Qualitative evaluation

Over the last decade many techniques and tools for software clone detection have been proposed. In this paper, we provide a qualitative comparison and evaluation of the current state-of-the-art in clone detection techniques and tools, and organize the large amount of information into a coherent conceptual framework. We begin with background concepts, a generic clone detection process and an overall taxonomy of current techniques and tools. We then classify, compare and evaluate the techniques and tools in two different dimensions. First, we classify and compare approaches based on a number of facets, each of which has a set of (possibly overlapping) attributes. Second, we qualitatively evaluate the classified techniques and tools with respect to a taxonomy of editing scenarios designed to model the creation of Type-1, Type-2, Type-3 and Type-4 clones. Finally, we provide examples of how one might use the results of this study to choose the most appropriate clone detection tool or technique in the context of a particular set of goals and constraints. The primary contributions of this paper are: (1) a schema for classifying clone detection techniques and tools and a classification of current clone detectors based on this schema, and (2) a taxonomy of editing scenarios that produce different clone types and a qualitative evaluation of current clone detectors based on this taxonomy.

We evaluated the relationship between the intestinal microbiota composition and clinical outcome in a group of 15 high-risk patients admitted for acute infection and/or surgical/accidental trauma who were treated with systemic antibiotics according to standard intensive care unit (ICU) protocols. There was a high mortality rate amongst these patients, each of whom had a considerable organ failure score at admission, respiratory assistance during the most of their ICU stay and a long length of stay. All of these individuals received sedation and enteral nutrition, and the majority also received insulin, vasoactive drugs and some stress-ulcer prophylaxis agents. The intestinal microbiota composition was assessed using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), a molecular biology tool used to characterize bacterial ecosystems. As all of the patient subjects were in good health prior to their acute illness and admission to the ICU, the first faecal samples obtained from this group showed a DGGE banding pattern that was similar to that of healthy subjects. After 1 week of critical illness, coupled with intensive care treatment, including antibiotics, a very definite alteration in the overall microbiota composition was evident, as revealed by a reduction in the number of DGGE bands. Further pronounced changes to the DGGE banding profiles could be observed in patients remaining in the ICU for 2 weeks. Moreover, a dominant band, identified by sequencing as highly related to Enterococcus, was detected in the DGGE profile of some of our patient subjects. We also performed real-time PCR and obtained results that were in agreement with our qualitative evaluations using DGGE. The degree of organ failure and ICU mortality was significantly higher in patients for whom a high reduction in microbiota biodiversity was coupled with a massive presence of enterococci. A statistically significant link between these two ecological traits and the use of clindamycin was also found.

Abstract—This paper reports on the control structure of the pneumatic biped Lucy. The robot is actuated with pleated pneumatic artificial muscles, which have interesting characteristics that can be exploited for legged machines. They have a high power to weight ratio, an ...

The study was aimed at identifying parent involvement (PI) barriers in qualitative evaluation (QE) and applied phenomenological qualitative research. For this purpose, semi- structured interview with 35 parents of 6th grade students was conducted, and sample was selected by extreme (opposition) and intensify (proponents) sampling methods. Data analysis revealed 89 base, 15 organizers and 6 comprehensive themes, which are the lake of parental awareness of the basics and characteristics of qualitative evaluation (QE), improper understanding of teachers from parents’ participation in qualitative evaluation (QE), lack of parents’ knowledge from their responsibility, governing quantitative evaluation methods and structure on formal and informal education system, parents’ experiences from education system and socio- cultural factors. According to the findings, suggestions are presented for future researches and Practical solutions.

AISI 316 austenitic stainless steels have been plasma nitrided using a dc glow discharge unit in order to investigate the influence of gas composition on microstructure and corrosion behavior of treated samples. Corrosion properties of untreated and plasma nitrided 316 steels ...

We conducted a qualitative evaluation of a semi-structured, client-led support group that addressed drug use recovery issues and was assisted by a psychological consultant. Seven regular group members and their counselors were interviewed about the effect of the assisted self-help group on drug use and the clients' quality of life, and these interviews were content analyzed. In addition, the psychological consultant made group process observations for each session of the first three months. Clients reported group strengths as: Feeling supported and understood, being able to speak freely without fear of staff reprisals, obtaining information/feedback, improved mood, and decreased drug use. With the provision of professional support and guidance, this group shows promise as an adjunct to standard outpatient drug abuse treatment by allowing for some degree of client independence and extending the scarce resource of professional counseling.

Design of educational multimedia rarely starts from scratch, but rather by attempting to reuse existing software. Although redesign has been an issue in research on evaluation and on learning objects, how it should be carried out in a principled way has remained relatively unexplored. Furthermore, understanding how empirical research on information and communication technologies (ICT) should feed back into redesign remains difficult. The present paper addresses these problems from the viewpoint of carrying out pedagogical expert evaluations, in the absence of empirical studies of target learners, in order to generate recommendations for redesign. Firstly, redesign proposals should be based on a coherent reconstruction of pedagogical foundations of educational ICT (software, documentation). Secondly, redesign proposals should result from dialogue between stakeholders, such as future users, pedagogical experts, software designers, and deciders. To these ends, we propose a framework, called GESTALT (Goals, (E) SiTuations, Actions, Learners, Tools), as a 'boundary object' for dialogical redesign. Within an activity theory approach, GE-STALT is based on analysis of available tools, the actions they support, the characteristics of learners who perform actions, and pedagogical goals that could be achieved in specific situations. An illustrative GESTALT analysis of educational software is provided, principally from the viewpoint of pedagogical experts. Finally, the strengths and limits of GESTALT are discussed.

Modern dancers suffer a high rate of musculoskeletal injuries. Preventing injury prolongs dance careers and eases financial burden on both individual dancers and dance companies alike. A medical student partnered with Garth Fagan Dance to develop a curriculum to teach principles of injury prevention specific to preprofessional and professional modern dancers. Quantitative assessments showed a significant increase in participant injury prevention knowledge after completion of the course (P < 0.0001). Participants’ concern that injury may end their careers showed no significant change after the course (P = 0.35). Injury prevention and dance-related injuries were reported the most often as useful topics while weight management was reported the least often as a useful topic. Qualitative evaluations showed that participants’ found a course on injury prevention valuable and desired a course of longer duration that includes a greater number of topics. These findings show that modern dancers perceive an educational course on injury prevention as valuable and retain information presented in the course in the short-term. Further study is warranted to assess changes in injury rates after the course and to continue to improve curriculum content and implementation.

The emergence of public housing estate renewal programs in Australia in the last decade has been one of the most prominent developments in social housing policy. These programs have undertaken a broad mix of renewal activity, ranging from outright physical redevelopment and stock replacement for sale, to community development type initiatives to improve social and employment outcomes for residents. However, while a number of evaluations of these programs have been undertaken, the development of evaluation methodology has lagged behind that of other countries. This in part is due to the lack of federal government interest or involvement in these programs which are essentially state specific. The article reviews the evaluations that have been undertaken in the last 10 years in Australia and assesses the relative importance of qualitative methodologies in these evaluations. Despite a strong focus among policy makers on value-for-money aspects of renewal, the authors show that qualitative methods have been commonplace, if limited in range, and argue this is a result of both the difficulty of obtaining comparative quantitative information especially when comparing dissimilar programs between states. In this context, qualitative methods are more easily managed by researchers and offer more insightful assessments than quantitatively based approaches. The article concludes by arguing for a national evaluation methodology to assist in more rigorous evaluations and the extension of qualitative evaluation methods.

En este artículo se presenta ParTes, el primer test suite en español y catalán para la evaluación cualitativa de analizadores sintácticos automáticos. Este recurso es una jerarquía de los fenómenos representativos acerca de la estructura sintáctica y el orden de argumentos. ParTes propone una simplificación de la evaluación cualitativa contribuyendo a la automatización de esta tarea.

Fringe pattern analysis in coded structured light constitutes an active field of research. Techniques based on first projecting a sinusoidal pattern and then recovering the phase deviation permit the computation of the phase map and its corresponding depth map, leading to a dense acquisition of the measuring object. Among these techniques, the ones based on time-frequency analysis permit to extract the depth map from a single image, thus having potential applications measuring moving objects. The main techniques are Fourier Transform (FT), Windowed Fourier Transform (WFT) and Wavelet Transform (WT). This paper first analyzes the pros and cons of these three techniques, then a new algorithm for the automatic selection of the window size in WFT is proposed. This algorithm is compared to the traditional WT using adapted mother wavelet signals both with simulated and real objects, showing the performance results for quantitative and qualitative evaluations of the new method.

The wine growing industry is increasingly important to the New Zealand economy and increasingly its marketing is associated with the country's 'clean and green' image. Over 60% of New Zealand's wine companies have adopted at least one of three main environmental management systems: Sustainable Winegrowing New Zealand, ISO 14001 and Bio-Gro. We undertook a qualitative, survey based, comparative evaluation of these systems within 15 wine companies. The key findings are that while each system appears to have its own strengths, in general, no one environmental management system is better than the other. However, implementation of an industry specific system, for example SWNZ, in combination with a generic process-based system, for example ISO 14001, aids in the development of a more sustainable wine industry.

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Purpose-The purpose of the paper is to describe the development and operation of an innovative, work based, distance delivered Foundation degree developed by the University of Chester and the British Civil Service. The paper is both a case study in its own right but also the basis for a further quantitative and qualitative evaluation of the programme Design/methodology/approach-The paper describes the development of the programme in the broader context of UK Civil service modernisation and the application of the University of Chester's established Work Based and integrative Studies (WBIS) framework. Important features of the programme are described including academic content, learner support, assessment and management. Findings-The paper concludes by identifying three areas for formal evaluation. These are: the implications of employer involvement in the design and management of the programme; the differential nature of the learner experience and the factors underlying performance and the impact of the programme in meeting employer goals. Research limitations/implications-There are limitations in generalising from a particular case study. No formal research questions are posed in the paper or method suggested. Further work is necessary to develop a strategy for evaluation of the programme. Practical implications-The conclusions are exploratory, awaiting formal evaluation Originality/value-The case study is of interest to educators engaged in flexible and distance work based learning. The issue of employer involvement in programme design, management and delivery is of considerable interest to those developing and delivering Foundation degrees and similar programmes. The issues in relation to the student experience are also of considerable interest to those engaged in workplace delivery. The organisational impact of the programme is of interest to employers and educators alike.

A method and a model for analyzing visually and quantitatively mutual shading between buildings is presented. The method allows fast and efficient calculation of the ratio between insolated and total surface areas of any given examined object that is shaded by other irregular and nonplanar elements. The calculation of this ratio is carried out for all the months and hours for which either shading or insolation is required. The information obtained may serve as hourly input data for any dynamic simulation model which evaluates the thermal performance of the different external or internal shading systems. For a visual and a qualitative evaluation of the shadows among buildings, the suggested model permits a very realistic representation, in which the light source is defined according to the azimuth and the altitude of the sun at the particular time of examination. The self shading and brightness of the different surfaces and the shadows cast by the different elements at the designated time are then generated and can be evaluated visually. The method is demonstrated by a case study.

Due to the large power supply in the energy market since 1960s, the nuclear power planets have been consistently constructed throughout the world in order to maintain and supply sufficient fundamental power generation. Up to now, most of the planets have been operated to a point where the spent fuel pool has reached its design capacity volume. To prevent the plant from shutdown due to the spent fuel pool exceeding the design capacity, the dry cask storage can provides a solution for both the spent fuel pool capacity and the mid-term storage method for the spent fuel bundles at nuclear power planet.

Eighty-three brains obtained at autopsy from nondemented and demented individuals were examined for extracellular amyloid deposits and intraneuronal neurofibrillary changes. The distribution pattern and packing density of amyloid deposits turned out to be of limited significance for differentiation of neuropathological stages. Neurofibrillary changes occurred in the form of neuritic plaques, neurofibritlary tangles and neuropil threads. The distribution of neuritic plaques varied widely not only within architectonic units but also from one individual to another. Neurofibrillary tangles and neuropil threads, in contrast, exhibited a characteristic distribution pattern permitting the differentiation of six stages. The first two stages were characterized by an either mild or severe alteration of the transentorhinal layer Pre-c~ (transentorhinal stages I-II). The two forms of limbic stages (stages III-IV) were marked by a conspicuous affection of layer Pre-(x in both transentorhinal region and proper entorhinal cortex. In addition, there was mild involvement of the first Ammon's horn sector. The hallmark of the two isocortical stages (stages V-VI) was the destruction of virtually all isocortical association areas. The investigation showed that recognition of the six stages required qualitative evaluation of only a few key preparations.

This is an experience report about the use of portfolio in the neonatology module of Cariri College of Medicine, which aims to describe the experience of a group of pupils from the sixth semester of the Medical Course with the use of the portfolio in the neonatology module, as an instrument of formative evaluation of the teach-learning process. The class

Formal waste management services are not accessible for the majority of primary healthcare clinics on the African continent, and affordable and practicable technology solutions are required in the developing country context. In response, a protocol was established for the first quantitative and qualitative evaluation of relatively low cost small-scale incinerators for use at rural primary healthcare clinics. The protocol comprised the first phase of four, which defined the comprehensive trials of three incineration units. The trials showed that all of the units could be used to render medical waste non-infectious, and to destroy syringes or render needles unsuitable for reuse. Emission loads from the incinerators are higher than large-scale commercial incinerators, but a panel of experts considered the incinerators to be more acceptable compared to the other waste treatment and disposal options available in under-serviced rural areas. However, the incinerators must be used within a ...

Introduction : Controversy exists over psychological risks associated with termination of pregnancy (TOP). Although some studies recently shed some lights on the consequences of TOP on women's emotions and mental health, the positive and negative psychological and psychiatric impacts of TOP on sexual psychodynamic and intimate relationships have been poorly investigated.

The present article describes activities undertaken in the virtual world called ''Euroland'' to promote collaborative knowledge building, using a variety of communication formats. The communication formats available in Euroland are text-based via a chat (synchronous) and a discussion forum (asynchronous); and visual in the form of virtual objects, pictures, and photos. Euroland has been designed, implemented, and evaluated by a Dutch-Italian community composed of students, teachers, and researchers performing educational, cross-cultural, and interdisciplinary tasks. The relevant theoretical perspectives concerning collaborative knowledge building, visualization within a three-dimensional environment, and the community of learners and the community of practices models are also reviewed. A qualitative evaluation of the activities performed in Euroland is then undertaken. It is concluded that the activities involving different communication formats within a virtual world are only appreciated and used when the community of users reaches a particular level of awareness with regard to the technical and cognitive functions of each format. When integrated, the communication formats are found to have a reciprocal influence on each other. The community is able to generate new activities not planned in advance, depending upon the specific situation, which gets defined during the interaction between the various participants in Euroland.

Objective The use of the Internet as a source of medicines information is increasing. However, the quality of online information is highly variable. Equipping Internet users to distinguish good quality information is the aim of a new five-item quality assessment tool (DARTS) that was developed by the Working Group on Information to Patients under the Pharmaceutical Forum established by the European Commission. The objective of this study was to investigate how people with depression assess the quality of online medicines information and to study their opinions about the DARTS tool in assisting in this process. Setting Focus group discussions with Internet users were conducted in metropolitan Helsinki, Finland. Method Six focus group discussions (67-109 min duration) were conducted with people with depression (n = 29). The DARTS tool was used as a stimulus after open discussion in relation to the evaluation of the quality of Internet-based medicines information. The focus groups were digitally audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were thematically content analysed by two researchers. Results Focus group participants were generally critical of the information they

In the field of automation technology, research and development for industrial applications has increased rapidly in recent years. Therefore, industrial automation and control education is a very important element of the industrialization process in developing countries, such as Turkey, which needs to keep abreast for the latest developments in the field. However, there are several challenges in industrial automation education in a developing country. First, a course that includes instrumentation and automation needs a significant budget. Moreover, the necessary instrumentation is generally confusing to use, which reduces the motivation of the students. Another challenge is that real industrial processes cannot be set up in the laboratory because these may be hazardous for students. To overcome these challenges, this paper gives a detailed description of some laboratory experiments in virtual-instrumentaided supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. These experiments have been developed as part of implementing an inductive education strategy in the Automation Laboratory of Ege Vocational School, Ege University,İzmir, Turkey. The experiments described here are designed to show how an economically feasible SCADA system could be built. The advantages and the challenging points of these experiments are also discussed and evaluated. A quantitative evaluation was achieved using a one-way ANOVA test performed on the exam results of the students. The qualitative evaluation was performed using a survey given to the students. The results indicated that the performance of the students was improved compared to the previous years' students.

Clinical flow cytometry has evolved from two-parameter quantitative assessment of peripheral blood lymphocytes to six-parameter qualitative evaluation of bone marrow for hematopathology. Leukemia and lymphoma immunophenotyping represent an extremely important complement to morphology in the diagnosis and monitoring of hematopoietic malignancies. The complexity of five-and six-parameter analyses and the interpretation of the data rely on standardization and validation of the instrument, the reagents and the procedure. In addition, flow cytometry laboratories in the U.S. are required to document proficiency testing, sample preparation, method accuracy, specificity, sensitivity and precision. NCCLS and the U.S.-Canadian Consensus Conference have provided recommendations, but each laboratory is ultimately responsible for validating its own qualitative and quantitative procedures. This paper reviews procedures for validation and quality control of all aspects of the operation of a clinical flow cytometry service.

Carob pulp kibbles, a by-product of carob been gum production, was studied as a source of bioactive agents. Firstly, the carob kibbles were submitted to an aqueous extraction to extract sugars, and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was applied to the solid residue of that aqueous extraction, by using compressed carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) as the solvent and a mixture of ethanol and water (80:20, v/v) as a co-solvent. Pressure and temperature were studied in the ranges 15-22 MPa, and 40-70 • C. Particle diameter, and co-solvent percentage in ranges of 0.27-1.07 mm, and 0-12.4%, respectively, were also studied, as well as the flow rate of SC-CO 2 between 0.28 and 0.85 kg h −1 , corresponding, respectively, to 0.0062 and 0.0210 cm s −1 of superficial velocity. The extracts were characterised in terms of antioxidant capacity by DPPH method, and total phenolics content by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The central composite non-factorial design was used to optimise the extraction conditions, using the Statistica, version 6 software (Statsoft). The best results, in terms of yield and antioxidant capacity, were found at 22 MPa, 40 • C, 0.27 mm particle size, about 12.4% of co-solvent and a flow rate of 0.29 kg h −1 of SC-CO 2 . The phenolics profile of the extracts obtained at these conditions was qualitatively evaluated by HPLC-DAD. The solid residue of the supercritical extraction was also studied showing to be a dietary fiber, which can be compared to Caromax TM , a carob fiber commercialised by Nutrinova Inc.

workshop aims at helping the convergence of the academia and industry, from all the different areas that want to/might play an active role in domain of security solutions by focusing on how software security can be improved through the MDA approach.

The failure of a node in a multicomputer system will not only reduce the computational power but also alter the network's topology. Network fault tolerance is a measure of the number of failures the network can sustain before a disconnection occurs. It is expressed traditionally as the network's node degree. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic measure of network fault tolerance expressed as the probability of a disconnection. Qualitative evaluation of this measure is presented. As expected, the single-node disconnection probability is the dominant factor irrespective of the topology under consideration. We derive an analytical approximation to the disconnection probability and verify it with a Monte Carlo simulation. Based on this model, the measures of network resilience and relative network resilience are proposed as probabilistic measures of network fault tolerance. These are then used to evaluate the effects of the disconnection probability on the reliability of the system.

A method for evaluating solar rights and shading requirements in an urban environment is presented. The method is embedded in a CAD tool developed and adapted for this purpose. With this tool one can analyze the mutual shading between buildings and other objects like trees. The purpose of this CAD tool is to allow the designer to plan efficiently the various functions of spaces among different structures, like buildings, as well as determining the location of the passive and active solar collectors. The method is a general one and allows a fast and efficient calculation of the ratio between insolated and total surface areas of any given examined object that is shaded by other irregular and nonplanar elements. The calculation of this ratio is carried out for all the months and hours for which either shading or insolation is required. The information obtained may serve as hourly input data for any dynamic simulation model which evaluates the thermal performance of the different external or internal shading systems. For a visual and a qualitative evaluation of the shadows among buildings, the suggested model permits a very realistic representation, irn which the light source is defined according to the azimuth and the altitude of the Sun at the particular time of examination. The self shading and brightness of the different surfaces and the shadows cast by the various elements at the designated time are then generated and can be evaluated visually. 0 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

The human being is immersed in increasingly less humanistic settings. The excessive interest in the technicality, consumerism, and power force universities to provide the opposite to this dynamic. To reach this goal, it is proposed to promote a real comprehensive assessment through learning activities that enhance the students’ skills from group interaction, assessing not only cognitive skills but also the socio-affective aspects such as attitude, motivation, cooperation, and participation. Human complexity requires an assessment that covers its many features. Through qualitative evaluation, we will contribute to making our students become responsible citizens, consistent with their own identity, sensitive to their reality, one that will include the use of self- and peerevaluation tools as feedback guides and strengthening of the educational process of each student.

Resumen: El ser humano está inmerso en espacios cada vez menos humanistas. El excesivo interés en el tecnicismo, el consumismo y el poder exigen a las universidades ofrecer el lado opuesto a esta dinámica. Para ello se deben promover prácticas académicas con una verdadera evaluación integral, a través de actividades de aprendizaje que potencien habilidades de los estudiantes desde la interacción grupal, donde se valoren no solo habilidades cognitivas, sino también aspectos socio-afectivos, como la actitud, la motivación, la cooperación y la participación. La complejidad humana requiere de una evaluación que abarque sus innumerables particularidades. Con la evaluación cualitativa, contribuiremos a que nuestros estudiantes sean ciudadanos más responsables, coherentes con su propia identidad y sensibles a su realidad, donde se incluya la utilización de instrumentos de autoevaluación y co-evaluación, como guías de retroalimentación y fortalecimiento del proceso educativo.

A little over three years ago, two brand new assistant professors successfully earned funding from the National Science Foundation (NSF) for a Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) site at Mississippi State University. In the time that the &quot;Chemistry / Chemical Engineering: The Bonds Between Us&quot; program ran, much was learned about how to organize for a ten week intensive research program, how to ensure each student had a meaningful, positive experience, how to promote camaraderie among participants, and how to streamline participant logistics. In this manuscript and corresponding presentation, a description of the program and its goals will be discussed. This contribution will benefit anyone considering developing an REU program. It will provide guidance on how to structure student projects so that student learning and productivity is maximized. Further, organized professional development activities will be outlined in addition to a summary of structured social act...

A simulator for one-phase ow in porous media near a wellbore is coupled with a thermodynamic model and a network model in order to predict the change in petroleum ow under asphaltene deposition. The thermodynamic model is capable of predicting the quantity of precipitated asphaltene. The network model is used to predict formation damage due to in situ asphaltene deposition. The model is qualitatively evaluated using data from literature. Results are in concordance with expected physical behavior.

The objectives of the present study were to describe the complementary use of radiography and ultrasonography in the diagnosis of upper urinary tract disorders in dogs, and to compare ultrasonographic findings with the survey and contrast radiographic findings in the evaluation of canine upper urinary tract diseases. The study materials were composed of 22 dogs of various breed, age, and sex with upper urinary tract diseases. Pyelonephritis (9 cases), acute renal failure (7 cases), policystic renal disease (2 cases), bilateral hydronephrosis (one case), radiopaque nephrolith (2 cases), unilateral ectopic ureter (one case) were diagnosed radiographically and ultrasonographically. The results of the present study indicate that ultrasonography was more sensitive than radiography in diagnosis of upper urinary diseases but was incapable in qualitative evaluation of renal functions and in examination of the ureters. Survey radiographs had little value in the diagnosis of pyelonephritis, disorders of renal pelvis, ureters except for the identification of radiopaque nephrolith. It was determined that EU was valuable for determination of the ectopic ureter, hydronephrosis, and evaluation of renal function.

The use of nanoscaled zero-valent iron particles (nZVI) to remediate contaminated soil and groundwater has received increasing amounts of attention within the last decade, primarily due to its potential for broader application, higher reactivity, and cost-effectiveness compared to conventional zero-valent iron applications and other in situ methods. However, the potential environmental risks of nZVI in in situ field scale applications are largely unknown at the present and traditional environmental risk assessment approaches are not yet able to be completed. Therefore, it may not yet be fully clear how to consider the environmental benefits and risks of nZVI for in situ applications. This analysis therefore addresses the challenges of comprehensively considering and weighing the expected environmental benefits and potential risks of this emerging environmentally-beneficial nanotechnology, particularly relevant for environmental engineers, scientists, and decision makers. We find that most of the benefits of using nZVI are based on near-term considerations, and large data gaps currently exist within almost all aspects of environmental exposure and effect assessments. We also find that while a wide range of decision support tools and frameworks alternative to risk assessment are currently available, a thorough evaluation of these should be undertaken in the near future to assess their full relevancy for nZVI at specific sites. Due to the absence of data in environmental risk evaluations, we apply a 'best' and 'worst' case scenario evaluation as a first step to qualitatively evaluate the current state-ofknowledge regarding the potential environmental risks of nZVI. The result of this preliminary qualitative evaluation indicates that at present, there are no significant grounds on which to form the basis that nZVI currently poses a significant, apparent risk to the environment, although the majority of the most serious criteria (i.e. potential for persistency, bioaccumulation, toxicity) are generally unknown. We recommend that in cases where nZVI may be chosen as the 'best' treatment option, short and long-term environmental monitoring is actively employed at these sites. We furthermore recommend the continued development of responsible nZVI innovation and better facilitated information exchange between nZVI developers, nano-risk researchers, remediation industry, and decision makers. (K.D. Grieger), asf@env.dtu.dk (A. Fjordbøge), nah@env.dtu.dk (N.B. Hartmann), eve@env.dtu.dk (E. Eriksson), plb@env.dtu.dk (P.L. Bjerg), anb@env.dtu.dk (A. Baun).

Effective teaching behaviors have been studied in various arenas in higher education. However, there is limited research documenting effective teaching behaviors in dentistry and dental hygiene. Our qualitative study attempts to define effective teaching in both the classroom and clinic for dentistry and dental hygiene students. A total of 175 dental and dental hygiene undergraduate students nominated a total of forty instructors for teaching awards, providing a total of 695 qualitative statements reflecting their teaching in two learning contexts: the classroom and the clinic. Seven categories of effective teaching qualities were identified: individual rapport, organization, enthusiasm, learning, group interaction, exams and assignments, and breadth. Based on the frequency of the themes, effective teaching in the classroom was best defined by organization and rapport, whereas in the clinic, rapport was the most frequently described behavior. Moreover, dentistry students perceived e...