Sociology of Sports

Competitive cycling has always been particularly popular in the Benelux, France and Italy, but has spread first continetally and then globally in recent decades. But how global is actually competitive cycling today? In this article we analyze the globalization of road cycling for men. 
 
Wielrennen is van oudsher vooral populair in de Benelux, Frankrijk en Italië. Vanuit deze landen verspreidde de wielersport zich over de wereld. Maar hoe mondiaal is de wielersport vandaag de dag eigenlijk? In dit artikel analyseren wij de mondialisering van het wegwielrennen voor mannen.

Live, Love, Refugee. «Through this project, I was able to rediscover my story through their stories. I'm a Syrian refuge myself, and we are making one team.» © Omar Imam BIBLIOGRAFIA P. Bourdieu, Program for a Sociology of Sport, in «The Sociology of Sport Journal», V, n. 2, 1998, 153-161 Commissione europea, Libro Bianco sullo sport, 2007, disponibile al sito: http://ec.europa.eu/sport/index_en.html P. Donati, Riconoscersi con la ragione relazionale, in «Atlantide. Un mondo che fa parlare altri mondi», n. 14, 2008, pp. 59-64 V. Cesareo (ed.), The New scenario of Migrations, in Fondazione ISMU FrancoAngeli, Milano 2015 UNHCR, Syria Regional Refugee Response, 2015, reperibile al sito: http:// data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php F. Xavier Medina, Deporte, immigraçión, e interculturalidad, in «Apunts», Deporte e immigraçión, Generalitat de Cataluniya, INEFC, n. 68, 2002, pp. 18-23 D. Zoletto, Il gioco duro dell'integrazione. L'intercultura sui campi da gioco, Cortina, Milano 2010 NOTE 1 -Nella misura in cui pone l'accento sulla «semantica relazionale, secondo la quale le differenze (anche quelle culturali) sono modi diversi di formare la nostra identità che si basano su relazioni le quali si formano non per opposizione o esclusione dell'altro, ma attraverso circuiti di dono e quindi di riconoscimento reciproco» (Donati 2008, p. 62).

This thesis focuses on the skateboarding industry in China as both a youth subculture and a cultural industry. I am investigating the transition between the two and examining how the emerging skateboarding industry operates through detailed analysis of the feelings, motivations and meanings attributed to it by its participants and the emerging strata of cultural workers. In order to achieve this research objective, this thesis has positioned the analysis in a triangle of forces between the development of Chinese skateboarding culture, the emerging skateboarding cultural industry and government interventions. This ethnographic study takes into account distinctive characters in the development of Chinese skateboarding communities that signify continuities inside contemporary Chinese youth cultures. I argue that such continuity is still embedded in the organisation of the Chinese skateboarding industry as a cultural industry, in both subcultural and corporate entrepreneurial practices. Moreover, this thesis contributes to ongoing discussions in the field of not only cultural studies but also of the political economic analysis of cultural/creative industries by examining the dynamic incorporations at play between the commercial and governmental forces at the centre of the current debate around the inclusion of skateboarding in the Olympic Games, and the consequences of the sportisation of skateboarding in mainstream economic structures. Last but not least, this research captures the working conditions of the cultural labourers who are at the forefront of shaping and reshaping the Chinese skateboarding industry.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the websites of six Major Global Sport Organizations and the gender differences on their articles and main news pages.
In detail, the International Olympic Committee, FIFA, FIBA, ICC, IAAF and FINA were analyzed, with a total 282 covers and 925 articles.
The results show that female only receive around 10% of coverage and have several differences in terms of content and quantity.

Finito di stampare nel mese di settembre 2012 presso Digital Print-Service, Segrate (Milano) Progetto grafico e impaginazione: Agnese Tomassetti In copertina: August Macke, Farbige Formenkomposition, 1914, olio su tela, collezione Forberg, Albertina Museum, Vienna. Indice MARTA PICCHIO Georg Simmel: un classico nostro contemporaneo. Per un'introduzione 9 PARTE PRIMA LE TRACCE DI UN'EREDITÀ: SIMMEL NOSTRO CONTEMPORANEO MARIA CATERINA FEDERICI Nimia observantia in Simmel 99 MARIA LUISA MANISCALCO L'ambivalenza sociologica simmeliana dalle società solido-moderne a oggi. Permanenza euristica di una categoria 113 VITTORIO COTESTA Simmel, sociologo del mondo globale 129 ANTONIO DE SIMONE Del "tragico dissidio". Individualizzazione, prossimità sociale e responsabilità: nel segno di Simmel 175 SALVATORE COSTANTINO Simmel, il disagio della civiltà e la nascita della società dello spettacolo 197 CARMELO LOMBARDO Sulle spalle di Simmel. Alcune tracce della Soziologie nell'analisi della struttura sociale di Merton 219 PARTE SECONDA FORME E GIOCHI DI RELAZIONE FABIO D'ANDREA Quel che è gioco nella socievolezza 239 SONJA CAPPELLO Socievolezza simmeliana e forme di socialità contemporanee 259

In this chapter I discuss how the relationship between sport, social identities and language has been treated within the sociology of sports and in discourse and sociolinguistic studies.  I reflect on what we can learn about language, identities and super-diversity from studying sport and whether sport as such makes a distinctive contribution to sociolinguistic research. I describe some trends in the sport-focussed research related to social identities and language, namely: A concern with confirming sport as significant and distinctive research object; an increasing interest in the discursive and representational aspects of sport (linguistic practices) and in sport as globalized, transnational and super-diverse; sport as closely related to social stratification and categorisation (ethnic, national, gendered, classed etc.) and therefore also inequality and power; but also as civilising and thereby potentially socialising and a means for overcoming differences. In addition, I consider some of the methodological and theoretical issues raised by these research trends, and engage in a more detailed discussion of assumptions about the political and pedagogical potential of sport to create societal coherence based on insights from a multilevel sociolinguistic and ethnographic case study of an urban martial arts community. This lead me to conclude that although sport constitutes an important research area for human and social sciences we need to be aware that sport is not just sport. Like other popular cultural forms sport relates to a range of different social arenas and activities, and we need to be clearer and more specific about what kinds of social and linguistic processes we want to investigate and how sport relates to that, if we wish to study linguistic practices and social identities, rather than engage in disciplinary confirmation of sport as an independent field.

Sejak tahun 1970an lagi, pihak kerajaan menghalakan fokus kepada membina perpaduan yang utuh dalam kalangan masyarakat berbilang kaum. Hal ini diusahakan secara serius melalui pelaksanaan beberapa dasar-dasar utama seperti Dasar Ekonomi Baru (DEB) dan Dasar Kebudayaan Kebangsaan. Matlamat kedua-dua dasar ini adalah untuk mewujudkan Perpaduan Nasional yang diidam-idamkan. Salah satu elemen yang dimuatkan dalam Dasar Kebudayaan Kebangsaan adalah berkaitan dengan aktiviti sukan. Melalui aktiviti sukan, pihak kerajaan percaya bahawa ia mampu untuk menjambatani hubungan antara kaum, selain memupuk rasa sepunya dan sekaligus membangkitkan semangat nasionalisme dalam kalangan warga. Akan tetapi perlu disedari bahawa cakupan mengenai aktiviti sukan terlalu luas untuk diterokai. Ditambah pula, kajian mengenainya amat kurang mendapat perhatian dalam kalangan sarjana tempatan, meskipun ia sering diungkapkan secara meluas. Disebabkan perkara tersebut, maka peri penting untuk memilih aspek utama yang terkandung dalam aktiviti sukan untuk dijadikan topik perbincangan. Oleh yang demikian, kertas kerja ini memfokuskan perbincangan mengenai kewujudan kelompok penyokong sukan bola sepak yang menamakan diri mereka sebagai Ultras Malaya. Sejak ditubuhkan pada tahun 2007, kelibat Ultras Malaya sedikit sebanyak memperlihatkan sinar bahawa sukan bola sepak mampu untuk menjambatani hubungan antara kaum. Ia dipaparkan melalui sikap kepenyokongan yang ditunjukkan oleh kelompok tersebut. Untuk melihat perkara tersebut, peri penting untuk kembali melihat sejarah penubuhan Ultras Malaya serta menilai bagaimana aspek kepenyokongan yang ditampilkan oleh Ultras Malaya boleh dijadikan sebagai medium kepada tapak integrasi. Kertas kerja ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Manakala data primer diperolehi berdasarkan temu bual bersama penyelaras Ultras Malaya, selain daripada penyertaan secara langsung penulis ke

Kimliğin ne olduğuna iliĢkin olarak pek çok tanımlama yapılmaktadır. Bu tanımlamalar esasını kültürden almaktadır. Bu kapsamda bir toplumu tanımlayan kültür, aynı zamanda o toplumu diğer toplumlardan ayıran ve farklı olduğunu gösteren kimliğinin temel belirleyicisi olmaktadır. Bu belirleyicilik sadece toplumun kendini ifade etmesi olarak görülemez. Aynı zamanda diğer toplulukların tanımladıkları topluluğun belirli özelliklerini ayırt edici olarak ön plana çıkarmalarıyla da bağlantılıdır. Kültürel kimlik dar kapsamda ve belli bir unsurun ön plana çıkarılmasıyla yansıtılabilir. Bir toplum, kendilerine has bir geleneği veya kolektif faaliyeti kültürel kimliğinin belirleyici bir unsuru olarak ön plana çıkarabilmektedir. Bu kapsamda toplumun kültürel kimliğinde geleneksel sporlar oldukça önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Geleneksel sporlar, kültürel unsur olarak toplumun üyeleri için taĢıdıkları simgesel anlamlarla sadece kolektif bir faaliyet olarak görülmemekte, aynı zamanda millî kimliğin unsuru olmaktadır. Kültürel kimliğin bu unsurunun korunması ancak sosyalizasyon sürecinde mümkün olabilmektedir. Bireylerin içinde yaĢadıkları toplumsal değerleri içselleĢtirmelerini ifade eden sosyalizasyon sürecinde birey sadece belirli bir kolektif faaliyeti içselleĢtirmeyecektir. Burada sportif faaliyet iki iĢlevi ile önem kazanmaktadır. Bu iĢlevlerinden birini, açık işlev olarak ifade edilebilecek fiziksel kabiliyetlerin arttırılması oluĢtururken, örtük işlev olan üye olma ve bu esasta davranıĢları geliĢtirme oluĢturmaktadır. Sportif faaliyetler, gerek açık iĢlev gerekse örtük iĢlev türünden olsun, toplumsal değerlerin inĢa edilmesinde önemli bir yere sahiptir. Anahtar kelimeler: kimlik, kültür, kültürel kimlik, sosyalizasyon,

In this article I present an analysis of how traditionally run competitive, organized team sports reproduce multiple socionegative effects for youth who play them. After explicating how the structure and culture of traditionally run competitive team sports operates in western cultures, I explain that cultural resistance toward changing sport is beginning to wane. I analyze a consumer-oriented neoliberal approach to transforming these negative outcomes of youth sport through the creation of a new sporting organization, i9 sports. I draw on this example to conclude that structural and cultural changes to youth sport are increasingly viable for at least middle and upper class parents who are critical of traditional sport options and to initiate a conversation about consumer-led social change initiatives in youth sport.

FIFA Mundial: football, media and power. The dynamics of power within FIFA, the world football's governing body, had, at least from 70s onwards, a deep bond with the metamorphosis of football as a commercial and media sport. This article analyzes the events of the recent conflict for the elections of the president of FIFA, using a socio-historical approach. The work emphasizes how these events are interwoven with the economic, technological media and journalism narrative mechanisms that made football – and the World Cup first of all – one of the most followed global shows. The article proposes a development of the theoretical paradigm used in the sociological studies on the topic, the sport-media complex pattern, which examines the close connection between media, transnational corporations and sport governing bodies in contemporary transformations of sport as huge business. The theoretical proposal wants to emphasize the category of power, in its different forms, as a useful tool to improve the understanding of sociological processes related to soccer.

O presente trabalho pretende discutir a relação entre pertencimento clubístico, estilo de jogo e idolatria, ou seja, de que modo as qualidades atribuídas àqueles considerados ídolos revelam valores e idéias que justificam a condição de torcedor e o amor ao clube. Desse modo, o reconhecimento de um jogador como ídolo relaciona-se a identificação de características consideradas únicas, “geniais”, singulares, conectando-as àquelas atribuídas ao próprio clube, definindo um estilo de jogo peculiar. Assim, buscou-se identificar sentidos e significados atribuídos aos ídolos e de que modo se conectam a representações em torno dos clubes, sua história, trajetória, memória afetiva, atributos. Para efeito de análise, o tema será abordado a partir das representações a respeito do futebol carioca, buscando identificar símbolos e características valorizados como típicos, portadores da identidade de dois dos clubes de mais antiga rivalidade no futebol brasileiro: Fluminense Football Club e Botafogo de Futebol e Regatas.

It has been customary to think of the rivalry between Heart of Midlothian FC (Hearts) and Hibernian FC (Hibs) in Scotland's capital city as a less well-known and diluted imitation of the rivalry between Glasgow's so-called Old Firm of Celtic and Rangers with both rivalries being located within the context of sectarian identity politics. In fact, as argued in this article, the early history of the two Edinburgh clubs reveals a considerably closer association with sectarianism than is to be found in the initial years of the Old Firm. In support of this claim, evidence is drawn here from Hibs' exclusively Catholic origins and from Hearts' militaristic connections at the time of the First World War. On the other hand, as we further demonstrate, the contemporary rivalry between Hearts and Hibs owes less to religious and ethnic division than to spatial factors, or at the very least to the imagining of place, and to perceptions centred on the comparable images of the two clubs, both on and off the field of play, not least in relation to social class. With specific reference to place, while Hearts supporters are eager to celebrate their club as 'the talk o' the toon (town)', one is increasingly obliged to consider which Edinburgh imaginary is implied in their famous old song and also what Hibs supporters' celebration of the city's district of Leith tell us about the current rivalry. Furthermore, while the Hearts-Hibs rivalry has entered a post-sectarian phase, sectarian elements do remain a feature of both clubs although these tend to manifest themselves when they are in opposition to one or other of Glasgow's Old Firm clubs for specific political and ethnic reasons.

Sociology of sport as a branch of applied sociology is a rapidly developing field despite being quite new in the world and Turkey. The main research problem in the study is that individuals who are stigmatized in the society in various ways do not have many opportunities to cope with the problems they experience. The purpose of this article, which is based on a broader study is to demonstrate the process of constructing a new identity on the formerly stigmatized individuals with sport as a game. This study is based on a holistic perspective along with the methodology of the Grounded Theory. The Grounded Theory methodology embraces the same sport, aiming to do data collection and analysis together, and have the potential to produce a bottom up theory and practice. For example, the data collected systematically by the athlete or trainer during training or competition can turn into a training program for the development of the athlete or team. On the other hand, in Grounded Theory appl...

Paradoxically, it is the institution of the referee, supposed to ensure justice, which contributes in a specific way to the production of injustices on the football pitch. Misjudgements, tough calls, attempts by both parties to influence decisions in their favour by unfair means, and the granting of a home advantage are typical and unjust consequences of referee-based football. As we will show based on a comparison with the production of acceptance in decision-making legal procedures, these expectable injustices therefore challenge the acceptance of referee decisions. Against this background, we ask how injustices are endured on the pitch by identifying
conditions and techniques before and during the game that increase the probability
of acceptance of referee decisions.

Paradoxerweise trägt gerade jene Instanz im Fußball, die für Gerechtigkeit auf dem Platz sorgen soll, in spezifischer Weise dazu bei, dass Ungerechtigkeiten auf dem Fußballplatz entstehen. Fehlurteile, umstrittene Entscheidungen, Versuche beider Spielparteien, mit unlauteren Mitteln Entscheidungen zu ihren Gunsten zu beeinflussen, und die Gewährung eines Heimvorteils sind typische und ungerechte Folgen schiedsrichterbasierten Fußballs. Dieser Umstand fordert daher die Akzeptanz schiedsrichterlicher Entscheidungen heraus, die wir mit der Legitimation durch Gerichtverfahren soziologisch vergleichen. Wir fragen, wie Ungerechtigkeiten auf dem Platz ausgehalten werden, indem wir Bedingungen und Techniken vor und während des Spiels identifizieren, die die Hinnahme von Schiedsrichterentscheidungen begünstigen.

The paper addresses the problem of economic impact analysis of international sports competitions, mega-events, and sports franchises. In our review of literature on mass participation sports, we indicate two poles of information about an event's economic impact: "positive" and "skeptical". "Positive" assessments are typical for reports of event organizers and involved consultants. We present examples of "positive" assessments of triathlon events, based on information about the direct spending of participants. "Skeptical" assessments are typical for academic research published in peer-reviewed economic journals. We explore the effects of substitution, crowding-out, time-shifting, random visitors, and leakages. We emphasize that these effects are not taken into consideration in "positive" reports and that they create a methodological problem for correct assessment. We show strong consensus among Western economists against subsidies for mega-stadiums, mega-events, and sports franchises. Why do subsidies exist despite the lack of positive economic impact? We discussed this issue in two of our case studies: Ballpark Stadium (Texas) and Olympics 2012 (UK). These cases prove rent-seeking behavior and exploitation of social and political benefits from sports. We conclude that statements about "the positive economic impact" of international events and sports-franchises are often the narrative of rent-seeking groups.

บทคัดย่อ/ Abstract

          งานวิจัยชิ้นนี้ศึกษาถึงโลกทัศน์ที่มีต่อกีฬาและอัตลักษณ์ความเป็นชายของชาวอยุธยาต่างฐานันดร ราวปลายคริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 15 ถึงกลางศตวรรษถัดไป (ราวค.ศ.1475/พ.ศ.2018 ถึงภายในค.ศ.1569/พ.ศ.2112) โดยมองผ่านวรรณกรรม สมุทรโฆษคำฉันท์ ในตอนแรก ประกอบกับหลักฐานร่วมสมัยต่างๆ เช่น พงศาวดาร จารึก บันทึกของชาวต่างชาติ กฎหมาย วรรณกรรม เป็นต้น งานวิจัยชิ้นนี้ศึกษาผ่านแนวคิดทางสังคมวิทยาของนอร์เบิร์ต เอไลอัส (Norbert Elias) เป็นหลัก จากการศึกษาพบว่า กีฬาสมัยอยุธยาไม่ได้เป็นเพียงพื้นที่สำหรับการฝึกฝนการใช้ความรุนแรงในยามสงบสุขและพื้นที่ในการปลดปล่อยความตึงเครียดทางสังคมตามที่ เอไลอัสและเอริก ดันนิงได้เสนอไว้เท่านั้น (Elias and Dunning, 1986) กีฬาซึ่งจัดขึ้นในงานพระราชพิธีอันโอ่อ่าและงานมหรสพยังเป็นการปรากฏกายของรัฐตามที่คลิฟฟอร์ด เกียร์ซได้นำเสนออีกด้วย (Geertz, 1980) อย่างไรก็ตาม การศึกษารูปแบบอุดมคติความเป็นชายในแต่ละช่วงชั้นตามแนวทางของคอนเนล (Connell, 1993) ได้ชี้ให้เห็นว่ารัฐมีอำนาจจำกัด อัตลักษณ์ความเป็นชายของไพร่ไม่ได้ประสานเป็นหนึ่งเดียวกับมหรสพหรือการปรากฏกายของรัฐสงครามของเจ้าขุนมูลนาย
          สมุทรโฆษคำฉันท์ และหลักฐานอื่นๆได้เปิดเผยให้เห็นว่าในโลกทัศน์ของเจ้าขุนมูลนาย กีฬาและมหรสพมีความสัมพันธ์อย่างลึกซึ้งกับสามแง่มุมต่อไปนี้ คือ (1)ความสนุกสนานตื่นเต้น (2)งานราชการสำหรับการแสดงและสะสมอำนาจ และ(3)การฝึกรบ ขณะที่ไพร่ก็สะสมสถานภาพทางเศรฐกิจสังคมของตนทั้งในพื้นที่ไร่นาและสนามแข่งขัน ดังนั้น แนวคิดเรื่องการใช้เวลาในการออกกำลังกายของชาวอยุธยาในทุกฐานันดรอยุธยาจึงแตกต่างอย่างชัดเจนกับการใช้เวลาว่างของสังคมตะวันตกและสังคมสมัยใหม่ที่แบ่งแยกระหว่างการงานและการใช้เวลาว่างเพื่อผ่อนคลายอย่างการออกกำลังกาย
          ในการวิจัยสังคมยุคก่อนสมัยใหม่ที่ผ่านมาเน้นการแบ่งช่วงชั้นตามฐานันดรที่เน้นมุมมองของชนชั้นปกครองผู้พยายามควบคุมบริวารมากเกินไป การศึกษาที่ผ่านมาไม่สะท้อนความเป็นไปของสังคมอยุธยาในช่วงเวลาดังกล่าวที่ไพร่ยังมีอิสระจากมูลนายอยู่มาก ยิ่งไปกว่านั้น งานที่ผ่านมามักจะไม่ได้เน้นว่าไพร่ก็สามารถและพยายามเลื่อนสถานภาพทางเศรษฐกิจสังคมภายในฐานันดรหนึ่งๆได้แม้ในยามสงบ การวิจัยชนชั้นผ่านมุมมองของไพร่ผ่าน สมุทรโฆษคำฉันท์ ได้สะท้อนให้เห็นว่า ไพร่นักกีฬามุ่งแสดงอัตลักษณ์ความเหนือกว่าของตนเหนือไพร่คนอื่นผ่านการนำเสนอตนเองโดยยึดโยงกับทรัพย์สินและบริวารที่ตนหามาได้จากชัยชนะในการกีฬา ไพร่เหล่านี้ไม่สนใจที่จะเชื่อมโยงตนเองกับมูลนายเลย ขณะที่ขุนนางมักจะอ้างอิงอัตลักษณ์ตนเองกับมูลนายอย่างกษัตริย์ ไพร่เหล่านี้กลับประกาศตนเป็นผู้อุปถัมภ์ขนาดย่อมให้แก่ข้าทาสที่ตนอุปถัมภ์เอง
          สำหรับมิติความเป็นชาย สมุทรโฆษคำฉันท์ ได้ฉายภาพให้เห็นบุคลิกภาพของความเป็นชายในสังคมไทย แนวคิดเรื่อง “นักเลง” เกี่ยวโยงกับความกล้าหาญในการต่อสู้อย่างไม่กลัวตาย ความกล้าหาญสำคัญกว่าชัยชนะ อุดมคตินี้สะท้อนให้เห็นถึงความจำเป็นทางการเมืองของรัฐอยุธยาที่จะต้องจัดหานักรบไปร่วมสงคราม และความกล้าหาญนี้ก็สอดคล้องกับวิถีชีวิตของไพร่ชายผู้ต้องปกป้องครอบครัวและเอาชีวิตรอดในความเสี่ยงต่างๆ อย่างไรก็ตาม อัตลักษณ์ความเป็นชายของแต่ละช่วงชั้นก็มีความแตกต่างกัน อัตลักษณ์ความเป็นชายของไพร่จากการเล่นกีฬาของสามัญชนเน้นสถานภาพอันมีตนเองเป็นศูนย์กลาง อัตลักษณ์นี้ไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับการฝึกรบอันเป็นคุณสมบัติความเป็นชายของกษัตริย์และขุนนางที่เน้นเสริมสร้างอุดมการณ์รัฐสงคราม

คำสำคัญ: อยุธยาตอนต้น, กีฬาสมัยอยุธยา, สมุทรโฆษคำฉันท์, อัตลักษณ์ความเป็นชาย-สมัยอยุธยา, ความรุนแรง-สมัยอยุธยา, การจัดช่วงชั้นทางสังคม-สมัยอยุธยา, สังคมวิทยาการกีฬา


"Sports and Masculinities of Social Classes in Samutthakhot Khamchan
during the Ayutthaya Period, 15th – 16th Century"

Charn Panarut

Abstract
          This research investigates how the Ayutthayans from different social classes perceived sports and constructed masculine identities from the late 15th to the mid-16th century (around 1475 – 1569). Apart from the first section of the Thai poem, Samutthakhot Khamchan, the study is also built on pieces of coeval evidence such as chronicles, inscriptions, foreigners’ records, laws, and literatures. The application of the sociological concepts of Norbert Elias and Eric Dunning (1986) helps understand that sports were social space, where the Ayutthayans prepared for warfare during peacetime and released social tension. Besides, sports also had an indispensable function, in which the Ayutthayan state played a crucial role. Sports, frequently arranged in royal pageants, were part of the theatre state (see Geertz, 1980). Nevertheless, in the royal-organised sporting events, the governing classes were unable to transfer their ideology of the warfare state to the commoners’ masculine identity. This finding confirms Raewyn Connell (1993)’s analysis of ideal patterns of the masculine identity, varied by social classes’ actions and interactions.
          Samutthakhot Khamchan and pieces of evidence reveal that the governing classes’ worldview of sports was profoundly related to three inseparable aspects, i.e., (1) excitement and entertainment, (2) royal affairs held for expressing and accumulating political power, and (3) training for warfare. Meanwhile, the phrai (plebeians) accumulated their socio-economic statuses in rice fields, gardens, and playing fields. Thus, the concept of time of the Ayutthayans from all strata is starkly different from those of Western and “modern” people, which clearly separate leisure from work.
          Previous studies of social stratification in “pre-modern” Siam emphasise the perspective and dominance of the ruling classes so much that they omit to reflect the phrai’s high level of freedom between the late 15th and mid-16th centuries. Furthermore, previous researches overlook that phrai could and tried to improve their statuses during peacetime. Samutthakhot Khamchan, however, provides phrai’s voices. Phrai who were also athletes expressed their identities by referring to their past triumphs, winnings, assets, and even retainers, before sporting contests. While nobles usually associated themselves with the king; phrai/ athletes never mentioned their lords, and a phrai even declared himself a patron of his retainer(s).
        Samutthakhot Khamchan illustrates ideal masculinities of the Ayutthayans. The nakleng identity was desirable for all men. It was related to prowess in war. Fight-to-the-death mentality was more important than triumph. The ideal identity reflects how much the Ayutthayan state needed warriors. In addition, in day-to-day situations, men were expected to be valorous enough to protect their lives and families. Nonetheless, the masculine identities were varied considerably depending on social classes. While commoners’ masculine identities were centred on their expressed statuses, the formers were unrelated to those of the royals and nobles which were largely constructed to serve the ideology of the warfare state.

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The Southeast Asian Games has been negatively politicised since the 1950s. It has sported a complex interplay of colonialism, decolonisation, nationalism, geopolitics, patronage and capitalism. Repurposing it for the well-being of individual athletes and the regional sporting culture is long overdue. Yet, to depoliticise sports toward positive purpose necessitates collective political action.

Proponemos, como presentación de este dossier, introducir un mapa de los estudios del deporte en los últimos años, haciendo especial hincapié en la antropología, aunque mostrando diálogos temáticos y enfoques que impiden el encorsetamiento disciplinar. Ante la manifiesta imposibilidad de abarcar en estas páginas la totalidad de las investigaciones realizadas (en ya más de treinta años de despliegue), optamos por centrarnos en la producción local –con la ineludible mención a la labor pionera de Da Matta-, producción continuamente en diálogo con los múltiples y excelentes trabajos de los colegas latinoamericanos. Mostraremos, para finalizar, las áreas de vacancia de este campo de investigación proponiendo una agenda, una entre las tantas posibles.

Modern phenomenology, with its roots in Husserlian philosophy, has been taken up and utilised in a myriad of ways within different disciplines, but until recently has remained relatively under-used within sports studies.  A corpus of sociological-phenomenological work is now beginning to develop in this domain, alongside a longer standing literature in feminist phenomenology.  These specific social-phenomenological forms explore the situatedness of lived-body experience within a particular social structure.  After providing a brief overview of key strands of phenomenology, this article considers some of the ways in which sociological, and particularly feminist phenomenology, might be used to analyse female sporting embodiment. For illustrative purposes, data from an autophenomenographic project on female distance running are also included, in order briefly to demonstrate the application of phenomenology within sociology, as both theoretical framework and methodological approach

Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich in einer praxeologischen Perspektive mit den Wirkungen, die computer -und videogestützte Spielanalysen im professionellen Fußball entfalten können. Es werden Wis-senspraktiken skizziert, die sich mit dem Einsatz von Spielanalysesoftware herausgebildet haben und es werden daran anknüpfend konzeptionelle Überlegungen präsentiert, die in zwei Richtungen weitergeführt werden: Zum einen werden sie auf zentrale Grundannahmen der Praxeologie bezogen.-formen in Praktiken ein Desiderat der praxissoziologischen Perspektive darstellt. Zum anderen wer-den aus den konzeptionellen Überlegungen zum softwaregestützten accounting Ideen zu den damit induzierten Veränderungen des Fußballspiels und des professionellen Fußballs entwickelt. Summary Taking a praxeological approach, this paper considers the effects stemming from match analysis software in professional football. Firstly, knowledge practices are outlined which emerged in connection with the use of digital match analysis tools and, subsequently, conceptual considerations are presented which are pursued in two directions: On the one hand, they are framed with regard to core assumptions of praxeology. It becomes apparent that it is an important desideratum of praxeology-ing how within practices. On the other hand, on the basis of the conceptual considerations regarding software-based accounting of football matches, ideas are developed on how they might induce changes in the game of football and in professional football in particular.

Football Fandom, Protest and Democracy offers an in-depth and inside approach to the socio-political history of football in Turkey, where fandom is often revered as part of the national identity, presenting the historical context for football events in the country.

Based on original research, the book explores the complex political processes at play in modern Turkey and deepens our understanding of fandom, fan activism and protest movements, questioning all presuppositions about the society and football fandom in Turkey. In particular, it examines the role of football fans in the pro-democracy Gezi Protests of 2013, the history of football in Turkey, the sociology of middle-classes and the transformation of football in the country.

Interdisciplinary in nature, this book is a valuable resource for scholars and students of sports sociology, popular culture studies, Turkish studies and media studies.

This article presents a new way of soccer analysis based on social network perspectives. Taking some networks from the games of the last Eurocup as a study object, we develop some constructions which mix SNA with tactics and basic strategies and also with classical soccer statistics, trying to show the potential of
the combined analysis.
In the first part we present some methodological possibilities (mix density levels from a component with ball-possesion from a team, centrality level form a node with tactical expected participation from a player, ties size and key relations in a team, and many others). In the second one, we offer some possible applications of this analysis in sport-press and as technical advisory for coaches. And finally we try to support that the combination between social network analysis and soccer is done not only with methodological reasons, but with didactical and ideological reasons.

Throughout these fifteen years, we have focused our research on violent practices of the supporters who are part of the Argentine “barras” or “hinchadas” (organized groups of supporters who make violence a sign of identity). They participate in duels in the stands as well as fights that occur in and around football stadiums and other parts of the city. However, we have also identified reciprocal relationships between supporters of different clubs. In this paper we analyze one case about cross-hinchada allies. These alliances are reinterpreted by the members within the system of differences and oppositions noted above.

Zusammenfassung: Obwohl Sportinteraktionen selten ohne einen Unparteiischen ablaufen, ist dieser Umstand soziologisch kaum erforscht. Die Spielleitung im Fußball, dem hier das Hauptinteresse gehört, ist in der Regel an einen neutralen Dritten delegiert, der das Spiel situativ beeinflusst, wie z.B. Elfmeterentscheidungen zuweilen drastisch vor Augen führen. Über einen Vergleich von Spielen ohne Referee mit dem Kreisligafußball frage ich nach den strukturellen Unterschieden, die die Anwesenheit eines Schiedsrichters erzeugt. Dabei zeigt sich, dass ihre Präsenz die lautere und unlautere Konkurrenz im Spiel erhöht und dass sich Spieler und Schiedsrichter in einer strategischen Interaktion befinden. Schließlich beschreibe ich die dramaturgischen Herausforderungen für SR, wie etwa ihre Darstellung von Neutralität und sicheren Entscheidungen.

Summary: Although interactions in sports rarely take place without a referee, there is only scant research in sociology on this matter. In such games the supervision is delegated to a neutral third person who can change the game’s course, as exemplified most drastically by controversial calls for a penalty kick in football (soccer). At the same time, the referee fundamentally alters the game as an interaction. By empirically comparing “pick-up” football without a referee to supervised amateur football, I trace the structural differences of refereed matches. I show that the supervision increases the legitimate as well as the illegitimate competition between the teams. Finally, I address dramaturgical challenges for referees, such as how they represent neutrality and confidence in their decisions.

Palavras-chave: esporte; trabalho infantil; direito coletivo RESUMO 1. OBJETIVOS O objetivo do trabalho é a compreensão dos fatores envolvidos na manutenção do trabalho irregular do menor no meio desportivo, visando entender a influência cultural e econômica que levam a utilização desse tipo de mão de obra, bem como analisar a atual regulação do tema e a possibilidade de valorização do direito coletivo para lidar de forma mais efetiva no combate a tal exploração. 2. DESENVOLVIMENTO TEÓRICO Com a supervalorização do capital dentro da globalização, o meio desportivo passou a ser tratado não como lazer, mas como um mercado, com alta fonte de investimentos. Tal perspectiva fez com que a atenção se voltasse para o respaldo financeiro e não para a proteção das crianças e adolescentes que começaram a ingressar no meio como verdadeiros trabalhadores. Assim, percebe-se que não há uma preocupação com as condições ao qual é submetida

RESUMO Introdução: Atualmente o desenvolvimento da gestão de novas instalações esportivas e a otimização de seu uso tem sido um dos principais objetivos das organizações esportivas. O gestor de instalações esportivas influencia decisivamente no comportamento organizacional do esporte nestes locais. O esporte como promotor de saúde, qualidade de vida e lazer proporcionados pelo clube, vem aumentando o número de procura devido a auto diversidade oferecida, no entanto surge a necessidade de uma boa administração esportiva, para que os mesmos possam oferecer mão de obra qualificada aos associados. Objetivo: realizar pesquisa qualitativa utilizando um questionário, referente à estrutura, modalidades esportivas, eventos e novidades do clube, junto a uma amostra de 189 associados. Métodos: questionário composto por nove questões, sendo cinco do tipo múltipla escolha e as outras quatro na escala Lickert. Foi realizada a estatística descritiva das respostas obtidas. Resultados: Em relação à frequência dos associados no clube, destaca-se que 81% o frequentam três ou mais vezes por semana; 13% dos mesmos, apenas uma vez por semana e 6% raramente vão ao clube, ou seja, 19% dos associados subutiliza o clube, o que é um dado importante, para que os gestores possam desenvolver estratégias para que estes passem a usufruir do clube com mais frequência. O principal resultado foi o nível de satisfação 87% de contentamento dos associados, resultado este que faz o que o clube seja uma referência na cidade e também na região.

Lemarié, J. (2020). Le processus de sportisation du surf à Hawaï, en Australie et en Californie de 1778 à 2015. in C. Guibert (ed.). Les mondes du surf : Transformations historiques, trajectoires sociales, bifurcations technologiques (pp. 37-62). Pessac: Maison des Sciences de l'Homme d'Aquitaine (MSHA)

Sociology of sport as a branch of applied sociology is a rapidly developing field despite being quite new in the world and Turkey. The main research problem in the study is that individuals who are stigmatized in the society in various ways do not have many opportunities to cope with the problems they experience. The purpose of this article, which is based on a broader study is to demonstrate the process of constructing a new identity on the formerly stigmatized individuals with sport as a game. This study is based on a holistic perspective along with the methodology of the Grounded Theory. The Grounded Theory methodology embraces the same sport, aiming to do data collection and analysis together, and have the potential to produce a bottom up theory and practice. For example, the data collected systematically by the athlete or trainer during training or competition can turn into a training program for the development of the athlete or team. On the other hand, in Grounded Theory applications, social phenomenon is discussed in the natural environment of daily life where it takes place. In understanding the process of constructing the athlete identity, considering the time and space in the natural environment should be stated as another important relationship between sport and Grounded Theory methodology. Research findings revealed that the "attraction of the game" is the core concept as a result of open, axial and selective coding. In addition, it has been revealed that this situation is possible with games and sports (Sport 4.0) specific to disabled people in parallel with the production and training (Education 4.0), which is described with the metaphor of "tailoring", which is not similar to apparel production.

Öz Araştırmanın amacı, futbol hakemlerinin benlik saygıları ve algılanan stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Amaca istinaden, araştırmanın modeli için nicel araştırma türlerinden olan tarama ve korelasyon modeli (Demir, 2015) seçilmiştir. Çalışma grubu; Düzce ilinde faal futbol hakemleri arasından gönüllü katılım sağlayan %19 ile 18-20 yaş, %21,4 ile 21-23 yaş, %9,6 ile 24-26 yaş ve %50 ile 27 yaş ve üzeri toplam 42 erkek hakemden oluşmaktadır. Hakemlerin bazı demografik özelliklerini belirlemek için araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan 6 soruluk "Kişisel Bilgi Formu," benlik saygısı düzeyleri için, Rosenberg (1965) tarafından geliştirilen ve Tukuş (2010) tarafından Türkçe 'ye uyarlanan "Rosenberg Benlik Saygısı Ölçeği" ve algılanan stres düzeylerini belirlemek için ise Cohen, Kamarck ve Mermelsten (1983) tarafından geliştirilmiş, Yerlikaya ve İnanç (2006) tarafından Türkçe 'ye uyarlanmış "Algılanan Stres Ölçeği" kullanılmıştır. Veri dağılımları Skewness-Kurtosis değerleri ile incelenmiş, veriler normal dağılım gösterdiğinden parametrik testlerden olan T-testi ve ANOVA testi yapılmıştır. Ayrıca değişkenler arasında ilişkinin tespiti için Pearson korelasyon testi uygulanmıştır. Araştırmanın bulguları, futbol branşında faal olarak görev yapan hakemlerin benlik saygıları ve algılanan stres düzeyleri arasında negatif yönlü bir ilişki olduğunu ve yaş, medeni durum, klasman, eğitim durumu, hakemlik yapma süresi ve gelir değişkenleri açısından herhangi bir anlamlı farklılık oluşturmadığını göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, hakemlerin benlik saygıları orta düzeydedir ve benlik saygıları arttıkça algılanan stres düzeyleri azalmaktadır. Ayrıca yaş, medeni durum, klasman, eğitim durumu, hakemlik yapma süresi ve gelir değişkenleri benlik saygısı ve algılanan stres düzeyleri açısından herhangi bir anlamlı farklılık ifade etmemektedir. Abstract The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between football referees' self-esteem and perceived stress levels. Based on the purpose, the screening and correlation model (Demir, 2015), which is one of the quantitative research types, was chosen for the model of the research. The sample group; It consists of a total of 42 male referees in the province of Düzce, with volunteer participation among the active football referees, aged 19 to 18-20 years, 21.4% to 21-23 years, 9.6% to 24-26 years and 50% to 27 years and older. To determine the demographic characteristics of the referees, the 6-question "Personal Information Form" created by the researchers, to determine the "Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale" developed by Rosenberg (1965) and adapted to Turkish by Tukuş (2010) for self-esteem levels. "Perceived Stress Scale" developed by Cohen, Kamarck and Mermelsten (1983) and adapted to Turkish by Yerlikaya and İnanç (2006) was used. Data distributions were examined with Skewness-Kurtosis values, since the data showed normal distribution, T-test and ANOVA test, which are parametric tests, were performed. In addition, Pearson correlation test was used to determine the relationship between the variables. As a result, the self-esteem of the referees is moderate and the perceived stress levels decrease as the self-esteem increases. In addition, age, marital status, classification, educational status, refereeing time and income variables do not represent any significant difference in terms of self-esteem and perceived stress levels.