Polyaniline

We report on both the electrical and thermoelectric transport properties as a function of temperature in polyaniline doped with camphor sulfonic acid (CSA) for a wide range of CSA doping. A transport crossovers diagram illustrating metallic and insulating like behaviors is proposed and seems to result from the interplay between charge doping and disorder. In particular, the one half doping not only leads to an optimal electrical conductivity reaching 120 S/cm at 300 K but also the lowest thermopower slope. The measured thermopower appears closely related to the metallic onset in agreement with a metallic origin of its linear temperature dependence.

A new method for the preparation of polyaniline (PANI) films that have a 2D structure and can record high active mass loading (up to 30 mg cm−2) via acid-assisted polymerization in the presence of concentrated formic acid was developed. This new approach represents a simple reaction pathway that proceeds quickly at room temperature in quantitative isolated yield with the absence of any byproducts and leads to the formation of a stable suspension that can be stored for a prolonged time without sedimentation. The observed stability was explained by two factors: (a) the small size of the obtained rod-like particles (50 nm) and (b) the change of the surface of colloidal PANI particles to a positively charged form by protonation with concentrated formic acid. The films cast from the concentrated suspension were composed of amorphous PANI chains assembled into 2D structures with nanofibrillar morphology. Such PANI films demonstrated fast and efficient diffusion of the ions in liquid elect...

Benzendicarboxylic acid (BDC)-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have been widely utilized in various applications, including supercapacitor electrode materials. Manganese and copper have solid diamond frames formed with BDC linkers among transition metals chosen for MOF formation. They have shown the possibility to enlarge capacitance at different combinations of MOFs and polyaniline (PANI). Herein, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was used as the matrix to fabricate electrochemical double-layer SCs. PANI and Mn/Cu-MOF's effect on the properties of electrode materials was investigated through electrochemical analysis. As a result, the highest specific capacitance of about 276 F/g at a current density of 0.5 A/g was obtained for rGO/Cu-MOF@PANI composite.

Composed exclusively of organic components, polyaniline (PANi), graphene, and double-walled nanotubes (DWNTs) are alternately deposited from aqueous solutions using a layer-by-layer assembly. The 40 quadlayer thin film (470 nm thick) exhibits electrical conductivity of 1.08 × 10(5) S m(-1) and a Seebeck coefficient of 130 μV K(-1) , producing a thermoelectric power factor of 1825 μW m(-1) K(-2) .

Infrared spectrum of the polyaniline sulfate was compared with the spectrum of the polyaniline base after solid-state protonation with an equimolar amount of camphorsulfonic acid and with the spectrum of the polyaniline base after solid-state oxidation with ammonium peroxodisulfate. In both cases electrically conducting product was obtained. The bands characteristic Of conducting protonated or oxidized form were identified in the spectra of the blends. h'e)iwords: Infrared spectroscopy, polyaniline.

The preparation of materials combining the features of conducting polymers and energetic compounds is demonstrated. The protonation reaction between two nonconducting compounds, polyaniline (PANI) base and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO), an insensitive explosive, yields conducting products. Three ways of preparation have been tested: the interaction of PANI base with NTO dissolved in water, the polymerization of aniline in a medium containing NTO, and solid-state blending of both components. The increase in conductivity and density after protonation is assessed. The FTIR spectra are used to examine changes in the molecular structure of PANI and NTO occurring during the protonation.

Any surface immersed in the aqueous reaction mixture used for the preparation of polyaniline becomes coated with a polyaniline film of submicrometre thickness. In this way, various materials can be modified by an overlayer of conducting polymer. The present review illustrates the role of infrared, Raman, and UV-VIS spectroscopies in the studies of polyaniline film growth. Spectroscopic methods are crucial in the evaluation of the performance of polyaniline films alone or in combination with nanoparticles of noble metals. The assessment of film ageing and stability can be followed conveniently by these methods. Carbonization of polyaniline films to nitrogen-containing carbon analogues is also discussed.

Structural and electrical properties of pure Polyaniline (PANI), that doped with dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) and nanocomposite films Synthesized by insitu chemical polymerization method in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles. All the prepared samples have been investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD), fuorier transformation infra-red (FTIR), and electrical conductivity studies. The results noticeably establish that the composites films have good crystallinity increase with increasing the TiO2 content in the polymer matrix. Also, there are physiochemical interactions between PANI and TiO2 nanoparticles that revealed by FTIR tests.

The United Nations have established Responsible Consumption and Production as one Sustainable Development Goal. This goal demands strategies for the efficient utilization of natural resources, agro-industrial waste, and the development of eco-friendly materials. Thus, the objective of this work was to develop bio-based films synthesized with anacardic acid (AA) extracted from the Cashew Nut Shell Liquid (CNSL) and starch extracted from cassava. Biopolymer films were synthesized at different pH values with various concentrations of AA. The biopolymer films prepared at basic pH presented higher tensile strength and the addition of AA also contributed to increasing the tensile strength. Infrared spectroscopy allowed the establishment of possible hydrogen bond interaction between AA and the polymeric chain of cassava starch, which could contribute to its higher tensile strength. The degradation rate was not affected by the synthesis pH, but by the presence of AA. Cyclic voltammetry allo...

A nanocomposite of polyaniline with graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) nanosheets has been synthesized by a facile oxidative polymerization of an aniline monomer and GCN to demonstrate its potential to catalyze the synthesis of various indole-substituted 4H-chromenes. The synthesized nanocomposite was thoroughly characterized using different spectroscopic techniques to confirm the morphology and composition. Subsequently, the fabricated nanocomposite was used as a heterogeneous catalyst to synthesize several bioactive indole-substituted 4H-chromenes in an aqueous medium. Organic transformation under benign and environmentally sustainable conditions is of paramount importance in the view of growing environmental pollution. Water is the universal Green solvent and has been a preferred choice of nature to perform various reactions. The catalyst developed in this work showed very good recyclability and adaptability for the synthesis of various medicinally significant indole-substituted 4H-chromenes. This multicomponent reaction imparts very high atom economy (94%) and low environmental factor (0.13).

h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t LiCoO 2 was incorporated in a conductive polymer matrix made of PANI. The hybrid material retained the high conductive properties of PANI. Loss of lithium by persulfate oxidation caused conversion of LiCoO 2 into Co 3 O 4 .

 Sensory polymeric materials change their colour in presence of oxidant atmospheres.  The sensory materials are films shaped with embedded aniline.  The detection and quantification are based both on optical and electrical methods.  The detection is achieved visually and also using conventional and simple devices.  The presence of oxidants Cl2 and H2O2 in air is detected in the ppbv range.

The electropolymerisation of aniline is a well-studied and often used technology. While the mechanism has been investigated in a variety of media these have all concentrated on understanding the process on a molecular level. Anomalies in the electropolymerisation of aniline in four deep eutectic solvents, DESs, using urea, ethylene glycol, glycerol and oxalic acids as hydrogen bond donors with choline chloride led to an investigation of the aniline phase behaviour. It was only with oxalic acid that polymerisation was achieved and adjusting the pH of the other DESs using sulphuric acid did not enable polymer formation suggesting that pH was not the only factor enabling polymer growth. When 10 wt% water was added, polymers could be grown in all the DESs despite negligible change in solution pH. Dynamic light scattering showed that polymer only formed in systems where aniline formed an emulsion. SEM and AFM showed that the polyaniline films were formed of an agglomeration of small particles of the same dimensions as the dispersed monomer phase in solution. This suggests that the droplets of the monomer arrive at the electrode surface where they polymerise. This provides the first evidence that polyaniline grows by an emulsion polymerisation mechanism even in aqueous solutions.

The electrical conductivity of polyaniline depends on factors such as degree of oxidation, type of protonation, and dopant weight fraction. The last of these factors is connected with the loss of mass during the deprotonation of polyaniline, and can thus conveniently be determined in situ by the use of a quartz microbalance. This is illustrated in the present paper which concerns the determination of the weight fraction of acid in thin polyaniline films prepared by the chemical oxidation of aniline in the aqueous solutions of sulfuric and phosphoric acids. It is illustrated that the deprotonationreprotonation processes are fast, complete, and reversible. Polyaniline has sulfate counter-ions in 0.1 M sulfuric acid while, in 0.5-1 M sulfuric acid, hydrogen sulfate counter-ions are present. The quartz microbalance involving polyaniline films can be used in the sensing of the acidity.

Most of the current techniques for in vivo detection of dopamine exploit the ease of oxidation of this compound. The major problem during the detection is the presence of a high concentration of ascorbic acid that is oxidized at nearly the same potential as dopamine on bare electrodes. Furthermore, the oxidation product of dopamine reacts with ascorbic acid present in samples and regenerates dopamine again, which severely limits the accuracy of the detection. Meanwhile, the product could also form a melanin-like insulating film on the electrode surface, which decreases the sensitivity of the electrode. Various surface modifications on the electrode, new materials for making the electrodes, and new electrochemical techniques have been exploited to solve these problems. Recently we developed a new electrochemical detection method that did not rely on direct oxidation of dopamine on electrodes, which may naturally solve these problems. This approach takes advantage of the high performance of our newly developed poly(anilineboronic acid)/carbon nanotube composite and the excellent permselectivity of the ion-exchange polymer Nafion. The high affinity binding of dopamine to the boronic acid groups of the polymer affects the electrochemical properties of the polyaniline backbone, which act as the basis for the transduction mechanism of this non-oxidative dopamine sensor. The unique reduction capability and high conductivity of single-stranded DNA functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes greatly improved the electrochemical activity of the polymer in a physiologically-relevant buffer, and the large surface area of the carbon nanotubes increased

A highly conducting and optically transparent silver nanowirepolyaniline (AgNWPANI) hybrid network was formulated by mussel-inspired conjugation of catechol-enriched PANI with AgNW. Chemical bridging rather than physical mixing of electrically conducting PANI with AgNW successfully produced transparent conducting film on plastic substrates with enhanced adhesion.

Novel all-organic polymer high-dielectric permittivity composites of polyaniline (PANI)/poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) were prepared by solution method and their dielectric and electric properties were studied over the wide ranges of temperatures and frequencies. To improve the interface bonding between two polymers, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (DBSA), a bulky molecule containing a polar head and a long non-polar chain was used both as a surfactant and as dopant in polyaniline (PANI) synthesis. Synthesized conducting PANI-DBSA particles were dispersed in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix to form an all-organic composite with different PANI-DBSA concentrations. Near the percolation threshold, the dielectric permittivity of the composites at 100 Hz frequency and room temperature was as high as 170, while the dielectric loss tangent value was as low as 0.9. Like typical percolation system, composites experienced high dielectric permittivity at low filler concentrations. However, their dielectric loss tangent was low enough to match with non-percolative ceramic filler-based polymer composites. Maximum electrical conductivity at 24 wt% of PANI-DBSA was mere 10-6 S/cm, a remarkably low value for percolative-type composites. Increase in the dielectric permittivity of the composites with increase in temperature from 25 to 115°C for different PANI-DBSA concentrations was always in the same range of 50-60 %. However, the degree of increase in the electrical conductivity with the temperature was more prominent at low filler concentrations compared with high filler concentrations. Distinct electrical and their unique thermal dependence were attributed to an improved interface between the filler and the polymer matrix.

Poly(n‐butyl methacrylate) (PBMA)–polyaniline (PANI) composite films were obtained by extrusion by use of two methods: the first method consisted of polymerizing a thin layer of PANI, with Cl− as dopant, on the extruded film of PBMA; the second method was based on blends of PBMA and PANI produced by the extrusion of the two polymers by using dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) as dopant. The thermal properties, electrical conductivity, and morphology of the composite films obtained were measured. The sensitivity of the composites films as detectors of hydrogen peroxide and ammonia was evaluated. The change in the electrical resistance on exposure to different aqueous solutions of these components shows a linear behavior. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 179–183, 2003

Among the conducting organic polymers (COPs), polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPY) are the most investigated. Even though many efforts have been done to overcome the traditional synthetic methods typically based on the use of strong stoichiometric oxidants, the growing environmental sensitivity and the necessity of pure products, especially in medical and biological fields, make the COPs "green" synthesis a topic of the utmost importance. Herein, we report a brief overview of our results in the synthesis of PANI and PPY operating under mild conditions, using H2O2 and O2 as the oxidants in the presence of different catalysts: colloidal Au nanoparticles (AuNPs), AuNPs/TiO2, AuNPs/C, metallic Cu, Cu salts and Fe3O4 NPs.

We report on preliminary results regarding the applicability of nanostructured composite layers for electromagnetic shielding in the frequency range of 4-20 GHz. Various combinations of materials were employed including poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), polyaniline, graphene nanoplatelets, carbon nanotubes, Cu nanoparticles and Poly(vinyl alcohol). As shown, paint-like nanocomposite layers consisting of graphene nanoplatelets, polyaniline PEDOT:PSS and Poly(vinyl alcohol) can offer quite effective electromagnetic shielding, similar or even better than that of commercial products, the response strongly depending on their thickness and resistivity.

In electrochemical energy storage systems, Li-ion batteries have drawn considerable interest. However, the corrosion of the aluminum current collector in the LiN(SO 2 CF 3) 2 electrolyte has a major effect on battery efficiency. To protect the current collector from the corrosive action of the LiN(SO 2 CF 3) 2 electrolyte, new nanocomposites based on Ni(II)tetrakis[4-(2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethylpropyl)-phenoxy)]phthalocyanine (Ni-Pc) and polyaniline matrix (PANI) (i.e. PANI@Ni-Pc composites) are coated on the aluminum current. SEM, XRD, and EDS were used to characterize the PANI@ Ni-Pc composite. This method represents a novel approach to the production of Li-ion batteries. Electrochemical tests show that the PANI@Ni-Pc composites can protect aluminum from corrosion in LiN(SO 2 CF 3) 2. The output of PANI@Ni-Pc composites is influenced by the Ni-Pc concentration. The composite PANI@Ni-Pc is a promising way forward to build high-stability Li-Ion batteries. Li-ion battery (LIB) can be categorized as rechargeable battery 1,2. LIBS are mainly used for electric vehicles applications. Among the main component in the LIBs is aluminum, which used as a current collector for cathode electrodes in LIBs 3,4. The main problem facing aluminum current collector is corrosion due to contact with LiN(SO 2 CF 3) 2 5-7. Indeed, the low of F-containing film formed on the current collector causes the low corrosion resistance of Al surface 8. In addition, the N(SO 2 CF 3) 2 anion increases the solubility of passive layer (Al 2 O 3), leading to uncover Al surface 9. This causes the direct contact between current collector and corrosive electrolyte 10,11 and leads to the loss in LIBs performance. Previous works have been conducted to overcome the corrosion of Al surface in the electrolytes of LIB by various strategies. The first strategy is using suitable additives to electrolyte to inhibit the Al corrosion. Louis et al. 12 used fumed silica as electrolyte additive to suppress the Al corrosion in LIB. They indicated that silica particles form gel layer on the Al surface and this prevents the corrosive action of electrolyte. In the recent work by Zhuang et al. 13 we found that the water impurity in the battery electrolyte was removal by adding trimethylsilyl (trimethylsiloxy) acetate. This leads to suppress the corrosion of battery electrodes and current collector. The second strategy depends on the replacing the high corrosive electrolytes by less corrosive electrolytes such as organic compounds or ionic liquids. Based on the Theivaprakasam work 14 , the using of hybrid electrolytes composed of an ionic liquid and a conventional electrolyte mixture have the great effect on the passive layer on the Al surface and leads to the decrease in the Al corrosion. Richard Prabakar et al. 15 used another strategy to protect the Al current collector from corrosion based on the formation of graphene oxide (GO) on the Al surface. In this work GO can remain the Al 2 O 3 passive layer on the Al surface for long time without degradation. Here, we developed new and unique strategy to protect the Al current collector from the corrosive action of LiN(SO 2 CF 3) 2 electrolyte. This strategy depend on the coating the Al surface by new nanocomposite based on Ni(II)tetrakis[4-(2,4-bis-(1,1-dimethyl-propyl)-phenoxy)]phthalocyanine (Ni-Pc) and polyaniline matrix (PANI). PANI was developed in recent years to protect the metal against corrosion with reasonable anti-corrosion performance and high conductivity 16-18. Because the PANI coating is eco friendly and simple to prepare, it has gained widespread attention around the world 19. Despite the long work on the anti-corroding properties of PANI, many problems for PANI-based coatings still remain to be solved, such as their porous structure and poor barrier effect 20,21. Designing and developing PANI-based composite systems, which typically consist of a PANI and

Dalam tugas akhir ini dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui koefisien difusi ion NaCl terhadap material karbon nanopori dengan bahan aktivasi KOH. Perhitungan koefisien difusi dilakukan dengan menggunakan data perubahan konduktivitas listrik yang terjadi pada larutan murni (aquadest) yang terhubung dengan wadah yang berisi larutan NaCl 0.5 mol/l. Sistem pengukuran dilengkapi dengan katup pemisah antara wadah pertama dengan wadah kedua yang akan terbuka ketika proses pengukuran perubahan konduktivitas listrik pada wadah dimulai. Pengukuran peruba konduktivitas listrik pada wadah kedua akan tercatat secara otomatis oleh mikrokontroller Arduino. Proses perpindahan molekul Na + dan Clterjadi dari wadah pertama menuju wadah kedua melalui membran karbon nanopori. Penelitian ini diawali dengan mengetahui karakterisasi hubungan antara kenaikan konsentrasi NaCl pada larutan terhadap konduktivitas listrik larutan tersersebut. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukan ada hubungan linier antara konsentrasi NaCl dengan konduktivitas larutan. Dengan menggunakan prinsip hukum Fick, nilai koefisien difusi ditentukan berdasarkan perubahan konsentrasi NaCl pada wadah yang mula-mula berisi larutan murni (aquadest). Perubahan konsentrasi ini tercermin pada perubahan konduktivitas larutan. Hasil pengamatan menunjukan bahwa nilai koefisien difusi untuk ketebalan membran 1 mm adalah 6.59 x 10-5 , untuk ketebalan 2 mm adalah 4.69 x 10-5 , dan untuk ketebalan 3 mm adalah 2.30 x 10-5. Adanya perbedaan nilai ini diperkirakan karena terdapatnya ketidaksempurnaan pada membran karbon nanopori sehingga molekul-molekul NaCl yang berdifusi melalui membran yang lebih tebal akan mengalami lebih banyak hambatan di dalam membran dibandingkan dengan molekul yang melewati membran dengan ketebalan yang lebih rendah Kata kunci:

Electrodes fabricated from electronically active polymers offer some benefits over those fabricated with common metals, including an appreciable resistance to corrosion and lower density. These benefits, and potentially others, manifest the advantages of using conductive polymers in lieu of metals for the mass production of ignition systems. In this work, spark gap igniters were fabricated using a potentially low-cost, roll-to-roll compatible process utilizing the doped conductive polymer polyaniline as the electrode material. Subsequently, nanothermite was printed on the spark gap igniters between the organic leads and ignited using a high voltage source to demonstrate the effectiveness of the device. All of the igniters successfully fired with a mean spark over voltage of 3.14 kV. In addition, all of the igniters with deposited nanothermite successfully ignited the material. Accordingly, this work outlines the materials and processes required to develop organicbased spark gap igniters and establishes a baseline for future work related to the metal-free ignition of energetic materials.

Polyaniline (PANI) doped with CSA was synthesis by chemical polymerization method using ammonium persulphate as oxidizing agent. Thin films of (PANI-CSA) have been prepared by spin coating method and characterized by (FTIR) spectra. Morphology and diameters of the nanoconducting polymer were measured by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Solar were fabricated by depositing thin films of polyaniline (PANI) doped with CSA acid onto n-type Si wafers using spin coating method. The J-V characteristics of this hybrid solar cell were studied in the dark and under illumination and photovoltaic activity is clearly demonstrated. The PANI-CSA /n-Si solar cells obtained in this work have yielded a conversion efficiency η = 4% with short circuit current (Jsc) of 1.86 mA/cm 2 and open circuit voltage (Voc) of 202 mV under AM 1.5 solar simulator (100 mW/cm 2).

Flexible supercapacitors are highly demanding due to their wearability, washability, lightweight property and rollability. In this paper, a comprehensive review on flexible supercapacitors based on conductive polymers such as polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxtthiophne)-polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). Methods of enhancing the conductivity of PEDOT:PSS polymer using various composites and chemical solutions have been reviewed in detail. Furthermore, supercapacitors based on carbonized banana peels and methods of activation have been discussed in point. This review covers the up-to-date progress achieved in conductive polymer-based materials for supercapacitor electrodes. The effect of various composites with PEDOT:PSS have been discussed. The review result indicated that flexible, stretchable, lightweight, washable, and disposable wearable electronics based on banana peel and conductive polymers are highly demanding.