Synthesis of nanoparticles

Nanotechnology is an innovative discipline of science that has revolutionized the way we perceive the dimension and size of a molecule. The micrometric molecules accessed under the nanometric level generate nano-derived particles through which other nanodevices and nano-systems are contrived. Those nanoderived appliances are accommodable in effectuating copious different functions like physiological and biochemical processes in livestock species. The wide application of nanotechnology in animal science seems to be fateful unless and until nano-derived implements are recognized for execution in the field of animal breeding, production, health and management, and so on. The fundamental motivation behinds this article is to provide an insight into the application of nanostructures in the field of animal science to enhance the current frameworks. This review points out the current applications with appropriate measures of divergent nanotechnological particles, devices, and systems in the periphery of animal science.

In this work, Mg 2+ doped hydroxyapatite (Mg-HAP) nanoparticles were produced by a reactionprecipitation process by using a spinning disc reactor (SDR) at high rotational speed. The production process of these nanoparticles consisted of the neutralization reaction between two aqueous solutions of calcium chloride and ammonia orthophosphate at room temperature. By operating at pH = 10, a high purity Mg-HAP nanoparticles were obtained. In particular, they were 51 nm in average size when the two reagents were fed over the disc symmetrically at 3 cm from the disc center and a rotational speed of the disc reactor equal to 1400 r/min was adopted.

The novel heterostructure (Al0.5Ba0.5Fe12O19)1-x/ (Co0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4) x with X= 0.1, 0.2 have been synthesized by using the ball mill technique. Further characterization is done using XRD, SEM, EDAX, FTIR and UV analysis. The XRD Analysis revealed successful hexagonal and spinel formation in the synthesized heterostructure composite. The cell volume and lattice parameter are calculated with the JCPDS card data. The cell volume, lattice a and c decrease with increase in the hard site concentration. Similarly, the average crystalline size calculated by Scherrer's equation also showed decrease in size of the crystal with increase in AlBaM concentration. Comparison between crystalline size and particle size is done using SEM studies. Form UV analysis the band gap energy is found using Tauc's Plot which is 2.563eV for AlBaM-CZFO 80-20 and 2.285eV for AlBaM-CZFO 90-10 respectively.

The objective of this study was to evaluate in vitro the insecticidal activity of pyridalyl nanosuspension in comparison to technical material and commercial formulation against larvae of Helicoverpa armigera. Suspension of pyridalyl nanocapsules was prepared, for reducing its dose of application. Compatibility of pyridalyl with sodium alginate was ascertained and a formulation was obtained by optimizing various parameters. Average micelle size of different formulations was around 138 nm and size of pyridalyl was less than 100 nm. Spherical shape and nanosize of capsules was confirmed by Transmission electron microscopy. Zeta potential of optimized formulation was found to be about (−)20 ± 1 Mv indicating acceptable range for expressing physical stability of the nano-capsules. The pyridalyl nanosuspension insecticidal activity increased remarkably, with LC50 values of 40 μg mL−1 in comparison to LC50 values of technical material (90 μg mL−1) and commercial product (250 μg mL−1). Bioassay results by leaf dip method showed that nanoformulation is 2.26 and 6.25 times more effective against H. armigera as stomach poison than the technical product and commercial formulation respectively. By topical method, the LC50 values obtained were 80, 150, and 250 μg mL−1 for nanoformulation, technical material, and commercial formulation, respectively, proving our hypothesis. Pyridalyl nanocapsule suspension performed effectively than technical material and commercial product against tomato fruit and shoot borer (Helicoverpa armigera), showing that insecticide load to the environment can be reduced by using nanoformulations.

Nanostructure noble metals have unusual physicochemical properties
compared to their bulk parentmaterials. In the recent years a large number of physical, chemical and biological techniques were applied to the characterization and the development of metal nanoparticles using
Strychnos potatorum seeds. In the present study, we have prepared various concentrations of silver nanoparticles usingModified PrecipitationMethod (MPM).Analytical techniques such as Fourier TransformInfrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy, Fourier TransformRaman (FT-RAMAN) Spectroscopy, UVVisible spectroscopy, Scanning ElectronicMicroscopy, EnergyDispersive
X-ray (EDX) spectral analysis and Photoluminescence methods were used to characterize the synthesized nanoparticles. The vibrational assignments, intensities and wave number (cm–1) of the dominant peaks were obtained using FT-IR and FT-RAMAN spectrum. Major assignments of the bands were made with respect to the components present in the samples. The microphotograph obtained fromscanning electronmicroscopy (SEM) and the Elementary particles were analyzed by EDX spectrum. The UV/Vis spectra show that an absorption peak, occurring due to Surface PlasmonResonance (SPR). PL (Photoluminescence) shows absorption and optical
properties of nanoparticles

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) have been prepared by the reduction of copper chloride in glycerol using hydrazine at ambient conditions. The reduction process takes place under vigorous stirring for 8 h. The formation of CuNPs and size were confirmed by UV/Vis analysis and TEM imaging respectively. The experiment result showed that, 7.062 mM of hydrazine solution and 0.0147 mM of Cu 2+ solution were needed to synthesize narrow size monodisperseCuNPs.The presence of nanoparticle was found after an induction period of 4 h and further reaction time, complete Cu 0 state nanoparticle was obtained as deep red wine colour was observed. Stability study of CuNPs showed that the nanoparticles were stable up to 4 days. The particle size of the nanoparticles have been analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and the average size of CuNPs was in the range 2 to 10 nm.

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effect of nitrogen levels and cattle urine foliar sprays on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) at Agronomy Farm, College of Agriculture, Pune, during Kharif-2019-20. The experiment consisted of sixteen treatment combinations based on four levels of the recommended dose of nitrogen (@ 0, 50, 75 and 100 %) through urea and four levels of cattle urine foliar spray (@ 0, 5, 10 and 15 %) taken at 25, 45 and 60 DAS replicated thrice in Factorial Randomized Block Design. The results revealed that all the growth characters viz., plant height, number of functional leaves, leaf area and dry matter were found significantly higher with the application of 100% RDN. It was followed by the application of 75% RDN. However, a substantial reduction in growth characters was observed with the application of 0 and 5% RDN. While, cattle urine foliar spray @ 10 % taken at 25, 45 and 60 DAS was found superior for plant height, number of functional leaves and leaf area and dry matter of maize, which was closely followed by 15 % cattle urine foliar spray. The yield contributing characters like weight of the cob with and without husk, length and girth of the cob, number of grain row per cob, number of grains per cob, weight of grains per cob and hundred grain weight were found significantly higher with the application of 100% RDN. The number of cobs per plant was found to be maximum with the application of 100% RDN, which influenced non significantly. Statistically, the higher yield attributes were recorded with a 10% application of cattle urine. The grain and stover yield of maize was influenced significantly due to different levels of nitrogen and the statistically higher grain and stover yield were recorded with the application of 100% RDN. While the application of 10% cattle urine sprays recorded the statistically higher grain and stover yield, which was followed by 15% cattle urine spray.

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are recognized as a future technology with a unique ability to exploit metabolic activities of living microorganisms for simultaneous conversion of chemical energy into electrical energy. This technology holds the promise to offer sustained innovations and continuous development towards many different applications and value-added production that extends beyond electricity generation, such as water desalination, wastewater treatment, heavy metal removal, bio-hydrogen production, volatile fatty acid production and biosensors. Despite these advantages, MFCs still face technical challenges in terms of low power and current density, limiting their use to powering only small-scale devices. Description of some of these challenges and their proposed solutions is demanded if MFCs are applied on a large or commercial scale. On the other hand, the slow oxygen reduction process (ORR) in the cathodic compartment is a major roadblock in the commercialization of fuel cells for energy conversion. Thus, the scope of this review article addresses the main technical challenges of MFC operation and provides different practical approaches based on different attempts reported over the years.

A Pechini process was successfully used to synthesize alpha-alumina (98.95% mass fraction) at relatively low calcination temperature (925 8C). The synthesis of these nanoparticles was carried out using a polymer prepared from citric acid and ethylene glycol by the melt blending method. This polymer worked as a chelating agent for aluminum cations. The final products were produced after a dual-stages thermal treatment. The resulting a-alumina consisted of nanoparticles of 8-16 nm in diameters with a surface area ($8 m 2 g À1 ). The mass fraction of a-alumina was dependent on the concentration of aluminum salt and polymer precursor's solutions, while the surface area of the final product was dependent on the mass fraction of u-alumina. #

In this paper, we have reported the synthesis of silver and Indium co-doped ZnO nanoparticles at low temperature by sol-gel method were found to have hexagonal structure. This method is simple and cost effective. The crystallite size, structure, elemental composition, surface morphology, UV absorbance and band gap, optical properties and functional group analysis were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Ultra-visible spectroscopy (UV),Photoluminescence spectroscopy(PL) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy(TEM), Energy Dispersive X–ray analysis (EDAX). XRD analysis reveals that all samples crystallizes in polycrystalline nature with hexagonal wurtzite and exhibit no other impurity phases. The variation in the intensities of the XRD lines is correlated with Ag and In incorporation in the ZnO lattice. From the XRD data, we have calculated dislocation density, crystallite size, lattice parameters, c/a ratio, ZnO bond length, volume of the unit cell and strain. FTIR spectroscopy was carried out to analyze the functional groups corresponding to the Zn-O bands in the samples. The prepared ZnO nano crystallite size lies in the range of (10-20nm). SEM analysis confirms that the nanoparticles sample show the formation of nanorods.TEM micrograph of the samples has been found to be spherical with irregular particle size distribution. Optical properties were studied by UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The energy gap is found to decrease from 3.28eV, 3.18eV and 3.06eV with increasing doping concentration.

Magnesium oxide nanoparticles have emerged as a potential candidate for meeting ends of various problems due to its unique properties such as biodegradability, non-toxicity, inhibition of biofilm growth and degradation of harmful dyes such as methyl violet and many more. Along with its easy synthesis by methods such as sol-gel technique, precipitation method, and green synthesis, it is widely applicable for toxic waste remediation, antibacterial materials, removal of industrial pollutants and also used in anti-arthritic and anti-cancer activities. Prior reviews have laid focus on singular domains whereas our review clubs three major domains i.e., clinical, agricultural and environmental that are involved in the day to day life of plants as well as animals. Besides the above information, properties, synthesis, nanotoxicity and future perspectives of magnesium oxide nanoparticles have also been elaborated in this review.

Nanomaterials/nanoparticles are of great interest today due to their small size and amazing properties like large surface area, modified and easily tuneable morphology and shape. Copper nanoparticles (Cu) are of lot interest now days due to their potential applications such as catalysis, cooling fluid or conductive inks the Copper Oxide (CuO) nanoparticle is widely used in Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).Green synthesis is an emerging technique for production of nanoparticles due to many advantages over conventional physical processes and chemical synthesis method. In this study we report cost-effective, stable for long time and reproducible aqueous room temperature synthesis of the Cu/CuO nanoparticles from floral extract of Caesalpinia pulcherrima which are natural source of the polyphenol tannins and trace amount of ascorbic acid, where tannins are responsible for reduction and capping whereas ascorbic acid acts as protective agent to prevent the nascent Cu nanoparticles from oxidation during synthesis and storage. The capped polyphenols can be removed from particle surface by simple ethanoic wash. The crystallinity, size and shape of the nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis, FTIR, XRD, EDAX and SEM. The Surface Plasmon Resonance peak was observed at 380 nm and amalgamated size from the SEM is on an average to 20nm.The structure from XRD is found to be monoclinic and confirmed it as CuO complex from EDAX. The Debye-Scherer particle size is found to be 6nm.

Structural and magnetic characterization of La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 nanoparticles obtained by the citrate-gel combustion method: Effect of fuel to oxidizer ratio Abstract The effect of fuel to oxidizer ratio on the processing of nano-crystalline La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 by the solution combustion technique is reported. The results show that the structural, morphological and magnetic properties of La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 nanoparticles could be controlled by using different combinations of citric acid fuel and metal nitrates ratio (C/N). Thermodynamic considerations of the combustion processes show that the exothermicity and the amount of gases released increase with increase in C/N. The post-annealed powders were characterized by Thermo Gravimetric–Differential Thermal analysis (TG–DTA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDAX) analysis and Vibrating Scanning Magnetometer (VSM) measurements. Only the fuel rich composition produced pure perovskite phase without any secondary phase. All samples had comparable crystallite sizes (r 37 nm). FESEM images of La 0.7 Sr 0.3 MnO 3 showed that the C/N ratio had a pronounced effect on the microstructure regarding shape and porosity. Room temperature magnetization measurements revealed unusually low saturation magnetization but near super-paramagnetic behavior in all the samples.

During the last few decades, the utilization of nanotechnology is exponentially increasing in biomedical engineering applications, such as antibiotics , antimicrobial agents, and anticancer therapies. It is known that a large number of diseases caused by pathogenic microorganisms originate from the fact that these pathogens have developed resistance in commercially available drugs. Thus, the development of novel, effective, non-toxic, and low-cost therapy for better treatment of diseases is imperative. Nanoparticles based on metals and metal oxides have emerged as a promising means of therapy due to their exceptional properties. Among these nanoparticles, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have drawn significant attention owing to their eminent biomedical properties. A variety of physical as well as chemical methods is utilized for the ZnO NPs synthesis. However, many of them include the use of hazardous reagents or are energy-consuming. For this reason, green methods are proposed to synthesize ZnO NPs using biological substrates. These methods possess significant benefits, as the extracts contribute positively to the formation and improvement of the antimicrobial activity of ZnO NPs, also acting as reducing and stabilizing agents. In this review, an integrated approach of ZnO NPs bio-synthetic techniques using microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and algae, plants and plant extracts, is discussed, shedding light on their comparative advantages.

In this study, PVA/PAA, PVA/PAA/PVP, PVA/PAA/PVP-I and PVA/PAA/PVP/Chitosan fiber mats were prepared via electrospinning.
Synthesized nanofibers were characterized by DSC, FT-IR and SEM. DSC results showed that the nanofibers were degraded at 400
C and 450
C. The addition of PVP-K30, PVP-I and chitosan to PVA/PAA structure increased the thermal stability
of the nanofibers. SEM micrographs showed that synthesized nanofibers are linear. Fiber diameter measurements showed that average diameters of the fibers are less than 0.5 micron. The average diameters of PVA/PAA, PVA/PAA/PVP, PVA/PAA/PVP-I and PVA/PAA/PVP/Chitosan fibers were calculated as 458 nm, 237 nm, 139 nm, and 270 nm, respectively.