Predictive Validity

This study developed and tested a theory-based measure of authentic leadership using five separate samples obtained from China, Kenya, and the United States. Confirmatory factor analyses supported a higher order, multidimensional model of the authentic leadership construct (the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire [ALQ]) comprising leader self-awareness, relational transparency, internalized moral perspective, and balanced processing. Structural equation modeling (SEM) demonstrated the predictive validity for the ALQ measure for important workrelated attitudes and behaviors, beyond what ethical and transformational leadership offered. Finally, results revealed a positive relationship between authentic leadership and supervisor-rated performance. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

In mainstream offender samples, several risk assessments have been evaluated for predictive validity. This study extends this work to male offenders with intellectual disabilities. Participants from high-, medium-, and low-security settings, as well as community settings, were compared on a range of risk assessments. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, HCR-20-Historical Scale, the Risk Matrix 2000-C (combined risk), and the Emotional Problems Scales-Internalising discriminated between groups, with participants from high security having higher scores than those in medium security, who had higher scores than those in the community. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide, all HCR-20 scales, the Short Dynamic Risk Scale, and the Emotional Problems Scales (Internalising and Externalising) showed significant areas under the curve for the prediction of violence. The Static-99 showed a significant area under the curve for the prediction of sexual incidents. The discussion reviews the value of these various scales to intellectual disability services. Lindsay et al. / Risk Assessment in Offenders With Intellectual Disability 91 F rom its early beginnings, when the variables relating to risk assessment were first outlined , the field of risk assessment has developed considerably in the last 15 years. A number of assessments have been produced for the prediction of violent and sexual incidents, and studies have compared the relative effectiveness of a range of instruments. The Violence Risk Appraisal Guide (VRAG; and the Sex Offender Risk Appraisal Guide (SORAG; are perhaps the most widely researched actuarial assessments in existence. Of the several studies comparing the predictive accuracy of risk assessment instruments on a range of databases, most employ either the VRAG or the SORAG as a comparator.

Existing consumer innovativeness scales ignore the multitude of motivation sources of buying innovations. The objective of this paper is to incorporate different motivations into a multi-dimensional innovativeness scale to better account for the consumer-product relationship. An extensive literature review and five studies (with about 2600 respondents in total) indicate that four types of motivation underlie consumer innovativeness: functional, hedonic, social, and cognitive. The proposed 20-item four-dimensional Motivated Consumer Innovativeness (MCI) scale proves to be reliable and internally valid and does not seem to suffer from social desirability bias. Moreover, the results of the studies indicate the predictive validity of every MCI dimension. This new scale proves to measure more than existing consumer innovativeness scales; the different MCI dimensions predict innovative purchase intentions better than both traditional and recently developed innovativeness scales, and they disprove the general consensus that older people are always significantly less innovative than younger people. This MCI scale can serve as a tool for future research on efficiently and effectively segmenting and targeting (motivated innovative) consumers.

Recent scholars have dismissed the utility of self-esteem as well as programs designed to improve it. The authors challenge these contentions on conceptual, methodologi- cal, and empirical grounds. They begin by proposing that the scope of recent analyses has been overly narrow and should be broadened to include specific as well as global self-views. Using this conceptualization, the authors place

Jeon Yohan. 2017. 3. 31. A study on the effects of Korean language competence on academic achievements in international students: focusing on the mediating path analysis among the learning variables. Bilingual Research 66, 131-158. This study aims to analyse a correlation between Korean language competence and academic achievements of international students through the mediation analysis using the variables such as 'comprehension of lectures', 'learning attitudes', 'class satisfaction', and 'assessment system'. This study found that Korean language competence has a relatively strong correlation with academic achievements, and that there is a mediating path through which Korean language competence give a mediating effect to 'comprehension of lectures' and 'learning attitudes', finally to 'academic achievements', meaning that the better proficiency of Korean language brings the better understanding of the class lectures, which ushers foreign students into the higher academic achievements. These findings suggest us that we should encourage foreign students to continue with the leveled up degree because it will both advance the degree of learning attitudes and in return lead towards better academic achievements, and that we should not set back by only focusing on the development of Korean proficiency. This study shows that lowering the Korean language competence standards for international students would not be reasonable. This study leads to the conclusion that college admission officers are required to increase the entrance level of Korean language competence to allow international * 이 논문은 2016년 담화인지언어학회 가을 정기 학술대회에서 발표한 내용을 깁고 다듬은 것이다.

This paper explores the link between student achievement and student learning styles in a college microeconomics course, based on the Dunn and Dunn model of learning styles. The Productivity Environmental Survey (PEPS) is utilized to measure learning style preferences for twenty elements. Factor analysis is applied to reduce the multidimensional preferences to a smaller set of common factors that identify analytic, global or indifferent learning styles. The common factors are used as explanatory variables to measure the correlation between student achievement and their learning styles. The empirical methodology developed in this study also provides a test of the internal validity of the Dunn and Dunn model, the construct validity of the PEPS instrument and the predictive validity of the model. The authors explain how the results of the current research could be utilized to more generally enhance student achievement in the instruction of introductory economics and potentially other s...

The Structured Assessment of PROtective Factors for violence risk (SAPROF) has recently been developed as a strengths-based addition to the assessment of risk for future violent behavior (de Vogel, de Ruiter, Bouman, & de Vries Robbé, 2009). Following the Structured Professional Judgment (SPJ) model, the positive and predominantly dynamic factors in the SAPROF were designed to counterbalance the assessment of risk as measured by risk assessment instruments, such as the HCR-20. The present retrospective study provides a first validation of the SAPROF in a Dutch sample of 126 forensic psychiatric patients. Analyses showed good interrater reliability, good predictive validity for non-recidivism of violence after clinical treatment for both the SAPROF total score and the SAPROF Final Protection Judgment and good predictive validity for violent recidivism for a combined HCR-20 -SAPROF total score. The predictive validity of the combined HCR-20 -SAPROF measure significantly outperformed the predictive validity of the HCR-20 in this study. Repeated assessments of the same patients over time demonstrated a significant improvement of SAPROF scores during treatment. Overall, the results provide evidence for the relationship between the presence of protective factors and non-recidivism of violence and for the additional value of protective factors in the assessment of risk for future violence. Moreover, the sensitivity of SAPROF scores to change provides support for the usefulness of the instrument in planning and evaluating treatment interventions.

This meta-analysis examined the validity of the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) and undergraduate grade point average (UGPA) as predictors of graduate school performance. The study included samples from multiple disciplines, considered different criterion measures, and corrected for statistical artifacts. Data from 1,753 independent samples were included in the meta-analysis, yielding 6,589 correlations for 8 different criteria and 82,659 graduate students. The results indicated that the GRE and UGPA are generalizably valid predictors of graduate grade point average, Ist-year graduate grade point average, comprehensive examination scores, publication citation counts, and faculty ratings. GRE correlations with degree attainment and research productivity were consistently positive; however, some lower 90% credibility intervals included 0. Subject Tests tended to be better predictors than the Verbal, Quantitative, and Analytical tests.

This report describes the methodology and findings of the validation of a user-friendly, early predictcr measure to identify at-risk students among Syracuse (New Yor)) middle school students. The School Self-Rating (SSR) is designed to assess various dimensions of student attitudes that have been linked to at-risk status and that provide an assessment of school involvement from the students' perspective. The SSR is a 30-question survey that asks students to rate their agreement or disagreement with specific statements regarding their attitudes and abilities on a Likert-like scale. Earlier versions of the SSR significantly predicted at-risk status independent of a standardized achievement test. This study compares at-risk and not-at-risk students using the SSR, the Iowa Test of Basic Skills (ITBS), student achievement and attendance, and classroom participation. A representative sample of 803 students took the SSR in October 1990. The following findings are presented: (1) the total SSR score was a significant predictor of at-risk status; (2) overall, the SSR shows high internal consistency as measured by Cronbach's alpha; and (3) students appeared interested in the SSR and did not resist completing the survey. A list of 11 references and 2 tables of statistical data are appended. (FMW)

Objective. This study investigated the psychometric properties of a modified version of the Illness Perception Questionnaire -Revised (IPQ-R) in individuals with eating disorders. The relationship between illness representations and stage of change was then explored.

This paper describes the development and preliminary validation of a scale to assess perceived self-efficacy to complete culturally and age-appropriate life tasks (Self-Efficacy for Life Tasks, or SELT) among male veterans of Afghanistan (Operation Enduring Freedom; OEF) and Iraq (Operation Iraqi Freedom; OIF). The SELT scale was developed for this population in a multistage process that included: 1) semistructured interviews inquiring about expectations of self among OEF/OIF veterans; 2) content analysis to inductively derive a list of priority life tasks; 3) item development; 4) field-testing; and 5) preliminary instrument validation. Forty-one veterans completed the final instrument along with measures of anxiety and depression symptoms, positive and negative social support, and postdeployment life stressors. We tested two scoring methods, one using a simple mean and one a weighted mean. Using either scoring method, SELT had statistically significant negative correlations with anxiety, depression, and being separated from partner, as well as strong positive correlations with postdeployment social support. These findings support the construct validity of the SELT scale in the population of male OEF/OIF veterans. Future research examining the relationship between SELT and long-term outcomes using longitudinal designs will be needed to assess predictive validity.

Objective This study examined the association between health-related quality of life (HRQL) and mortality risk, and compared the predictive ability of Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3) with self-rated health (SRH). Methods Data were from the 1994/95 Canadian National Population Health Survey, consisting of 12,375 women and men aged 18 and older. Cox proportional hazards regression models were performed to estimate mortality risk over eight years. Results Mortality risks for people reporting good, fair, and poor health at baseline were, respectively, 1.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04, 2.00), 1.97 (1.35, 2.88), and 3.21 (2.08, 4.95) times greater than those who reported excellent health. In a model excluding SRH, the effect of HUI3 on mortality was strong and significant (HR = 0.47; 95%, 0.33, 0.67) when adjusted for possible confounders. When HUI3 and SRH were considered simultaneously, the effect of the HUI3 on mortality was somewhat attenuated, but still significant (HR = 0.61, 0.42, 0.89) after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions Although SRH is a modestly stronger predictor of mortality than HUI3, HUI3 adds to the mortality prediction ability of SRH.

The scientist-practitioner gap in personnel selection is large. Thus, it is important to gain a better understanding of the reasons that make organizations use or not use certain selection procedures. Based on institutional theory, we predicted that six variables should determine the use of selection procedures: the procedures' diffusion in the field, legal problems associated with the procedures, applicant reactions to the procedures, their usefulness for organizational self-promotion, their predictive validity, and the costs involved. To test these predictions, 506 HR professionals from the German-speaking part of Switzerland filled out an online survey on the selection procedures used in their organizations. Respondents also evaluated five procedures (semi-structured interviews, ability tests, personality tests, assessment centers, and graphology) on the six predictor variables. Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the data. The results revealed that the highest odd ratios belonged to the factors applicant reactions, costs, and diffusion. Lower (but significant) odds ratios belonged to the factors predictive validity, organizational self-promotion, and perceived legality.

Previous research has demonstrated that behavior is more accurately predicted from attitudes formed via direct, behavioral interaction with the attitude object than from attitudes developed via indirect, nonbehavioral experience. The present research examined the hypothesis that the confidence with which an attitude is held may be a mediating variable in the observed relationship between the manner of attitude formation and attitude-behavior consistency. In the first experiment, it was demonstrated that subjects who formed their attitudes through direct experience held those attitudes more confidently and behaved more consistently with those attitudes than did subjects who formed their attitudes through indirect experience. In the second experiment, it was found that, regardless of the manner of attitude formation, subjects who were led to believe that they held their attitudes confidently displayed greater attitude-behavior consistency than did subjects led to believe that they held their attitudes with little confidence. Taken together, the results suggest that it may be fruitful to view confidence both as a variable which mediates the effect of the manner of attitude formation on attitudebehavior consistency and as one which, independent of how an attitude is formed, acts as a determinant of attitude-behavior consistency.

This article presents an integrated construct of servant leadership derived from a review of the literature. Subscale items were developed to measure 11 potential dimensions of servant leadership: calling, listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth, and community building. Data from 80 leaders and 388 raters were used to test the internal consistency, confirm factor structure, and assess convergent, divergent, and predictive validity. Results produced five servant leadership factors-altruistic calling, emotional healing, persuasive mapping, wisdom, and organizational stewardship-with significant relations to transformational leadership, leader-member exchange, extra effort, satisfaction, and organizational effectiveness. Strong factor structures and good performance in all validity criteria indicate that the instrument offers value for future research.

This paper discusses territorial markers in the Late Mesolithic based on ethnoarchaeological data as well as findings from modern social psychology. On the basis of the archaeological evidence from Southern Scandinavia, it is suggested that Late Mesolithic graves, which often appear to have had visual markers above ground and probably, in some instances, were ‘air graves’ located in trees or on platforms, were used as the primary territorial markers, whereas coeval shell middens played a role as site markers at archaeological sites where molluscs were collected.

On the basis of the evidence from the mouth of the River Muge in Portugal, it is suggested that the shell middens here may have constituted the primary territorial markers.

In general, the picture that emerges is of aggressive, territorial and non-egalitarian Late Mesolithic societies, in good accordance with the skeletal record .

Behavioral compliance or adherence is a fundamental problem in health care, and diagnosis of dropout proneness represents a first step in adherence facilitation. A paper-and-pencil scale was developed to assess self-motivation, conceptualized as a behavioral tendency to persevere independent of situational reinforcements. Scale refinement (N = 401) yielded a logically vafid and reliable measure with a high internal consistency (~ = 0.91). Repeated measurements (1 to 5 months) indicated a high degree of scale stabifity (r's ranged from O. 86 to 0.92), reinforcing the conception of self-motivation as relatively enduring and trait-like. Convergent evidence for construct validity was provided by the Self-Motivation Inventory's (SMI) relationship with the Thomas-Zander Ego-Strength Scale (r = O. 63) and other inore behaviorally specific attitudes (r's ranged from O. 47 to 0.58). Discriminant validity was evidenced by minimal overlap with motivational measures of social desirability, health locus of control, and achievement tendency; in each case, less than 10% of the variance in self-motivation was explained. Predictive validity was demonstrated in a variety of naturalistic settings in which perseverant behavior was easily quantified. These included habitual exercise programs for exercise training (N = 64), preventive medicine (N = 66), and acute exercise (N = 48). The diversity of these settings supported the situational invariance of self-motivation. Collectively, these findings provide considerable support for the valid and reliable assessment of self-~Department of Health and Physical Education, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield, Missouri 65802. 2To whom correspondence should be addressed. 3University of Missouri -St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63121.

The renewed interest in the dynamic assessment of specific domains has led to reconsideration of this theory and the technique's contribution to the learning-teaching process. In this article, we analyze some elements concerning the internal structure of a dynamic assessment device of processes involved in reading tasks, establishing some of the device's reliability parameters after its experimental application to 60 students with reading disabilities. Our work analyzes the correlations matrix of the different processes, and determines those reading processes that entail greater difficulties for students. In addition, our study establishes the device's predictive validity in relation to the teacher's evaluation of a student's school performance and progress, analyzing to what extent the device offers additional information as compared with static comprehension, personal-social adjustment or IQ tests. The results reveal the significant predictive validity of the device regarding a student's school performance and progress, as well as its incremental validity in relation to static tests.

The hypothesis of whether day length (photoperiod) is an important zeitgeber (time-giver) for keeping the circadian rhythm entrained to a 24hour cycle was examined, as was its association with sleep patterns and mood problems. Data were collected prospectively from a site with very large differences in daylight duration across seasons (Tromsø in Norway, 69°39¢N) and a site with very small seasonal differences in daylight duration (Ghana in Accra, 5°32¢N). Two hundred subjects were recruited from both sites in January. At the follow-up in August, 180 and 150 subjects in Ghana and Norway participated, respectively. Use of a weekly sleep diary indicated low to moderately strong seasonal changes in rise-and bedtime, sleep efficiency and sleep onset latency only in the northern latitude. No seasonal changes in sleep duration or night awakenings were observed. The self-report measures indicated moderate to strong seasonal differences in insomnia and fatigue, and weaker differences in depressed mood in Norway, but small to non-existing seasonal differences in Ghana. Lack of daylight was related to phasedelayed rise-and bedtimes, increased problems falling asleep, daytime fatigue and depressive mood. However, total sleep duration and sleep quality appeared unaffected.

Mixed findings have been made with regard to the long-term predictive validity of antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) on criminal behaviour in samples of substance abusers. A longitudinal record-linkage study of a cohort of 1052 drug abusers admitted 1977-1995 was undertaken. Subjects were recruited from a detoxification and short-term rehabilitation unit in Lund, Sweden, and followed through criminal justice registers from their first treatment episode to death or to the year 2004. In a ML multinomial random effects regression, subjects diagnosed with antisocial personality disorders were 2.16 times more likely to be charged with theft only (p b 0.001), and 2.44 times more likely to be charged committing multiple types of crime during an observation year (p b 0.001). The findings of the current study support the predictive validity of the DSM-III-R diagnosis of ASPD. ASPD should be taken seriously in drug abusers, and be targeted in treatment to prevent crime in society.

This study tested the convergent and discriminant validity between two theories of college persistence; the Student Attrition Model and the Student Integration Model. The study examined conceptual similarities for each theory to explain departure decisions and examined how both theoretical frameworks enhanced the understanding of the processes affecting departure decisions when tested simultaneously on the persistence criterion. A longitudinal research design was used, and the student population was drawn from the fall 1988 entering freshman class of a large southwestern comprehensive urban institution. An initial survey and a follow-up survey yielded 466 useable responses. The Student Attrition Model accounted for 44% of the variance observed in Persistence and for 60.3% of the variance observed in Intent to Persist. The Student Integration Model accounted for 38% of the variance observed in Persistence and for 36% of the variance observed in Intent to Persist. The Student Integration Model appeared to be more robust when judged in terms of the number of hypotheses validated. While results were largely supportive for both the Student Integration Model and the Student Attrition Model, findings indicated that a considerable amount of overlap between the two theories existed. (50 references) (JDD)

The increasing prominence of standardized achievement tests in educational policy and practice motivated the current investigation. We propose a model in which report card grades differentially assess certain competencies (e.g., completion of homework and longterm assignments and positive classroom behavior) determined more by self-control than by intelligence, whereas standardized achievement tests are more sensitive to other competencies (e.g., capacity to solve novel problems in unfamiliar formats; independent acquisition of skills and knowledge outside of school) determined more by intelligence than by self-control. In three longitudinal, prospective studies of middle school students, self-control was a stronger predictor of changes in report card grades than was IQ. In contrast, IQ was a stronger predictor than self-control of changes in standardized achievement test scores. In a fourth study, a survey of teachers' grading practices provided further support for the proposed model. Implications for pedagogy and public policy are discussed.

As recent research efforts have focused on preventing reading difficulties and enhancing the effectiveness of special education services for students with reading problems, similar efforts in mathematics have not been realized. This article describes the development and preliminary field testing of a set of measures designed to screen students in kindergarten and first grade to identify those at risk for potential mathematics difficulties. Evidence-based steps to streamline the screening process are described, and plans for testing the predictive validity of the measures are outlined.

This study was designed to establish and validate a multidimensional empirically based typology of clinically referred adolescent substance abusers. A total of 141 adolescent substance abusers, most of whom were male, African-American, and juvenile justice involved, comprised the study sample. Youth and their parents completed comprehensive assessments at intake to treatment, discharge, and at 6 months and 12 months post-discharge from treatment. Adolescents were classified based on individual and family risk factors, associated problems, and severity of substance use. Variables included in the 2-stage cluster analysis included adolescents' substance use, psychiatric disorders, and legal involvement; peer substance use; family substance abuse; parental psychopathology; and family conflict.

Background: The purpose of this research was to translate into Spanish and examine the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale (CCBS) in male soccer players. The CCBS is a questionnaire designed to assess athletes' perceptions of sports coaches' controlling interpersonal style from the perspective of the selfdetermination theory. Method: Study 1 tested the factorial structure of the translated scale using confi rmatory factor analysis (CFA) and provided evidence of discriminant validity. Studies 2 and 3 examined the invariance across time and across competitive level via multi-sample CFA. Reliability analyses were also conducted. Results: The CFA results revealed that a four-factor model was acceptable, indicating that a controlling interpersonal style is a multidimensional construct represented by four separate and related controlling coaching strategies. Further, results supported the invariance of the CCBS factor structure across time and competitive level and provided support for the internal consistency of the scale. Conclusions: Overall, the CCBS demonstrated adequate internal consistency, as well as good factorial validity. The Spanish version of the CCBS represents a valid and reliable adaptation of the instrument, which can be confi dently used to measure soccer players' perceptions of their coaches' controlling interpersonal style.

This article presents an integrated construct of servant leadership derived from a review of the literature. Subscale items were developed to measure 11 potential dimensions of servant leadership: calling, listening, empathy, healing, awareness, persuasion, conceptualization, foresight, stewardship, growth, and community building. Data from 80 leaders and 388 raters were used to test the internal consistency, confirm factor structure, and assess convergent, divergent, and predictive validity. Results produced five servant leadership factors—altruistic calling, emotional healing, persuasive mapping, wisdom, and organizational stewardship—with significant relations to transformational leadership, leader-member exchange, extra effort, satisfaction, and organizational effectiveness. Strong factor structures and good performance in all validity criteria indicate that the instrument offers value for future research.

The study was designed to develop and validate a self-report questionnaire on food neophobia in French children. We evaluated food neophobia in a specific cultural context, examining an age group that has hardly been studied (5-to 8-year-olds). The questionnaire items were based on methods known for changing neophobic behavior (imitation, information, flavor principle and external stimulation) in order to diversify food presentation situations. In addition, we used colored pictures of food for seven items. Thirteen items that referred to acceptance of unfamiliar food were selected out of 25 items tested in an earlier stage. Six hundred and three children filled out the food neophobia questionnaire and a food task used to check its predictive validity was given to 503 of them. A factor analysis emphasized the one-dimensional structure of the questionnaire. Results showed satisfactory internal consistency and good test-retest reliability. The children's choices and their willingness to try new types of food were significantly correlated with the questionnaire scores. Food neophobia conceived as a personality trait was discussed. r

Our aim is to construct a general measurement framework for analyzing the effects of measurement errors in multivariate measurement scales. We define a measurement model, which forms the core of the framework. The measurement scales in turn are often produced by methods of multivariate statistical analysis. As a central element of the framework, we introduce a new, general method of estimating the reliability of measurement scales. It is more appropriate than the classical procedures, especially in the context of multivariate analyses. The framework provides methods for various topics related to the quality of measurement, such as assessing the structural validity of the measurement model, estimating the standard errors of measurement, and correcting the predictive validity of a measurement scale for attenuation. A proper estimate of reliability is a requisite in each task. We illustrate the idea of the measurement framework with an example based on real data.

The Brief Pain Inventory short form (BPI-sf) is a validated, widely used, self-administered questionnaire developed to assess the severity of pain and the impact of pain on daily functions. A modified version was used daily in randomised control trials of patients with arthritis undergoing treatment with cyclooxygenase-2 specific inhibitors and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Results indicate that the modified BPI-sf, much like the original scale, was internally reliable, consistent over time, and had good construct, as well as convergent and predictive validity in assessment of patients suffering from conditions of chronic pain. Each scale and individual pain intensity item refers to changes in osteoarthritis pain associated with medication use. The modified BPI-sf, like the parent scale, is a valid and reliable tool for situations in which pain is assessed daily and minimises the burden placed on patients to record information necessary for scientific investigations.

Data from three outpatient studies of treatment of marijuana dependence were used to test whether behavior change parallels stage movement in the transtheoretical model of change (TMC). This study examined one putative assumption of the TMC: individuals remaining in the preaction stages of change (i.e., precontemplation and contemplation) across time would show little change in their marijuana use. The University of Rhode Island Change Assessment (URICA) measure and two recent stage assignment algorithms were utilized to assess TMC stage status at baseline and end of treatment. The primary analyses employed paired-sample t tests of statistical equivalence and sign tests, and 34 out of the 36 tests demonstrated that individuals remaining in the preaction stages of change over the treatment period showed clinically important and statistically significant treatment outcomes. Clinicians and researchers should exercise caution in their use of URICA-based indices as meaningful markers of the recovery process. Better methods to measure stage status and test the TMC are needed if the model is to be used to guide substance abuse interventions.

Resumen En el mundo globalizado y la economía del conocimiento a la que se enfrentan las organizaciones y trabajadores, las nociones de derechos laborales y la calidad del trabajo se han tomado la agenda de las organizaciones internacionales. La búsqueda de la inclusión de criterios de sustentabilidad en el desarrollo económico, ha colocado relevancia en las prácticas de las organizaciones y fenómenos como la discriminación laboral y el impacto social en los modelos de negocio. Este artículo propone una revisión sobre los métodos de selección utilizados en Chile, en términos de cuáles son los requerimientos de uso en el mercado laboral, como también en las bases teórico-metodológicas que los sustentan. A través de dos estudios, se analiza la prevalencia del uso de las técnicas más populares en selección de personal y sus bases, presentando un análisis enfocado en la evitación de la discriminación. Los hallazgos demuestran que gran parte de las técnicas y metodologías usadas en los procesos de selección no poseen una base científica que avale su uso, con lo cual se favorece la emergencia de prácticas injustas. Se discuten posibles razones y consecuencias del uso de técnicas no adecuadas en el contexto del mercado laboral chileno. Abstract In the globalized world and the knowledge economy, organizations and workers face the notions of labor rights and the quality of work that have taken the agenda of international organizations. The search for the inclusion of sustainability criteria in economic development, has placed importance on the practices of organizations and phenomena such as job discrimination and social impact of business models. This article proposes a review of the selection methods used in Chile in terms of what are the requirements for use on the labor market, as well as the theoretical and methodological foundation and their support. Through two studies, the prevalence of the most popular techniques in personnel selection are analyzed, presenting an analysis focused on the avoidance of discrimination. The findings show that many of the techniques and methodologies used in the selection process do not have a scientific basis to support your use, thus the emergence of discriminatory practices is encouraged. Possible reasons and consequences of using inadequate techniques in the context of the Chilean labor market are discussed.

The dimensionality of Maslach's (1982) 3 aspects of job burnout--emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and personal accomplishment--was examined among a sample of supervisors and managers in the human services. A series of confirmatory factor analyses supported the 3-factor model, with the first 2 aspects highly correlated. The 3 aspects were found to be differentially related to other variables reflecting aspects of strain, stress coping, and self-efficacy in predictable and meaningful ways. Implications for better understanding the burnout process are discussed.

Both the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees are in the area of computer science. Until February 1983, he was DP Manager of a bank in Greece. During the Spring term of 1983 he was a Visiting Associate Professor at the Michigan Technological University, Houghton. He is now Professor at the National Techni-Michael Hatzopoulos was born in Athens, Greece. He received the cal University of Athens. His research interests include physical data-B.S. degree inn mathematics from the University of Athens, Athens, in base design, distributed databases, and spatial processing. 1971, and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in computer science from the Dr. Kollias is a member of the Association for Computing Machinery

The present study investigates how business ethics are related to vocational interest. Special attention has been paid to the relationship between business ethics and the interest in ‘enterprising’ and ‘social’ oriented professions. The results show that business ethics is only significantly correlated in a negative way, to enterprising vocational preferences. Moreover, the negative contribution of business ethics to the preference for entrepreneurial and managerial professions remains after controlling for personality and work values. Some work values also predict the entrepreneurial interest: Earnings, Influence, Competition, Innovation and Creativity. The personality traits Extraversion (positive) and Agreeableness (negative) have predictive validity, but this effect disappears after controlling for work values. In the ‘Discussion’ section, we pay attention to possible consequences of the negative relationship between business ethics and Entrepreneurial interest for Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). We argue that efforts concerning realistic job previews will only be meaningful if they are completed with efforts to make people more sensitive for ethics in two other domains, namely education and business.

ABSTRACT. During the 1980's social cognitive theory has evolved
as an explanation of human behavior. One of this theory's component constructs, self-efficacy, has received increasing attention as an antecedent to health related outcomes. The results of a meta-analysis examining studies which employed the construct of self-efficacy as a predictor of health related outcomes is presented. In the literature examined, subject ratings of self-efficacy were found to consistently predict subsequent health related outcomes.

En un estudio recientemente publicado sobre Tasa de reincidencia Penitenciaria 2014 en Cataluña se ofrecen, entre otra información de gran interés, los resultados de aplicar el RisCanvi como herramienta de valoración del riesgo de violencia a un conjunto de internos, y la comparación entre el riesgo de reincidencia violenta predicho y la reincidencia violenta efectivamente observada. En dicho estudio se valora muy positivamente la capacidad predictiva del RisCanvi; sin embargo, en este trabajo sostengo que debe hacerse una interpretación diferente de los datos que conduce a conclusiones menos optimistas. Ello se debe a que es necesario diferenciar con claridad entre sensibilidad y valor predictivo, y entre estimaciones de riesgo relativas y absolutas, lo que aconseja utilizar tanto el RisCanvi como otros instrumentos de valoración del riesgo con mucha prudencia en determinados contextos, especialmente cuando de estas valoraciones dependan decisiones sobre la libertad u otros derechos fundamentales de los internos.
A study recently published about prison recidivism rate in Catalonia 2014 offers, among other interesting information, the results of applying RisCanvi as a violence risk assessment tool to a sample of inmates, and the comparison between the risk of violent recidivism predicted and the violent recidivism actually observed. The study makes a very positive evaluation of the RisCanvi’s predictive ability, but this paper maintains that data in that study should be interpreted differently, which leads to less optimistic conclusions. It is necessary to differentiate carefully between sensitivity and predictive value, and between relative and absolute predictive accuracy;, and this in turn recommends a very cautious utilization of this and other predictive tools in determinatespecific contexts, especially when decisions about each inmate’s liberty or fundamental rights depend upon the risk assessment

Some authors have claimed that emotional intelligence predicts success at work, at school, and in relationships, as well as or better than IQ. Little research exists to support or refute this claim at present. In this study, the ability of emotional intelligence to predict academic achievement was examined in a sample of undergraduate psychology students, using year-end grades as the criterion. The predictive validity of emotional intelligence was compared with the predictive validity of traditional cognitive abilities and the Big Five dimensions of personality. In addition, the incremental predictive validity of each of these three domains was assessed. In this setting, only some measures of Emotional Intelligence predicted academic success, and none of these measures showed incremental predictive validity for academic success over and above cognitive and personality variables. It may be that the overlap between many emotional intelligence measures and traditional measures of intelligence and personality limits their incremental predictive validity in this context.