidant present in this species, has been studied through HPTLC. Results: U. dioica hydro-alcoholic extract shows positive results for antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 88.33 ± 2.88 μg/ml. Standard ascorbic acid showed IC50 value of 2.8 ± 0.62 μg/ml. Ferulic acid was identified at Rf 0.61 ± 0.01 and quantified to 0.73% in this spe-cies through CAMAG HPTLC analysis. Conclusion: The pharmacognostical parameters reported can be considered as quality standards of U. dioica in herbal industry. Hydro-alcoholic extract of U. dioica showed positive in vitro antioxi-dant activity. Presence of phenolic compound suggests that antioxidant activity may be due to ferulic acid content.
Keywords: Antioxidant Activity; DPPH; Ferulic Acid; HPTLC; U. Dioica

Objective: To study of detailed pharmacognostic profile and preliminary phytochemical investigation and antifungal evaluation of leaves of Azima tetracanthalam belonging to the Family, Salvadoraceae commonly known as needle bush which is often used traditionally in Ayurveda for cough, phthisis and asthma,rheumatism,.dropsy, dyspepsia, chronic diarrhea, tooth ache and jaundice. Methods: Leaf sample of Azima tetracanthalam was studied by its Macroscopical, Microscopical, Physicochemical, Phytochemical analysis of powder of the plant and other methods for standardization recommended by WHO and also antifungal evaluation. Results: Macroscopically, the leaves are simple, opposite, elliptical orbicular, mucronate apex, pinnate, decussately arranged, pale green in colour, characteristic odour, and no taste. Microscopically, the leaf was showed the presence of dorsiventral shape, Anisocytic stomata, Polygonal epidermis, abaxial phloem, palisade parenchyma, radial xylem elements, vertical mass of hyaline, compact parenchyma cells, prominent cuticle, crystal sheath, absence of trichomes and sclerenchyma. These were the diagnostic features noted from anatomical study. Powder microscopy of leaf revealed the presence of parenchyma cells, xylem fibres and epidermis with anisocytic stomata and crystal sheath. The investigations also included leaf surface data; quantitative leaf microscopy. Physiochemical parameters such as loss on drying, extractive values and ash values were also determined. Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the presence of carbohydrates, flavanoids, tannins, phenolic compounds, alkaloids and glycosides. Conclusions: The results of the study can serve as a valuable source of information and provide suitable standards for identification of this plant material in future investigations and applications.