Remote Voting

We present Phrase-Verified Voting, a voter-verifiable remote voting system assembled from commercial off-the-shelf software for small private elections. The system is transparent and enables each voter to verify that the tally includes their ballot selection without requiring any understanding of cryptography. This paper describes the system and its use in fall 2020, to vote remotely in promotion committees in a university. Each voter fills out a form in the cloud with their vote V (YES, NO, ABSTAIN) and a passphrase P-two words entered by the voter. The system generates a verification prompt of the (P,V) pairs and a tally of the votes, organized to help visualize how the votes add up. After the polls close, each voter verifies that this table lists their (P,V) pair and that the tally is computed correctly. The system is especially appropriate for any small group making sensitive decisions. Because the system would not prevent a coercer from demanding that their victim use a specified passphrase, it is not designed for applications where such malfeasance would be likely or go undetected. Results from 43 voters show that the system was wellaccepted, performed effectively for its intended purpose, and introduced users to the concept of voter-verified elections. Compared to the commonly-used alternatives of paper ballots or voting by email, voters found the system easier to use, and that it provided greater privacy and outcome integrity.

Monografia defendida na UFRJ em 25 de junho de 2024.

Resumo: O presente trabalho de monografia tem por objetivo principal delimitar, por meio do método dedutivo e através de revisão bibliográfica, legislativa e jurisprudencial, os contornos jurídicos do direito de participação e votação à distância em deliberações sociais de companhias. Tais institutos tem por objetivo habilitar a participação de sócios nos conclaves de companhias e, também, ser um mecanismo de tutela efetiva do exercício da participação social por parte de acionistas não controladores de sociedades anônimas, principalmente em companhias abertas. A Lei 14.030/2020, modificou o Art. 121 da Lei 6.404/1976, estabelecendo a competência comum da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários e do órgão federal competente para estabelecimento dos parâmetros de permissão da participação e votação à distância em assembleias gerais de companhias abertas e fechadas. Primeiramente, é feito um exame do direito de participação em assembleias gerais, consignando as formalidades e possibilidades para exercício destas faculdades legais em sociedades anônimas. No segundo capítulo, trataremos especificamente sobre o exercício do direito de voto em sociedades anônimas e, por último, propor-se-á uma análise personalizada da participação e votação a distância nas assembleias de companhias. O trabalho, portanto, discorre sobre a aplicação do instituto nas rotinas das companhias e sobre as consequências do desrespeito às prescrições legais e da violação aos direitos dos acionistas votantes.

The digital Voting system is an online voting platform for the Indian election which is proposed through this paper. The proposed model consists of two modules a voting website and an Android application. The voting website will be used by the employee of election commission at the time of election and the android application will be used by the voters. This android application and the voting website is made highly secured. On the website, Aadhar number will be used for verification which will provide instant information about the voter so that no fake vote can happen and the android application is made secured in such a way that without sign-up or sign-in the user could not use the application through which we can keep a record of the number of the application user. The additional feature of this model is that if a person is residing outside from his/her hometown can also cast their vote. They just have to do one thing that they have to apply for their vote from the mobile application or they have to visit the voting center for the registration of their vote from the current address. In the proposed model the tallying of the vote will be done automatically which will save time and it will provide a quick way to announce the name of the winning team.

The ever growing number of Ghanaians living abroad and their contribution to the nation's GDP has propelled the political debate of their voting rights. After formulating policies to enable them to exercise their franchise during elections, E-Voting/Internet Voting was one of the methods proposed to be used to by diaspora Ghanaians to effectively exercise their right to vote. This research investigates and identifies the main determinants of E-Voting Adoption by eligible voters living abroad. A sample of 71 respondents from Malaysia, Singapore and USA has been used to collect the data. Regression and correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS 20. Regression beta coefficient and correlation coefficients were generated to test the hypotheses and to ascertain the effect of Information & Communication Technology, Political and Socio-demographical factors on adopting E-Voting System. The result shows strong linear relationship between some of the factors and E-Voting Adoption.

In last few decades large technology development raised new needs. Financial sector has no exception. People are approaching all over the world to fulfill their dreams. Any sector needs to understand changing need of customer. Recently, with the awareness of businessmen and consumers and the development of mobile technologies, the potential use of mobile devices in financial applications such as banking and stock trading has seen a rapid increase. However, the security challenges being faced are diverse and increasing in number because of huge amount of money flowing across the mobiles. The aim of this work is to provide a secure environment in terms of security for transaction by various ways. But due to many security flaws these schemes are not feasible for real-life implementation. In this project we focus on mobile banking and explore different ways to make authentications more secure as means to improve the security of communication in various channels for any intrusion by the hackers.

The study sought to discover the experiences of the thirty-five school young leaders of East Bayugan District who attended the capacity development activity. The research used descriptive qualitative design. Data were processed using content analysis. The Information Integration Theory that takes the process of valuation, integration, and response was validated based on the experiences of the respondents.

Staff record plays a significant role in an organization as it provides information needed to manage their employee performance. Many institute particularly the schools and colleges are still using the conventional methods which are merely paper-based to record the data of their employees, this often result in downright, waste of time in generating reports or searching for employee records and loss or damage of files. These inadequacies in the conventional method are characteristically eluded for the justification in developing a computer-based SMS; as it creates and maintains the database of staff records. This paper discusses the development of computer-based system using JSP while the database is designed using MySQL. With this new system in place, it will provide a dependable report of staff profile in support of management, planning and decision-making. It will also accelerate the most time consuming aspect of the institute which is processing and maintaining accurate staff inf...

Online mobile voting systems have gained significant attention in recent years as a means
to improve the efficiency, accessibility, and security of the voting process. This paper
presents a novel approach to online mobile voting by incorporating biometric
authentication techniques, specifically face detection and one-time password (OTP)
verification.
The proposed system leverages the ubiquity of smartphones and their built-in capabilities
to securely authenticate voters. By utilizing face detection algorithms, users are required
to authenticate themselves by capturing and verifying their facial features through the
mobile device's camera. This biometric authentication ensures that only authorized
individuals can participate in the voting process, thereby mitigating the risks associated
with identity fraud and impersonation.
Additionally, the system employs OTP verification as an additional layer of security. Once
the user's face is successfully recognized, a unique OTP is generated and sent to their
registered mobile number. The user is then prompted to enter this OTP within a predefined
time window to authenticate their identity further. This two-factor authentication
mechanism adds an extra level of assurance to the voting process, safeguarding against
unauthorized access and ensuring the integrity of the election.
The online mobile voting system incorporates a user-friendly interface, allowing voters to
conveniently participate in the electoral process from the comfort of their own devices.
Through a dedicated mobile application or a web-based platform, users can securely cast
their votes, with their identity and choices encrypted and transmitted over a secure network
connection. The system also provides real-time monitoring and auditing capabilities to
ensure transparency and prevent tampering or manipulation of voting data.
Keywords: Vote, Candidate, Election, Authentication, Face detection, Biometric,
Fingerprint, OTP , Database, LBPH, Haar-cascade.

This paper presents a novel method for implementing a facial recognition-based smart voting system using machine learning. The proposed method involves the use of a facial recognition algorithm that is trained using deep learning techniques to recognize the faces of registered voters. The system is designed to improve the accuracy, security, and speed of the voting process. The system incorporates additional security measures, such as the use of biometric data, real-time monitoring, and a one-time password (OTP) for voter verification, to prevent voter fraud. The proposed method was evaluated using a dataset of pre-registered voters, achieving an accuracy rate of 98% in recognizing the faces of registered voters. The system has the potential to revolutionize the way we conduct elections, ensuring a fair and transparent voting process.

The digital Voting system is an online voting platform for the Indian election which is proposed through this paper. The proposed model consists of two modules a voting website and an Android application. The voting website will be used by the employee of election commission at the time of election and the android application will be used by the voters. This android application and the voting website is made highly secured. On the website, Aadhar number will be used for verification which will provide instant information about the voter so that no fake vote can happen and the android application is made secured in such a way that without sign-up or sign-in the user could not use the application through which we can keep a record of the number of the application user. The additional feature of this model is that if a person is residing outside from his/her hometown can also cast their vote. They just have to do one thing that they have to apply for their vote from the mobile application or they have to visit the voting center for the registration of their vote from the current address. In the proposed model the tallying of the vote will be done automatically which will save time and it will provide a quick way to announce the name of the winning team.

Face recognition is a class of biometric security which works by coordinating the facial features. It assists with making sure about the voter, by utilizing the face recognition strategy. In this proposed system, Haar Cascade algorithm is utilized for face recognition which utilizes Haar-Like features to coordinate the face. Haar Cascade is an object detection algorithm. In this proposed system there are three degrees of confirmations. The first is user id confirmation and second is for the voter card number. In the event if the voter passed the two degrees of confirmation, at that point he/she enters to next degree of checks. The third degree of confirmation incorporates the utilization of face recognition. This is the fundamental security level to confirm the voter is legitimate or not. Index Terms Haar-Like features, Object detection, Face recognition, Biometric security, Rectangular frame.

Breakthroughs in digital technologies have notably enhanced the capability of administrative systems across the globe and allowed precision and effectiveness in governance mechanisms like never before. This study builds around three critical aspects of governance: lack of state capacity, trust deficit between citizen and state (empowerment), and poor service delivery. It elaborates how the use of biometrics and smart technologies enhances public service delivery and revitalises trust of citizen on the state. It is a qualitative research based on observations, case studies and real world examples of linking national citizens registry to various disparate repositories and using it innovatively to reform governance. Its manifestations are manifolds: from empowering persons to avail public health services and financial inclusion to creating value for private sector through market creating innovations; NADRA has fortified digital governance framework in Pakistan by the virtue of legal id...

The digital Voting system is an online voting platform for the Indian election which is proposed through this paper. The proposed model consists of two modules a voting website and an Android application. The voting website will be used by the employee of election commission at the time of election and the android application will be used by the voters. This android application and the voting website is made highly secured. On the website, Aadhar number will be used for verification which will provide instant information about the voter so that no fake vote can happen and the android application is made secured in such a way that without sign-up or sign-in the user could not use the application through which we can keep a record of the number of the application user. The additional feature of this model is that if a person is residing outside from his/her hometown can also cast their vote. They just have to do one thing that they have to apply for their vote from the mobile application or they have to visit the voting center for the registration of their vote from the current address. In the proposed model the tallying of the vote will be done automatically which will save time and it will provide a quick way to announce the name of the winning team.

This paper introduces an online voting system in which the election data is stored and processed. To achieve higher level of security, two levels of authentication techniques are used. First authentication technique used is a Face Detection and Recognition system. In this method of authentication, the voter's face image captured during the registration is compared with the image captured by the webcam at the time of casting vote. Second level authentication is done using One Time Password (OTP) principle. After the first level of authentication is done, a pseudo random number is generated using the OTP principle that is used by the voter while casting the vote. These techniques provide a more secure platform thus overcoming vulnerabilities of the traditional voting system. I.

The word “vote ” means to choose from a list, to elect or to determine. The main goal of voting (in a scenario involving the citizens of a given country) is to come up with leaders of the people’s choice. In our conventional voting system we have problems when it comes to voting. Some of the problems involved include ridging votes during election, insecure or inaccessible polling stations, inadequate polling materials and also inexperienced personnel. Due to such problems the percentage of voting in India is getting decrease year by year. This E-voting system seeks to address the above issues. They will able to vote from their places using internet. In this system, assuming that every person has smart phone we will design a smartphone compatible application. In this application we will authenticate the user by its aadhar card number along with biometrics such as face recognition or finger print recognition. After authenticating user will able to see list of candidates. Then the vote...

This paper introduces an online voting system in which the election data is stored and processed. To achieve higher level of security, two levels of authentication techniques are used. First authentication technique used is a Face Detection and Recognition system. In this method of authentication, the voter's face image captured during the registration is compared with the image captured by the webcam at the time of casting vote. Second level authentication is done using One Time Password (OTP) principle. After the first level of authentication is done, a pseudo random number is generated using the OTP principle that is used by the voter while casting the vote. These techniques provide a more secure platform thus overcoming vulnerabilities of the traditional voting system. I.

In this project, an attempt has been made to the development of an authenticated electronic voting system using fingerprint and facial images. The two-fold authentication system improves the security of the voting process and reduces the chances of a corrupt election process. The facial recognition process utilizes the Local Binary Pattern Histogram and Support Vector Machine process to scan, store and recognize faces efficiently. The fingerprint recognition involves the capturing of multiple 2D images and High Sensitive Pixel Amplifier to improve the quality of those images to scan the fingerprint to provide the primary form of authentication. Visual Basic is used to develop a very easy to use User Interface that enables an easy voting process. A private server is used to store both the user data and the election results separately. This reduces the chances of external manipulation of the election results.

While we tend to think of digital democracy as a positive development, embracing electronic voting may be a risky endeavor for democracies. Even assuming technology can reliably replace traditional paper voting, transitioning to e-voting may mean paying heavy prices in terms of transparency, popular participation in elections, and public trust in the democratic system. Additionally, the assumption that digital elections can be reliable may not comport with reality, given that saboteurs have immeasurable incentives to sway electoral results. Were we to permit remote digital voting, it would also be impossible to guarantee the free and secret nature of elections. Moreover, remote digital voting would completely transform the communal nature of elections as integral to a nation's collective self-definition. Changing the voting processes should thus be treated as a constitutional matter, with distinct variables in any given country. Countries should thus be careful when drawing conclusions from other countries' experiences with digital voting. Especially in the context of e-voting, the application of constitutional standards may require different decisions for different countries. The factors affecting such decisions are enumerated.

Voting is a fundamental decision making instrument in any consensus-based society and democracy depends on the proper administration of popular elections. In any election, there exists a set of requirements among which voters should receive assurance that their intent was correctly captured and that all eligible votes were correctly tallied. On the other hand, the election system as a whole should ensure that voter coercion is unlikely. These conflicting requirements present a significant challenge: how can voters receive enough assurance to trust the election result, but not so much that they can prove to a potential coercer how they voted. The challenge of changing the traditional paper based voting methods used in many developing countries into electronic voting raises a set of functional and constitutional requirements. These requirements are governed by the country in which they operate and are usually not limited to privacy, authentication, fairness, transparency, integrity and incoercibility. This paper presents a survey of electronic voting schemes and systems available to date, classifying them and pointing out advantages and drawbacks of each class. The survey is concluded by presenting a comparative analysis on electronic voting and suggests improvements on some recent e-voting schemes and systems.

Secure E-Voting System is a python-based project. It is an efficient and financially savvy way of leading a democratic method, which has the characteristics of being large-scale data and real- time, as well as requiring a high level of security. Nonetheless, they are concerns about the security of systems administration and protection of correspondence for e-casting a ballot have been developed. Here, the client establishes a connection with the server, this implies that the TCP protocol is being used. For each new arriving Client, the Server should create a new thread to accomplish this feature we took care of concurrent thread, that is, when the number of connections is made with the server, that time each thread doesn’t interfere with one another. Therefore, we synchronized the threads. Securing e-casting a ballot is very urgent and has turned into a famous theme in correspondences and systems administration. This system puts a lot of trust in the central authority. It manages th...

Face Detection and Recognition system (FDR) is used as an Authentication technique in online voting, which one of electronic is voting types. Web based voting allows the voter to vote from any place in state or out of state. The voter’s image is captured and passed to a face detection algorithm which is used to detect his face from the image and save it as the first matching point. The voter’s National identification card number is used to retrieve and return his saved photo from the database of the Supreme Council elections which is passed to the same detection algorithm to detect face from it and save it as second matching point. The two matching points are used by a matching algorithm to check wither they are identical or not. If the results of the matching algorithm are two point match then checks wither this person has the right to vote or not. If he has right to vote then a voting form is presented to him. Second level authentication is done using One Time Password (OTP) princ...

This paper deals with the online voting system that facilities user to vote in different languages, voting schemes in rural areas through televoting. Televoting extends to the voting by SMS (text message) via a mobile cell phone. This also facilities absentee voting. Absentee voting can be performed through e-mails. We purpose an approach for effectively user-friendly application especially targets the weak users such as elderly users. This system guarantees privacy of voters, public verifiability, and robustness against a coalition of malicious authorities.

This paper reviews the piecemeal introduction of internet voting in a highly federalised political setting, Switzerland. We trace the processes leading to the implementation of internet voting and the network of actors involved in its governance. In the empirical analysis we report usage patterns and take stock of what we know about the individual and socio-demographic profiles of internet voters.

— In democratic society, voting is used to collect and reflect people’s opinion and making a trusted and accepted committee of representatives for successfully running the country. Currently, voting is being conducted in centralized or distributed voting booths. Voters have to present personally at the voting booth to cast their votes under the supervision of authorized election commission members. For a variety of reasons, voters may not be able to attend voting booths physically but want to cast vote remotely. In this paper, we propose an solution through mobile voting. The proposed scheme is efficient and secure.

Voting is a fundamental decision making instrument in any consensus-based society and democracy depends on the proper administration of popular elections. In any election, there exists a set of requirements among which voters should receive assurance that their intent was correctly captured and that all eligible votes were correctly tallied. On the other hand, the election system as a whole should ensure that voter coercion is unlikely. These conflicting requirements present a significant challenge: how can voters receive enough assurance to trust the election result, but not so much that they can prove to a potential coercer how they voted. The challenge of changing the traditional paper based voting methods used in many developing countries into electronic voting raises a set of functional and constitutional requirements. These requirements are governed by the country in which they operate and are usually not limited to privacy, authentication, fairness, transparency, integrity an...

In earlier times, people used to go to booths and cast their votes through Electronic Voting System(EVM) by pressing the button for the party of their choice. But now this year as pandemic is being faced by the world it is difficult for everyone to go to booths and vote . For solving these type of situations, we created the system where we can vote with zero human to human contact. By using machine learning and web development, people cast the votes and counting of votes can be done with greater ease and efficiency, making procedures simple and long lines at booths can be controlled. We create a voting system with the help of QR code and face matching. Our system can make sure the correctness of voter’s identity to a large extent and also tries to implement zero human to human contact. Keyword:Electronic Voting System , Zero Human To Human Contact, Pandemic.

Face Detection and Recognition system (FDR) is used as an Authentication technique in online voting, which one of electronic is voting types. Web based voting allows the voter to vote from any place in state or out of state. The voter’s image is captured and passed to a face detection algorithm which is used to detect his face from the image and save it as the first matching point. The voter’s National identification card number is used to retrieve and return his saved photo from the database of the Supreme Council elections which is passed to the same detection algorithm to detect face from it and save it as second matching point. The two matching points are used by a matching algorithm to check wither they are identical or not. If the results of the matching algorithm are two point match then checks wither this person has the right to vote or not. If he has right to vote then a voting form is presented to him. Second level authentication is done using One Time Password (OTP) princ...

The study's goal is to investigate the feasibility of developing an electronic voting system for the Gumaca National High School-Accountancy, Business, and Management (GNHS-ABM) Society via Information and Communication Technology (ICT) operations that can automate the election process and serve as an alternative venue for continuing to work in a new, normal way. The population consists of 422 ABM students, and the sample was selected using the most convenient sampling technique, which yielded 129 respondents. It utilizes quantitative approach and a descriptive research method. An online form containing a 15-item self-made questionnaire was used to collect the data. For necessary statistical treatments such as descriptive and inferential statistics, normality tests, and reliability tests, Microsoft Excel and SPSS were used. According to the findings of the study, active participation is achieved by younger strata and is dominated by lower grade and female groups. In this study, the gadget exposure reveals a key aspect with a gap to consider while the overall perception agreed to the benefit of electronic voting method. Hypothesis testing revealed that all grouping variables has a p-value greater than 0.05 showing no significant difference exist and it fails to reject null hypothesis. Following the proposed intervention, the researcher suggests that the voting process be recreated. Make digital technology more accessible to students and give ample infrastructure support for students to use in order to close the gap between gadget exposure and digital transformation maximized.

The ever growing number of Ghanaians living abroad and their contribution to the nation's GDP has propelled the political debate of their voting rights. After formulating policies to enable them to exercise their franchise during elections, E-Voting/Internet Voting was one of the methods proposed to be used to by diaspora Ghanaians to effectively exercise their right to vote. This research investigates and identifies the main determinants of E-Voting Adoption by eligible voters living abroad. A sample of 71 respondents from Malaysia, Singapore and USA has been used to collect the data. Regression and correlation analysis was conducted using SPSS 20. Regression beta coefficient and correlation coefficients were generated to test the hypotheses and to ascertain the effect of Information & Communication Technology, Political and Socio-demographical factors on adopting E-Voting System. The result shows strong linear relationship between some of the factors and E-Voting Adoption.

Biometric technology offers a great opportunity to identify individuals, authenticate individuals and separate individuals. Using these advantages, an election or voting model can be developed to perform elections for a country such as Zambia. Zambia currently uses a manual based voting or election model that heavily relies on paper presented documents that must be physically verified and or matched to existing prior collected information before an individual is allowed to participate in an election or a voting system. This paper proposes a frontal facial election based biometric model that can be used to rid the current election system of redundancy and introduce a paperless, accurate and efficient identification, authentication and voting process. A baseline study conducted shows that biometric authentication based on this proposed model improves a work related process such as a voting system. We start by introducing the elements that make a biometric model ideal, we then give an ...

Elections are fundamental pillar of a democratic system enabling the general public to express their views in the form of a vote. The voting process should be transparent and reliable so as to ensure participants of its credibility. In such a system ease of use, reliability and security is important. Nowadays tradition paper ballot systems are being replaced by advanced biometric voting system. This project is built around face id and personal data. Registered voters are identified by system by means of their earlier data and can vote. This system can handle high influx of voters. It can scan and allow voters in mass to vote and verify their option. Since such system is centralized all data is secure and results can be declared quickly.

Elections are fundamental pillar of a democratic system enabling the general public to express their views in the form of a vote. The voting process should be transparent and reliable so as to ensure participants of its credibility. In such a system ease of use, reliability and security is important. Nowadays tradition paper ballot systems are being replaced by advanced biometric voting system. This project is built around face id and personal data. Registered voters are identified by system by means of their earlier data and can vote. This system can handle high influx of voters. It can scan and allow voters in mass to vote and verify their option. Since such system is centralized all data is secure and results can be declared quickly.

In Internet Voting System (IVS) privacy and security is an important factors. Authentication and security in IVS is a very challenging task. To face these challenges we proposed two level authentication technique using Visual cryptography and OTP generation. In our system new approach of two level authentications is proposed by using Visual Cryptography (VC) and One Time Password(OTP).The election is held in confidentiality by applying required security measures to allow the voter to vote for any participating candidate. In our system voter can use his/her voting right online without any difficulty. He/she has to be registered first for him/her to vote. At the time of registration user has to upload voter id on server and also click on photo through web camera and upload on server. When admin confirms user, visual cryptography is applied on voter photo and two shares are generated. One share is sent on Email Account Address of voter and another share is uploaded on admin server. voter can cast his/her vote only if voter logs into the system by entering the correct user id as voter id as per Voter id card and password which gets generated by merging the two shares (Black & White dotted Voter Image which is capture at the time of registration) using VC scheme. Where, system Administrator (Election Controller) sends share 1 to voter e-mail address before election and share 2 will be made available in the voting system for its login during election. Voter gets secret password to vote by combining share 1 and share 2 using VC. After the successful login in next page system will ask for face image capture from web camera connected and will verify with the image which is stored in election commission database, once it is verified it will move to voter details page where voter need to verify their details and certify to move to voting page for casting vote.

In every democratic setting, leaders are elected into position. Most tertiary institutions in Nigeria are confronted with voting challenges which include; election rigging, insecure or inaccessible
polling arenas, inexperienced election officials. This paper discusses the problems faced in electing leaders into the Student-Union-Government arm of some Nigerian Universities. It also proposes 'KeneKech', a preliminary, user-friendly version of an Android-based voting application as a replacement for the inefficient paper-based voting system in use.

The advancement in the mobile devices, wireless and web technologies given rise to the new application that will make the voting process very easy and efficient. The E-voting promises the possibility of convenient, easy and safe way to capture and count the votes in an election[1]. This research project provides the specification and requirements for E-Voting using an Android platform. The e-voting means the voting process in election by using electronic device. The android platform is used to develop an e-voting application. At first, an introduction about the system is presented. Sections II and III describe all the concepts (survey, design and implementation) that would be used in this work. Finally, the proposed e-voting system will be presented. This technology helps the user to cast the vote without visiting the polling booth. The application follows proper authentication measures in order to avoid fraud voters using the system. Once the voting session is completed the results can be available within a fraction of seconds. All the candidates vote count is encrypted and stored in the database in order to avoid any attacks and disclosure of results by third person other than the administrator. Once the session is completed the admin can decrypt the vote count and publish results and can complete the voting process.

Since people have recognized the potential of Blockchain technology, many researchers tried to find real-life applications of Blockchain. Blockchain has become famous after its first application which was Bitcoin, a digital currency based on Blockchain technology, inheriting its potential from the decentralized network. After Bitcoin, many digital currencies incepted. For many years Blockchain has been misunderstood as the public ledger which can be used for maintaining the online currency transaction record. People were less aware of the other features and so the applications of Blockchain. One of the most suitable example inheriting many features of the Blockchain is online Voting or decentralized Voting. Many researchers have proposed several solutions inheriting the diverse features of the Blockchain. Understanding the features and their importance in Blockchain Voting is an important topic that we need to concern. This features will then be used to develop a more secure and transparent voting solution.

India being the largest democracy in the world, elections forms the cornerstone of our country. We elect our own representative who can lead our country successfully, does well to the people and hopefully keep their promises. Voting is the opportunity to contribute in political process and it is the right of every citizen to vote. But it is the biggest question whether the elections are being held in an efficient and generous way. From various surveys it is stated that the voting process is turning into business deals. The problem of bogus votes are still continuing which is biggest threat to our nation. Initially ballot paper was used to vote where the counting process takes long time and there was risk of manual errors. Later ballot box i.e., EVM was adopted where counting were being done at earliest yet bogus votes are being casted. To overcome all these crisis aadhar based voting system is proposed in this paper where the biometrics are scanned and votes are casted to the desired representatives. Also a special button is denoted for voting for physically challenged peoples where they can vote for nation at easiest way.

In present system, voting is done manually where storing of data as well as processing of result requires a lot of time and sometimes voters are not aware of the candidates standing in the elections. To overcome this problem we need to design and implement a new system which will make voting process more convenient and may therefore lead to improve the turnout. Online voting system is an information management system that has been developed for automating the process of election proceedings that take place between the people, and the government. The system needs consistent flow of information at different levels within the automated ballot vote. Data maintenance becomes a vital component with proper relation at all different stages. The systems also become false proof for data attractions at any stage, because the overall control of information is kept in the hands of different administrations working at different levels. The proposed system can handle voting at different levels such as Parliamentary, Municipality, State legislative assembly, etc simultaneously. The project will bring transparency in the voting process by assuring the voters that their votes will be in favour of the candidates of their choice and also they can view the details of the candidate standing in the election before voting. Electronic recording and counting of votes will be faster, more accurate and less labour intensive. Results will also be generated with better analysis report using graphs.

The process of exploitation the database to ensure the correctness of data manipulation, and a tendency to
accomplished associations. The transaction is a fit of logic procedure units; the data modification from one
state to some other state is represented with database transaction state diagram to substantiate uniformity
of data inside the database. The data manipulation ought to separate groups of logic cells, and once it all
finished, data consistency can be maintained, and once a piece of this unit fails, the whole transaction
ought to be absolutely thought-about an error, all succeeding operations from the starting point should all
fall back to the starting state. It has become a necessary to test database transaction states; a replacement
technique of state transition testing is represented and designed test cases in this paper. The database State
diagram direct testing by given the states, events, actions, and transitions that ought to be tested.

Smartphone users have their own unique behavioral characteristics when performing touch operations. In this paper we have developed in which user's Hand Waving Pattern is recorded and stored as user's Pattern. In case of emergency, if victim is in peril situation, the victim can protect themselves by using their mobile pattern. The sensor is used to analyze the body behavior of the victim and if pulse rate increases automatically, it is used to trace the victim location by using GPS. The camera and photo are initiated to fetch exact location of the victim. Voice of the victim under the emergency is also recorded and uploaded to the server. Both GPS and audio link of the victim are sent as SMS alert to both nearest police station and the registered custodian / relative.

—In urban region voting is the major issue as the identification of the person is the most important issue. As they do not have mostly the identity proof rather than the voting card & the fake voting is done on the large scale. To avoid this, the project should be developed in such a way that it will store the identity of the voters & at the time of voting this identity will be matched using the facial recognition system to avoid the fake voting. This system will capture the face of the voter and match with the existing faces in the stored databases. After the verification of the valid face identify, an OTP will be generated and send to the voters register mobile and then he will use that provided OTP and then only his validation is succeeded and allowed to vote.

Staff record plays a significant role in an organization as it provides information needed to manage their employee performance. Many institute particularly the schools and colleges are still using the conventional methods which are merely paper-based to record the data of their employees, this often result in downright, waste of time in generating reports or searching for employee records and loss or damage of files. These inadequacies in the conventional method are characteristically eluded for the justification in developing a computer-based SMS; as it creates and maintains the database of staff records. This paper discusses the development of computer-based system using JSP while the database is designed using MySQL. With this new system in place, it will provide a dependable report of staff profile in support of management, planning and decision-making. It will also accelerate the most time consuming aspect of the institute which is processing and maintaining accurate staff information, their leaves and provide ways to access employee records and handle their events efficiently.

Public distribution system (PDS) i.e. Ration distribution system is the facility provided by the Government of India to ration card holders for food grains, fuel and other goods, as per the economic policy. Every family has its own ration card. The type of Ration card depends on annual income of that family. In existing PDS, subsidized food grains like wheat, rice etc. and fuel like kerosene are issued manually. So there are chances of human errors like wrong entry in register of ration shop about the amount of food grains given to the ration card holder/user. Similarly unsold food grains at the end of the month, will sale to another users without any intimation to the government and ration card holders, leads to illegal activity and corruption. To restrict such illegal activities and corruption we proposed a system called " Automatic Ration Distribution by using Raspberry Pi ". In this system we reduced human efforts for distributing food grains by using Raspberry Pi and GSM technology thereby informing each and every activity to the ration card holder as well as Government. In our approach initially we are scanning QR code on Aadhar card instead of ration card. Then Raspberry Pi matches the user QR code and OTP for authentication purpose. If user is authenticated person then he/she will get details of allocated ration on monitor display. Then he/she will purchase the required amount of ration by entering amount through keyboard. After completion of this process Raspberry Pi will send the information to government server and user via GSM module.

Voting is the HEART of democracy. Voting provides a way to select a Leader to manage problems and other issues. The basis of this project is to create an Android application based on which voting can be performed. Also it will help to eradicate defrauding of the traditional voting system which involve voting by multiple votes cast by the same user. With an Android Application, one can login into the system using their VOTER ID and password to get authenticated further. Once the corresponding VOTER ID and password gets matched with the information provided in the database, the voter gets an option for OTP using SMS or EMAIL. This OTP will be encrypted using a PLAYFAIR CIPHER algorithm and gets verified. Once it is done voter is accessed to candidate list through which vote can be given for their preferred candidate. The respective candidate vote will be saved into the database and then gets logged off from the account. The voter will not be allowed to vote for multiple times. The proposed paper also carries the unique feature of being autonomous during the course of operation, which helps to reduce the chances of hacking and other attacks and frauds occurring in previous attempts of electronic voting machines and manual voting process.

This paper proposes a technological and systematic way of polling during elections with the help of smartphones. Using this technique we can get rid of standing in long awaiting queue for casting vote during election. This system deals with the latest technology of encryption and decryption of information in the form of Bar codes and QRcodes. All we need is a smartphone with a decent resolution of camera and possibly an internet connection that communicates with the remote server of the online polling system. The authentication can be done by using the bar code in the voter ID of the voter that has been given by the government. The vote casting is confirmed with the help of QR code in the election slip.

An electronic voting (e-voting) system is a voting system in which the election data is stored, recorded and processed primarily as digital information. E-voting may become the quickest, cheapest, and the most efficient way to administer election and count vote since it only consists of simple process or procedure and require a few worker within the process. Authentication of Voters, Security of voting process, Securing voted data are the main challenge of e-voting. The idea behind Android app is designing a secure e-voting system which is very important. This app would ensures that vote casting cannot be altered by unauthorized person. The voter authentication in e-voting process can be done by face recognition and by entering one time password. Finally the election server, administrator will sort out valid voter, schedule date of election and display final result by decipher the received encrypted information using public key cryptography.

This feature is made available for the public for better interaction with the police. The E-FIR system is proposed to public for indirect interaction with police and to improve the E-governance facility. E-FIR system with E-portal. E-portal is specially designed website that brings information together from diverse sources in a uniform way. Usually each information source gets its dedicated area on the page for displaying information. Generally, many crimes seen by the citizens but they are afraid to complaint in police station due to fear of police department, lack of time and insensibility. Due to this fear many crimes not reported to the police station. Many cases are registered but due to lack of proofs and evidences and lack of collaboration of public they are not properly investigated. The aim of this study is to develop an online system which is easily accessible to police department, public and administrative department and to achieve e-transparency at various levels like publication, reporting, openness, accountability etc. The main objective of the study is to increase police and citizens interaction without going to nearby police station. It will help to reduce crime percentage and will save the time of people. It will also increase government and citizen interaction and will built an informed society.

Voting is the HEART of democracy. Voting provides a way to select a Leader to manage problems and other issues. The basis of this project is to create an Android application based on which voting can be performed. Also it will help to eradicate defrauding of the traditional voting system which involve voting by multiple votes cast by the same user. With an Android Application, one can login into the system using their VOTER ID and password to get authenticated further. Once the corresponding VOTER ID and password gets matched with the information provided in the database, the voter gets an option for OTP using SMS or EMAIL. This OTP will be encrypted using a PLAYFAIR CIPHER algorithm and gets verified. Once it is done voter is accessed to candidate list through which vote can be given for their preferred candidate. The respective candidate vote will be saved into the database and then gets logged off from the account. The voter will not be allowed to vote for multiple times. The proposed paper also carries the unique feature of being autonomous during the course of operation, which helps to reduce the chances of hacking and other attacks and frauds occurring in previous attempts of electronic voting machines and manual voting process.

In today's world of growing advanced mobile technologies, the traditional voting method can be changed to a newer and effective approach termed as mobile voting. The Mobile voting system provides a convenient, easy and efficient way to vote eliminating the shortcomings oftraditional approach. In this paper we propose to build an E-Voting system which is basically an online voting system through which people can cast their vote through their smart phones or by using an e-voting website. To achieve the required security we are using OTP (one time password)approach , which is most commonly on the web to tell the difference between a human using a web service and an automated bot thus making the website more secure against spam-bot attacks. If the results of the matching algorithm are three point match then checks whether this person own voter ID after that it will check with AADHAAR ID, If he has the right to vote then a voting form is presented to him, and the third level of authentication is carried out by using One Time Password (OTP) principle. The OTP principle emphasizes that each time the user tries to log on, the algorithm produces pseudorandom output thus improving the security. The result shows that the proposed algorithm capable of finding over 90% of the faces in database and allows their voter to vote in approximately 58 seconds. choices regarding exact issues, pieces of rule, citizen initiatives, constitutional amendments, recalls and/or to select their government and political representatives. [19] Nowadays Technology is being used more and more as a tool to contribution voters to cast their votes. To allow the use of this right, almost all voting systems around the world contain the following steps: Voter identification and authentication, voting and recording of votes cast, vote counting, publication of election results. [16] Voter identification is required during of the electoral process: 1. first for voter registration in direction to establish the right to vote and then, at voting time, to allow a citizen to use their right to vote by authenticating if the person satisfies all the requirement sneeded to vote (authentication). [14] 2. Security is important of the e-voting process. Therefore the necessity of designing a secure e-voting system is very important. Generally, mechanisms that ensure the security and privacy of an election can be time consuming, expensive for election administrators, and inconvenient for voters.[12]