Soft Drinks

Grape production and viticulture have great traditions in Hungary. Nowadays wine-making is only profitable if the end-product is quality wine. Good-quality wine can be produced from must which has the proper high sugar content. If there is an unfavorable vintage, it is necessary to enrich the must, to increase its sugar content and to eliminate its other defects. Grape juice is not only a sweetener; it can be used for other purposes too because the juice of the grape is a pleasant, fashionable soft drink as well. However, the must storage can cause some difficulties, as fermentation starts easily. The aim of the investigations was to use osmotic distillation and membrane distillation after the microfiltration and reverse osmosis concentration [1] for water removal from grape juice in order to reach a high sugar content, to the extent that makes it possible to preserve the grape juice without cooling.

Stannous chloride (SnCl 2 ) is widely used in daily human life, for example, to conserve soft drinks, in food manufacturing and biocidal preparations. In nuclear medicine, stannous chloride is used as a reducing agent of Technetium-99m, a radionuclide used to label different cells and molecules. In spite of this, stannous chloride is able to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can damage DNA. In this work, plasmid DNA (pUC 9.1) was incubated with SnCl 2 under different conditions and the results analyzed through DNA migration in agarose gel electrophoresis. Our data reinforce the powerful damaging effect induced by stannous ion and suggest that this salt can play a direct role in inducing DNA lesions.

Cost-effectiveness analyses are important tools in efforts to prioritise interventions for obesity prevention. Modelling facilitates evaluation of multiple scenarios with varying assumptions. This study compares the cost-effectiveness of conservative scenarios for two commonly proposed policy-based interventions: front-of-pack 'traffic-light' nutrition labelling (traffic-light labelling) and a tax on unhealthy foods ('junk-food' tax). For traffic-light labelling, estimates of changes in energy intake were based on an assumed 10% shift in consumption towards healthier options in four food categories (breakfast cereals, pastries, sausages and preprepared meals) in 10% of adults. For the 'junk-food' tax, price elasticities were used to estimate a change in energy intake in response to a 10% price increase in seven food categories (including soft drinks, confectionery and snack foods). Changes in population weight and body mass index by sex were then estimated ba...

This paper proposes an empirical methodology for studying various (implicit or explicit) collusive behaviors on two strategic variables, which are price and advertising, in a differentiated market dominated by a duopoly. In addition to Nash or Stackelberg behaviors, we consider collusion on both variables, collusion on one variable and competition on the other, etc. Using data on the Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola markets from 1968 to 1986, full information maximum likelihood estimation of cost and demand functions are obtained allowing for various collusive behaviors. The collusive hypothesis is not rejected, and the best form of collusive behavior is selected via nonnested testing procedures. Using the best model, Lerner indices are computed for both duopolists to provide summa y measures of market power. Finally, our approach is contrasted with the conjectural variation approach and is shown to give superior results. 1. INTRODUCTION An important trend of the recent applied industrial organization literature is to use a structural econometric approach for evaluating market power in various industries. See Bresnahan (1989) and Geroski (1988) for recent surveys. The methodology involves a specification of demand and cost functions and hypotheses about the strategic interac-Preliminary versions of this paper were presented at the European and North American Meetings of the Econometric Society in Bologna, August 1988, and New York, December, 1988, and at the European Economic Association Meeting in Augsburg, August 1989. The authors are grateful to an anonymous referee for useful comments. Initial work was done while the authors were at the California Institute of Technology. They thank L. Donnelly for efficient typing. The views expressed in this paper do not represent those of Bellcore or any of its owners.

To examine the association of adolescents' snack and soft drink consumption with friendship group snack and soft drink consumption, availability of snacks and soft drinks at school, and personal characteristics, snack and soft drink consumption was assessed in 749 adolescents (398 girls, 351 boys, age 12.4 -17.6 years), and their friends, and snack and soft drink availability at schools was measured. In regression analysis, consumption by friends, snack and soft drink availability within school, and personal characteristics (age, gender, education level, body mass index) were examined as determinants of snack and drink consumption.

Objective To examine family meal patterns and associations with sociodemographic characteristics and dietary intake in adolescents. Design A population-based cross-sectional study design was employed. Adolescents completed the Project EAT (Eating Among Teens) survey and the Youth and Adolescent Food Frequency Questionnaire within their schools. Subjects/setting The study population included 4,746 middle and high school students from Minneapolis/St. Paul public schools with diverse racial and socioeconomic backgrounds. Statistical analyses Associations were examined using cross tabulations, log-linear modeling, and linear regressions. Results There was a wide distribution in the frequency of family meals during the previous week: never (14.0%), 1 or 2 times (19.1%), 3 to 6 times (40.1%), and 7 or more times (24.8%). Sociodemographic characteristics associated with more frequent family meals included gender (boys), school level (middle school), race (Asian American), mother's employment status (not employed), and socioeconomic status (high). Frequency of family meals was positively associated with intake of fruits, vegetables, grains, and calcium-rich foods and negatively associated with soft drink consumption. Positive associations were also seen between frequency of family meals and energy; protein (percentage of total calories); calcium; iron; folate; fiber; and vitamins A, C, E, and B-6. Conclusions Family meals appear to play an important role in promoting positive dietary intake among adolescents. Feasible ways to increase the frequency of family meals should be explored with adolescents and their families. J Am Diet

Soft drinks have many potential health problems. The inherent acids and sugars have both acidogenic and cariogenic potential, resulting in dental caries and potential enamel erosion. In this report we present a 25-year-old man complaining with the severe worn-out of the front teeth during the past 3 years. He had a history of drinking cola for more than 7 years and had a poor oral hygiene. Severe decays were present in the incisors and the canines, while less severe lesions were noted on the premolars and the molars. The review is to show the relationship between dental erosion and caries and soft drinks. Some efforts have been taken to reduce the harmful effect of soft drinks.

A growing body of literature has examined the determinants of childhood obesity, but little is known about children's subjective wellbeing. To fulfill this gap, this paper examines the effects of fast food and soft drink consumption on children's overweight and unhappiness. Using a nationwide survey data in Taiwan and estimating a simultaneous mixed equation system, our results generally suggest a tradeoff in policy implication. Fast food and soft drink consumption tend to be positively associated with children's increased risk of being overweight but they are also negatively associated with their degree of unhappiness. Current and future policy/program interventions that aim to decrease fast food and soft drinks consumption of children to reduce childhood obesity may be more effective if these interventions also focus on ways that could compensate the increase in degree of unhappiness among children.

The Kool-Aid powders (Kraft General Foods) contain one or two of the following dyes: Allura Red (FD and C Red-40, R40), Sunset Yellow (FD and C Yellow-6, Y6) Tartrazine (FD and C Yellow-5, Y5), Erythrosine B (FD and C Red-3, R3), Amaranth (FJI and C Red-2, R2) and Brilliant Blue FCF (ID and C Blue 1, Bl), depending on the taste of the drink. In this work the "universal" calibration matrix is proposed for the determination of R40 in soft drink powders by partial least squares method using spectrophotometric data. The training set of samples consists of 23 solutions: three of them contain only R40 at different concentrations and the rest of them are the binary mixtures of R40 with one of the following dyes: R3, R2, Y5 or Y6; all at the concentrations varying in the range 2-22 mg 1-l (exception: R3 2-12 mg 1-l). The good analytical performance of R40 calibration was obtained (R2=0.9993, RMSD=0.2125, REP=2.20%) and this calibration matrix was applied to the analysis of the real samples containing only one dye (R40) and to the samples containing also other dyes, commonly used as the color additives in drink powders. The results obtained were compared with the results of the official spectrophotometric method and with the results of PLS algorithm for different binary dye calibration matrices. A good statistical agreement was obtained in each case, which confirms that some interferences occurring in spectrophotometric determinations can be eliminated using PLS algorithm and including some possibly interfering compounds in calibration samples.

The combination of water demand management and cleaner production concepts have resulted in both economical and ecological benefits. The biggest challenge for developing countries is how to retrofit the industrial processes, which at times are based on obsolete technology, within financial, institutional and legal constraints. Processes in closed circuits can reduce water intake substantially and minimise resource input and the subsequent waste thereby reducing pollution of finite fresh water resources. Three industries were studied in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe to identify potential opportunities for reducing water intake and material usage and minimising waste. The industries comprised of a wire galvanising company, soft drink manufacturing and sugar refining industry. The results show that the wire galvanising industry could save up to 17% of water by recycling hot quench water through a cooling system. The industry can eliminate by substitution the use of toxic materials, namely lead and ammonium chloride and reduce the use of hydrochloric acid by half through using an induction heating chamber instead of lead during the annealing step. For the soft drink manufacturing industry water intake could be reduced by 5% through recycling filter-backwash water via the water treatment plant. Use of the pig system could save approximately 12 m 3 /month of syrup and help reduce trade effluent fees by Z$30/m 3 of ''soft drink''. Use of a heat exchanger system in the sugar refining industry can reduce water intake by approximately 57 m 3 /100 t ''raw sugar'' effluent volume by about 28 m 3 /100 t ''raw sugar''. The water charges would effectively be reduced by 52% and trade effluent fees by Z$3384/100 t ''raw sugar'' (57%). Proper equipment selection, equipment modification and good house-keeping procedures could further help industries reduce water intake and minimise waste.

analyses were conducted on 90 samples of soft drinks representing 30 different products commercially available in Nigeria, contaminants were detected in 50% of them. The isolates were mainly saprophytic and non-pathogenic: Bacillus spp. (35%), Lactobacillus spp. (26%), Pediococcus spp. (6%), Staphylococcus epidennidis (6%) and Micrococcus spp. (3%) accounted for the bacterial isolates while Aspergillus niger (6%) and Saccharomyces spp. (16%) accounted for the fungal isolates.

Lot sizing Scheduling Soft drink industry Mixed integer programming Relax-and-fix heuristic a b s t r a c t In this paper we present a mixed integer programming model that integrates production lot sizing and scheduling decisions of beverage plants with sequence-dependent setup costs and times. The model considers that the industrial process produces soft drink bottles in different flavours and sizes, and it is carried out in two production stages: liquid preparation (stage I) and bottling (stage II). The model also takes into account that the production bottleneck may alternate between stages I and II, and a synchronisation of the production between these stages is required. A relaxation approach and several strategies of the relax-and-fix heuristic are proposed to solve the model. Computational tests with instances generated based on real data from a Brazilian soft drink plant are also presented. The results show that the solution approaches are capable of producing better solutions than those used by the company.

Background: Thailand is undergoing a health-risk transition with overweight and obesity emerging as an important population health problem. This paper reports on a study of the transition, focusing on ''lifestyle'' factors such as diet (fried foods, soft drinks, Western-style fast foods) and physical activity (mild, moderate, strenuous exercise, housework/gardening and screen time). Methods: A baseline survey was administered to 87 134 adult students from all regions of Thailand attending an open university. Results: 54% of the cohort was female. Participants' median age was 29 years. By self-reported Asian standards, 16% of the sample was obese (body mass index (BMI)>25) and 15% overweight at risk (BMI>23-24.9). Men were twice as likely as women to be overweight (21% vs 9%) or obese (23% vs 10%). Obesity was associated with urban residence and doing little housework or gardening and with spending more than 4 hours a day watching television or using computers. The latter occurred among 30% of the cohort, with a population attributable fraction (PAF) suggesting that it accounts for 11% of the current problem. Daily consumption of fried food was associated with obesity, and eating fried foods every second day or daily had a PAF of nearly 20%. Conclusions: These health-related behaviours underpinning the Thai health transition are associated with increasing obesity. They are modifiable through policies addressing structural issues and with targeted health promotion activities to prevent future obesity gains. Insights into future trends in the Thai health transition can be gained as this student cohort ages.

In the recent years, the carbonated soft drink (CSD) industry has come under a lot of criticism from consumer advocacy and special interest groups for producing and marketing a product that is considered one of the causes of obesity. Critics point to advertising as one of the major contributing factors for increased CSD consumption, particularly among children and teens. Surprisingly, there has been no empirical research
done in this area to answer this controversial question. The current study is a first of its kind to use an OLS (Ordinary Least Squares) regression procedure to investigate the link between annual advertising expenditures and consumption for carbonated soft drinks sold
in the United States from 1984 to 2007.

Freshness is important for food products, beverages personal care products and cleaning products. In the present study we used an experimental approach to investigate sensory dominance in the product experience of freshness. We created products (soft drinks, dishwashing liquids, and scented candles) using fresh and non-fresh stimuli (colours and smells) in four different combinations and asked respondents to evaluate the freshness and pleasantness of each product. The results demonstrated that smell dominated the judgments of freshness for soft drinks and dishwashing liquids. However, for scented candles smell and colour were equally important in determining freshness. This suggests that the dominant sensory modality for the product experience of freshness depends on the characteristics of the particular product.

Caffeine is probably the most frequently ingested pharmacologically active substance in the world. It is found in common beverages (coffee, tea, soft drinks), in products containing cocoa or chocolate, and in medications. Because of its wide consumption at different levels by most segments of the population, the public and the scientific community have expressed interest in the potential for caffeine to produce adverse effects on human health. The possibility that caffeine ingestion adversely affects human health was investigated based on reviews of (primarily) published human studies obtained through a comprehensive literature search. Based on the data reviewed, it is concluded that for the healthy adult population, moderate daily caffeine intake at a dose level up to 400 mg day À1 (equivalent to 6 mg kg À1 body weight day À1 in a 65-kg person) is not associated with adverse effects such as general toxicity, cardiovascular effects, effects on bone status and calcium balance (with consumption of adequate calcium), changes in adult behaviour, increased incidence of cancer and effects on male fertility. The data also show that reproductive-aged women and children are 'at risk' subgroups who may require specific advice on moderating their caffeine intake. Based on available evidence, it is suggested that reproductive-aged women should consume 4 300 mg caffeine per day (equivalent to 4.6 mg kg À1 bw day À1 for a 65-kg person) while children should consume 4 2.5 mg kg À1 bw day À1 .

The effervescence properties of carbonated drinks are subject to the concentration of carbon dioxide dissolved and its ability to be transferred from the liquid phase to the forming bubble. We report the construction of a small laboratory scale carbonation unit that allows the study of the solubility of carbon dioxide in various hydro-alcoholic media, differing in their compositions. This unit, which is a model of a real industrial one, measures the instant concentration of CO 2 , during the carbonation process, by means of a thermal conductivity detector. The carbonation kinetics of various samples, containing water, alcohol, sugar, proteins and free amino-acids, were studied. While sugar diminishes CO 2 solubility and, consequently, carbonation kinetics, free amino-acids and proteins increase the concentration of carbon dioxide in the medium. A survey of the rheological properties of the samples showed that CO 2 solubility modifications are not correlated with changes in the viscosity of the medium. This equipment could be helpful for soft drink bottlers for measuring the changes that may affect effervescence and consequently the visual and gustative perception of the beverage after modification of its composition.

investigating the potential metabolic effects, benefits and risk of intense sweetener use among individuals with diabetes, children and adolescents, and pregnant and lactating women was reviewed to draft evidence-based recommendations for their use by people with diabetes. Current evidence does not support an earlier belief, reported in the medical literature, that low-calorie sweeteners stimulate appetite or affect mechanisms that regulate hunger and satiety. Evidence indicates that daily consumption (up to ADI levels) of aspartame, sucralose, saccharin, cyclamate and D-tagatose has no significant effect on glycemic control or blood lipids in persons with diabetes. Current evidence indicates that intense sweeteners, used as an adjunct to multidisciplinary programs, may improve weight loss and weight control in obese persons. Consumption of intense sweeteners by older children and adolescents is unlikely to exceed ADI levels. Aspartame consumption below ADI levels has no effect on behaviour in children. In pregnancy, saccharin and cyclamate are not recommended, while other intense sweeteners have not been shown to be unsafe during this time. Intense sweeteners are most beneficial when they are used to replace energy-dense and nutrient-diluted foods including sucrose, and are least beneficial when used to displace nutrient-dense foods such as milk, fruits and fruit juices.

This study identified factors that influence regular soda consumption among 564 male students, aged 13-18 years, attending North Los Angeles County public high schools. Participants completed a group-administered Theory of Planned Behavior based questionnaire. Almost all of the participants, 96.5%, reported that they currently drink soda, 60.2% reported drinking two glasses of soda or more per day during the past year. Students reported drinking regular soda more than diet soda and reported drinking phosphoric acid containing soda (cola) more than nonphosphoric acid containing soda (noncola). Attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioral control were significant predictors of intention to drink regular soda and together explained 61% of its variance. Our results suggest that parents, teachers/coaches, and health professionals should encourage the perception that there are other healthier drinks that quench thirst better than soft drinks and taste good, and that soda should not be excessively available at home.

This study was undertaken for the purpose to
determine the concentration of caffeine in eight brands of soft
drinks with the use of an Ultraviolet spectroscopy. This told us
about the best brand among the different brands containing
caffeine. The highest concentration of caffeine was found in
Sting  500mL (560.29 µg/mL), so it is strongest CNS (central
nervous system) stimulant among all samples and it is harmful
for health. The lowest concentration of caffeine was found in 7up
500mL (29.71 µg/mL). So it is a weakest stimulant among all
samples and can be sold in market.

Yucca schidigera (Agavaceae) is one of the major commercial source of steroidal saponins. Two products of yucca are available on the market. These include dried and finely powdered logs (yucca powder) or mechanically pressed and thermally condensed juice (yucca extract). These products possess the GRAS label which allows their use as foaming agent in soft drink (root beer), pharmaceutical, cosmetic,

Childhood obesity is currently at its highest: recent statistics show that 16% of children between the ages of 6 and 11 y are overweight [Ն 95th percentile of body mass index (BMI; in kg/m 2 ) for age] and that an additional 14.3% are at risk of becoming overweight (Ն 85th percentile but Ͻ 95th percentile of BMI for age). As chidren's body weights have increased, so has their consumption of fast foods and soft drinks. The proportion of foods that children consumed from restaurants and fast food outlets increased by nearly 300% between 1977 and 1996. Children's soft drink consumption has also increased during those years, and now soft drinks provide soft drink consumers 188 kcal/d beyond the energy intake of nonconsumers. These changes in food intakes among children may partly explain the rise in childhood obesity observed in the past few years. Although the mechanism of appetite regulation will not be explored in this report, it is hypothesized that the greater energy intakes in children who consume large amounts of soft drinks and fast foods are not compensated for by increased physical activity or decreased energy intakes. Furthermore, overweight and obesity in childhood may predispose persons to morbidity in adulthood. Blood pressure and fasting insulin and cholesterol concentrations are higher in overweight children than in normal-weight children. This review focuses on current food patterns and eating habits of children, in an attempt to explain their increasing BMI. In addition, a critical review of food service and political practices regarding food choices for children at school is included.

This paper disemsas the problem of production expansion planning in a soft-drink manufacturing company. We Falt formulate the problem as • larp-scale U'uspartaflon problem by making some realistic stmpli~katiom. We then program the transportation slgorithm on • spread~eet softwm'e to help solve the problem on s microcomputer. Through this case study we demonslrate how some standard OR technique can be combined with inw-cost microcompmers to become an effective m•nagement tool to handle complex management decision problems.

This report examines soft drink consumption patterns around the world. It takes into account the global trends in soft drink consumption patterns while paying special attention to Sri Lanka‘s soft drink consumption trends in recent years. The report also pays detailed attention to the main social impact from soft drink consumption – its related health implications. The latter portion of the report delves into soft drinks and its sustainability trends in recent years as well as on the marketing tactics of the most popular brands in the world – Coca Cola. The report concludes by briefly focusing on the core reasons for soft drink consumption and the future prospects of the industry as well as on areas that soft drink producers must take into consideration in assessing consumer demand in the future.

The stabilities of three natural blue colorantsgardenia blue, phycocyanin and indigo-toward heat and light were studied in simple solutions of various pH. Gardenia blue was found to be stable at temperatures up to 80 C in aqueous solution at pH 3, 5 and 7. Exposure to light of 310 5 lux for 24 hours resulted in approximately 50% degradation of gardenia blue in aqueous solution. Phycocyanin was found to be unstable to heat and light in aqueous solution. Phycocyanin is insoluble in acidic solution (pH 3) and denatures at temperatures above 45 C at pH 5 and 7, leading to a color change. Exposure to light of 310 5 lux for 24 hours in aqueous solution at pH 5 and 7 caused~80% degradation. Indigo was found to be stable in medium-chain-triglyceride oil for temperatures up to 90 C, but to photodegrade (by approximately 70% after five hours of exposure to 310 5 lux), corresponding to a quantum yield of 1.810 4 mol Einstein 1 for visible light and 1.410 2 mol Einstein 1 for UV, as determined for monochromatic light of 600 and 313 nm, respectively. Exploratory studies have been carried out with the three blue colorants in application media such as soft drink, jelly gum, hard candy and sugar coating for soft candy. Despite its lower stability towards heat and light, phycocyanin was concluded to be the more versatile blue food colorant among the three studied, showing a bright blue color in jelly gum and coated soft candy.

Soft drink and fast food are energy dense foodstuffs that are heavily marketed to adolescents, and are likely to be important in terms of risk of obesity. This study sought to examine the influences on soft drink and fast food consumption among adolescents as part of a cross-sectional survey of 2,719 adolescents (aged 11-16) from 93 randomly selected schools in

A reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method for the successful separation and determination of 13 synthetic food colorants (Tartrazine E 102, Quinoline Yellow E 104, Sunset Yellow E 110, Carmoisine E 122, Amaranth E 123, Ponceau 4R E 124, Erythrosine E 127, Red 2G E 128, Allura Red AC E 129, Patent Blue V E 131, Indigo Carmine E 132, Brilliant Blue FCF E 133 and Green S E 142) was developed. A C18 stationary phase was used and the mobile phase contained an acetonitrile-methanol (20:80 v/v) mixture and a 1% (m/v) ammonium acetate buffer solution at pH 7.5. Successful separation was obtained for all the compounds using an optimized gradient elution within 29 min. The diode-array detector was used to monitor the colorants between 350 and 800 nm. The method was thoroughly validated. Detection limits for all substances varied between 1.59 (E 142) and 22.1 (E 124) g L −1 . The intra-day precision (as R.S.D. r ) ranged from 0.37% (E 122 in fruit flavored drink at a concentration of 100 mg L −1 ) to 4.8% (E 142 in icing sugar at a level of 0.9 mg kg −1 ). The inter-day precision (as R.S.D. R ) was between 0.86% for E 122 in fruit flavored drink at 100 mg L −1 and 10% for E142 in jam at a concentration of 9 mg kg −1 . Satisfactory recoveries, ranging from 94% (E 142 in jam) to 102% (E 131 in sweets), were obtained. The method was applied to the determination of colorants in various watersoluble foods, such as fruit flavoured drinks, alcoholic drinks, jams, sugar confectionery and sweets, with simple pre-treatment (dilution or water extraction).

The main objective of this study was to identify the optimal extrinsic and intrinsic attributes, in terms of new product design, for a range of novel stimulant beverages targeted at specific market segments. A conjoint-based survey was administered to 400 purchasers of soft drinks in Cork between September and November 2004. This research identified new market segments for stimulant beverages beyond the consumer groups traditionally targeted with stimulant drinks. New product development (NPD) opportunities exist for innovative stimulant juice-based beverages positioned on a platform that emphasises functional refreshment and naturalness. Understanding consumers’ choice motives and value systems, through the integration of the voice of the consumer during the concept stage of the NPD process, can lead to increased new product success. This research can assist soft drink manufacturers optimally design a range of stimulant juice-based beverages, and provide guidance for effective positioning and pricing strategies of innovative functional beverages.

The COVID-19 recovery rate of 97.3% and the death per million of 345 in India are better than the corresponding values in the USA and most of Europe despite better health infrastructure in these countries. The mean COVID fatality rate of Europe and a few countries in America is seven times that of India. This warrants a systematic study of the factors behind this conspicuous disparity. It is time to study lifestyle and other factors that may be related to recovery with minimal medical intervention or serious complications, leading to belated recovery and sometimes mortality. Obesity and excessive consumption of soft drinks, red meat and processed food may have a role to play in the European and American countries. On the other hand, the use of turmeric, black pepper, ginger in daily cooking, consumption of Indian gooseberry, Tulasi, different decoctions (Kashaya) and practice of various immune-boosting breathing exercises including yoga might have had a role in India. A detailed study involving a sizable number of cases of recovery and death in India, USA and some European countries will throw light on these factors behind the significant differences. The results shall provide crucial learning to the world for managing future waves and pandemics.

The relative impact of global, specific, and social comparison feedback on safety behaviors was assessed at a large soft-drink bottling company. A 2 Feedback Type (Specific vs. Global) X 2 Social Comparison Feedback (Present vs. Not Present) analysis of covariance was used to test the hypothesis that specific, social comparison feedback would lead to the greatest improvement in percentage of safe behavior. Employees (n=97) received behavioral safety training and then developed a critical behavior checklist (CBC) for their work areas. Researchers used the CBC to a) systematically categorize work behaviors throughout the plant as safe or at-risk, and b) give employees written behavioral feedback each week. Social comparison feedback (SCF) led to significantly higher percent safe scores than did the No SCF conditions (mean percent safe was 78% vs. 68%, respectively). Follow-up Chi Square analyses and practical considerations suggest global/SCF is optimal for improving safety performance. Limitations of the study and future implications for safety feedback research are discussed.

Résumé --Introduction. Hibiscus sabdariffa L. est une plante herbacée, vivace, localisée dans les zones tropicales et subtropicales des deux hémisphères. L'espèce est exploitée pour sa fibre et principalement pour ses calices qui sont de trois types : vert, rouge et rouge foncé. Composition. Les calices de type rouge sont les plus utilisés et se caractérisent par leur concentration élevée en anthocyanes qui peut atteindre 1,5 g·kg -1 . La delphinidine 3-sambubioside et la cyanidine 3-sambubioside sont les anthocyanes majoritaires avec, respectivement, (71 et 29) % des anthocyanes totaux. Les acides organiques, minéraux et acides aminés sont présents dans les calices, feuilles et graines d'H. sabdariffa à des teneurs variables suivant la variété et la zone géographique. Utilisations. Les utilisations des différentes parties de l'H. sabdariffa sont nombreuses et variées aussi bien dans l'alimentation que dans la médecine traditionnelle. Les calices, du fait de leur concentration élevée en acides, vitamine C et surtout en anthocyanes, constituent la partie de la plante la plus valorisée. Ils sont surtout utilisés pour la production de boissons désaltérantes et tonifiantes sans alcool. Les graines d'H. sabdariffa de par leur richesse en protéine (26 %), lipides (20 %) et sucres totaux (40 %) sont très utilisées dans l'alimentation dans de nombreux pays africains. Les feuilles constituent une bonne source de nutriments et sont utilisées en Afrique pour la préparation de sauces.

Originalien Studienergebnissen zufolge haben sich die durchschnittlichen Trinkmen gen von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland in den letzten Jahren zwar erhöht, aber die meisten trin ken weniger als empfohlen wird [17]. Außerdem wird der Durst oft mit den "falschen" Getränken gelöscht [5, 12, 25]. Ob dies für die Kinder und Ju gendlichen in Deutschland zutrifft, wurde unter anderem in EsKiMo (Er nährungsstudie als KiGGSModul) un tersucht. Ergebnisse zum Getränke konsum der 12 bis 17Jährigen wer den im Folgenden vorgestellt.

—The present investigation had been conducted to study the cytogenetic effects of soft drink "cola " at concentration (100%) with three exposure times (4, 6, and 8 hours) on root meristems of Allium cepa. The parameters tested were: mitotic index and chromosomal aberrations. Mitotic index was reduced in all exposure times 4,6 and 8 h with cola. On the other hand, total chromosomal abnormalities were highly increased in all exposure times comparatively with control. The physiological chromosomal aberrations observed were: (c-mitosis, stickiness, disturbance and laggard chromosome; and clastogenic aberrations were: chromosomal break and bridges. These findings indicate the cytotoxicity and carcinogenicity of the soft drink "cola". Our results supports the calls for warned for excessive intake of soft drinks especially "cola".