Telemedicine Applications and e-Health Systems

The increased use of changeable characteristics in modern manufacturing and robotic systems and applications call for improved system control design that offers some degree of reconfigurability. The need for control reconfiguration of robotic systems arises due to ...

Introduction: With ongoing development of technology, and especially amid the current COVID-19 pandemic, there is rapidly increasing need for remote communications, including in the field of medical education. This study aimed to evaluate our telemedicine activities between Japan and Indonesia. Methods: We retrospectively analysed the data acquired for the period 2010–2019 inclusive, looking at number of programmes, content, participating sites, and videoconferencing systems. We also digitally sent questionnaires to attendees to request their evaluation of image quality and programmes. Results: There were a total 135 programmes, with 29 participating institutions in Indonesia. The number of programmes increased rapidly in 2017, following a rapid increase of participating sites in 2016. Programmes included endoscopy (50 programmes, 37%), neurology (25, 19%), and dentistry (12, 9%). Between 5 and 10 sites connected with 81 programmes (60% of all), and more than 10 sites with 33 (24%). The most commonly used videoconferencing system was Vidyo (108, 80%), followed by Zoom (15, 11%). Participating institutions were located among 19 cities on the five major islands. Image quality received a favourable evaluation from 98% (504/516) of questionnaire respondents, with 100% (400/400) holding a favourable view of the programmes. Conclusion: Remote medical education expanded in Indonesia in the 10 years under review. This expansion is expected to continue to foster more specialists and it is anticipated to improve medical care nationwide.

Purpose of the Review This review article will summarize available data on mobile applications for the management of hypertension, by highlighting their potential for clinical use, the current limitations and the yet pending issues to be addressed in future studies. Recent Findings The number of available applications related to arterial hypertension and their usage by smartphone owners is constantly increasing. However, most applications lack standardization and scientific validation, and security flaws could be an important, yet still underrated, issue. Small studies showed that treatment strategies based on telemonitoring of home blood pressure with mobile applications could improve blood pressure control, but there are no data on strong outcomes and the high heterogeneity of available studies severely limits the possibility of reaching a definitive conclusion on the impact of such strategies. Summary Smartphone applications for arterial hypertension represent a great chance to improve management of this condition. Results from small studies are promising, but there is a strong need for large, long-term, well-designed clinical trials, before these potential solutions might be reliably applied in real-life patients' care.

Abstract— nowadays, it is essential for medical professionals to organize and keep track of their patients’ medical records. Keeping this kind of information is absolutely not an easy task, especially with a numerous amount of records and other documents that need to be filled, which are usually in rows of labeled folders in file cabinets. The lack in automated electronic medical recordkeeping is apparently more in the field of pediatrics. The growing influence of mobile phones, computers or technology as a whole, along with the advances in medical devices, are becoming a crucial part in the future of healthcare. All kind of technology driven devices are creating their way towards becoming essential tools in offices of medical practitioners. Furthermore, with these tools and equipment, record keeping of medical information of patients could be made more productive, convenient and fuller in content, not only including pictures but video and audio records as well.
Telemedicine is a generic term which is used to characterize various aspects of health care at a distance. In its most expansive application, telemedicine can be defined as the use of telecommunication technologies to provide medical information and services. The key aspect of telemedicine is the use of electronic signals to transfer information from one site to another. The term, telemedicine, is becoming most recognized as referring to remote clinical care and consultation through the use of electronic equipment that provides with images. By using Telemedicine technologies and a well-planned timeline, the SERENITY APP has successfully drawn down its hospitals complement. Telemedicine services that integrate electronic medical records can decrease the number of cases where doctors cannot access the records of patients. According to the Institute of Medicine, around 30% of physicians could not have accessed their patient's files in existing non-telemedicine systems and about 70% of the records were deficient.
Key Words: Telemedicine, Technologies, Telecommunication,  Institute of Medicine.

The proposed system is based on Raspberry Pi Single board computer system. This system is designed to connect to any type of network such as GPRS, LAN, Wi-Fi for telemedicine. This system will serve as communication backbone for telemedicine implementation in rural India. Recently, remote healthcare systems have received increasing attention in the last decade, explaining why intelligent systems with physiology signal monitoring for e-health care are an emerging area of development. Therefore, this work adopts a system which includes continuous collection and evaluation of multiple vital signs, long-term healthcare, and a cellular connection to a medical center in emergency case and it transfers all acquired raw data by the internet in normal case. The proposed system can continuously acquire four different physiological signs, for example, ECG, SpO2, temperature, and blood pressure and further relayed them to an intelligent data analysis. The proposed system also has a friendly web-based interface for medical staff to observe immediate pulse signals for remote treatment. Once abnormal event happened or the request to real-time display vital signs is confirmed, all physiological signs will be immediately transmitted to remote medical server through both cellular networks and internet. Also data can be transmitted to a family member's mobile phone or doctor's phone through GPRS. A prototype of such system has been successfully developed and implemented, which will offer high standard of healthcare with a major reduction in cost for our society. By using this system doctors are easily communicate with high experience and forensic people.

Human health depends on what is eaten or not eaten,
Nutrition is key in developing and maintaining optimal health,
hence the necessity for nutrition education. This is because a
nutritionally educated person is an asset to himself and to others
around. To achieve the aim and objectives of nutrition education,
appropriate materials and approaches should be employed for a
successful teaching-learning process. Studies have recognized
information, education and communication (IEC) as one of the
practicable and effective approaches that can be used in
addressing a wide range of health-related issues. This paper,
therefore, discusses use of IEC-based material as an effective learning strategy in nutrition education in a community setting

Abstract— in the 21st century of advanced science and technology, with rural areas still in existence, passengers aboard sea and air, are unable to receive adequate emergency medical care. However, satellite communication has gone beyond limits to become beneficial in medical technology giving rise to telemedicine, thereby, eradicating hindrances in gaining access to emergency healthcare in remote areas, in air, and on sea.
Keywords—satellite communication; telemedicine; VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal)

The novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) infection has altered the society, economy, and entire healthcare system. Whilst this pandemic has presented the healthcare system with unprecedented challenges, it has rapidly promoted the adoption of telemedicine to deliver healthcare at a distance. Telemedicine is the use of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for collecting, organizing, storing, retrieving, and exchanging medical information. But it is faced with the limitations of conventional IP-based protocols which makes it challenging to provide Quality of Service (QoS) for telemedicine due to issues arising from network congestion. Likewise, medical professionals adopting telemedicine are affected with low QoS during health consultations with outpatients due to increased internet usage. Therefore, this study proposes a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) based telemedicine architecture to provide QoS during telemedicine health consultations. This study utilizes secondary data from existing research works in the literature to provide a roadmap for the application of SDN to improve QoS in telemedicine during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings from this study present a practical approach for applying SDN in telemedicine to provide appropriate bandwidth and facilitate real time transmission of medical data.

Teknologi Informasi selain memasuki sektor organisasi juga masuk dibagian kesehatan sebagai penggabungan teknologi medis baru, sehingga manajer TI memiliki tantangan baru untuk mengumpulkan informasi pasien. Institusi perawatan kesehatan menggunakan teknologi informasi dengan menerapkan sistem informasi. Sistem informasi merupakan perangkat komponen yang berkaitan dengan mengumpulkan informasi, memanipulasi, dan menyebarluaskan informasi beserta data untuk fasilitas dalam merencanakan, mengendalikan, mengoordinasikan, menganalisa dan mengambil keputusan di suatu organisasi maupun perusahaan. Perangkat ini terdiri atas orang, perangkat lunak dan keras, jaringan komunikasi dan sumber daya data (Brattig Correia et al., 2013). Informasi Teknologi (IT) kesehatan merupakan teknologi informasi yang menggunakan pembuatan, desain dan pengembangan sistem informasi di bidang kesehatan. IT kesehatan sendiri bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pelayanan perawatan kesehatan. Informasi teknologi kesehatan berkontribusi sebagai faktor pencetus model pemberian perawatan dan sebagai penyelesaian masalah yang ada terkait masalah biaya perawatan. Oleh karena itu, mitra pelayanan kesehatan menjadikan IT sebagai salah satu cara dalam meningkatkan kualitas, efisiensi, keamanan, dan mengeluarkan Electronic Health Record (EHR) serta diterapkannya CPOE pada rumah sakit. Hal ini disebabkan sebagai peningkatan kualitas pada kondisi kronis dan mengurangi biaya terutama untuk obat-obatan dan radiografi yang tidak murah (Payne et al., 2013). Salah satu jenis informasi teknologi kesehatan medis yaitu telemedicine. Perkembangan Telemedicine dalam Dunia Health Care Portugal adalah negara pertama yang menggunakan telemedicine untuk mengatasi masalah geologis dan kurangnya professional kesehatan. Layanan Kardiologi Anak (PCS) Pusat RS Coimbra CHUC sejak 1998 sudah menggunakan telemedicine untuk peningkatan jangkauan dan akses (Maia et al., 2019).

The purpose of this study is to make recommendations for a sustainable telemedicine system by examining the structural attributes of telemedicine across and within different types of organizations.  A survey instrument with two categories, background questions and evaluation questions, was developed and used as a guide to interview eight key informants from four different types of telehealth systems.  The eight transcribed interviews were coded using NUD*IST qualitative software. Research publications, archival documents, and government reports were collected to triangulate, or cross check, interview data.  Multi-case study methodology was used as a guide to design the research, analyze date, compare results, and make recommendations.    A telehealth typology is proposed as well as a simplified conceptual telehealth model and a diffusion of telemedicine model. 
While there are some structural differences among the different types of programs, there are many more similarities.  All receive funding from multiple sources, and all employ a combination of full and part-time employees.  Three core staff categories include administrative, medical, and technical support. Additional categories may include evaluation researchers and project coordinators.
Major barriers to the development or maintenance of a telehealth system are identified as telecommunication costs and lack of infrastructure; physician participation, both referring and providing; concerns about profitability and liability; and lack of internal support and resistance to change.
Factors of organizational structure identified as conducive to growth and sustainability of a telehealth network include: development of a statewide, multi-use network; an advisory oversight group composed of key players in state government, higher education, telecommunications, and healthcare educators; integration of the network into desktop environments; multiple funding strategies; internal support and marketing and external marketing.
Recommendations for developing, growing, and sustaining a teleheatlh network are provided as well as recommendations for further research.

Resumo: As novas tecnologias na área da saúde têm impactado profundamente a doutrina do consentimento informado do paciente, tornando necessária a presente investigação pormenorizada, sobre os contornos e a dinâmica deste novo modelo do paciente consentir a quaisquer tratamentos ou intervenções médicas. A digitalização do setor da saúde foi um fator determinante para se tornar possível a implementação da inteligência artificial no suporte à decisão clínica e na eficiência dos diagnósticos médicos, sobretudo na detecção precoce de doenças, tendo em vista a sua capacidade de processar e analisar rapidamente – e, tendencialmente, de maneira eficiente – grande quantidade de dados. Nos últimos anos, há expressiva expansão da inteligência artificial aliada à robótica, criando uma realidade de robôs de assistência inteligentes para os cuidados médicos. O mercado global de robôs cirúrgicos, que realizam procedimentos de forma presencial ou à distância (telecirurgia), também tem crescido rapidamente nos últimos anos. Por fim, a revolução tecnológica no setor da saúde vem permitido que médicos diagnostiquem, tratem e até realizem cirurgias em pacientes à distância, nos locais mais remotos do mundo, por meio de Telemedicina. Diante de todo o panorama atual da medicina digitalizada e novas tecnologias na área da saúde – telemedicina, medicina robótica e inteligência artificial –, pudemos observar, ao longo do presente trabalho, que o consentimento informado do paciente adquire certas peculiaridades, tendo em vista os diversos fatores aleatórios e riscos inerentes às características únicas e próprias de cada tecnologia. Em linhas conclusivas, constatamos que a moderna dogmática do consentimento informado engloba a ideia de escolha esclarecida, visto que o paciente deve estar em posse de todas as informações e elementos possíveis a sua compreensão. Em outras palavras, mais do que um direito à informação, o paciente tem direito à explicação e justificação, a fim de consentir de maneira livre e esclarecida.

COVID-19 salgını, dünyada ve ülkemizdeki sağlık hizmetlerinde dönüm noktası yaratmaktadır. Yakın zamana kadar ülkemizde suç olarak kabul edilen uzaktan tıbbi uygulamalar, günümüz tıbbı uygulamalarının bir gerçeği haline gelmiştir. Bu haliyle teletıp, sağlık hizmetleri ve sağlık turizminin vazgeçilmez bir parçasıdır. Salgın ile birlikte ortaya çıkan bu yeni gerçekliğin hukuki açıdan değerlendirilmesi gerekliliği ortadadır. Çalışmamızda ilk olarak teletıp kavramı açıklanmış ve sonra ülkemizdeki son durum özetlenmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise teletıp hizmetlerinin hukuki niteliği ele alınmıştır. Bu bölümde, "bizzat" muayene yükümlülüğü konusundaki hukuki yorum farkı ve teletıp uygulamalarının tıbbi standartları değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca teletıp uygulamalarının sözleşme niteliği ile hastanın tüketici olarak kabulü incelenmiştir. Ülkemizde hastanın tüketici olarak kabul edilmesi nedeniyle, teletıp hizmetlerinin tüketici hukukuna özgü mesafeli sözleşmeler ile ilişkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu sebeple mesafeli sözleşmeler, teletıp çerçevesinde özel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, teletıp hizmetleri konusunda gerekli yasal düzenlemelerin yapılması zorunludur. Ancak evveliyetle, sağlık hizmetlerinin Avrupa Birliği hukukunda olduğu gibi tüketici hukuku kapsamından çıkarılması gerekmektedir.


The COVID-19 pandemic created a turning point in healthcare in the world and our country. Distant medical applications have become a reality of today's medical practices, which have been accepted as a crime in our country at present. Hence, telemedicine is an indispensable part of health services and health tourism. It is obvious that this new reality emerging with the epidemic should be evaluated legally. The concept of telemedicine is first explained in this study, and then the last situation in our country is summarized. The legal nature of telemedicine services is discussed in the second part. In this section, the legal interpretation difference of the physician about the examination "in person" and the medical standards of telemedicine applications were evaluated. Further, telemedicine applications and the acceptance of the patient as a consumer with the nature of the contract were examined. Because the patient is accepted as a consumer in our country, it is concluded that telemedicine services are related to distant contracts specific to consumer law. Therefore, distance contracts have been especially evaluated within the scope of telemedicine. As a result, it is mandatory to make the necessary legal arrangements for telemedicine services. However, health services first need to be taken out of the scope of consumer law, as in European Union law.

The use of information and communication technology for health care delivery, particularly in poor settings such as developing economies where access to medical services is inadequate, holds promise in expanding health care access because there is a clear problem with the delivery of health care around the world today and people cannot get the health care they should for various reasons. The increasing cost of health care in Nigeria and other developing economies has called for a change in the way healthcare activities are implemented. Nigeria is faced with fundamental health care related challenges coupled with recent security issues. Uncertainty prevails as health system dynamics unfold, therefore to mitigate the menace of this inadequate healthcare delivery a paradigm shift is required.

As modern software-based systems and applications gain in versatility and functionality, the ability to manage inconsistent resources and service disparate user requirements becomes increasingly imperative. Furthermore, as systems increase in complexity, rectification of system faults and recovery from malicious attacks become more difficult, labor-intensive, expensive, and error-prone. These factors have actuated research dealing with the concept of self-healing systems. Self-healing systems attempt to “heal” themselves in the sense of ...

This thesis is a part of the general development framework for embedded applications in telemedicine. We started with a thorough study of the ECG signal through a full analysis of QRSTA (QRS-T-area) parameter of this signal. This study led to the development of our first application "DIAGNOSE ECG", embedded on a smartphone, for the determination of the QRSTA parameter, which is considered as an indicator of sudden death. Then, we studied the hemodynamic cardiorespiratory interactions in order to analyze their impact on sleep apnea and the condition of the drivers. In this context, we have contributed on the development of a multi-varied causal model, based on Granger's causality analysis between respiratory, hemodynamic and cardiac signals. Finally, we developed a new approach of analyzing physiological signal based on panel co-integration approach, allowing short- and long-term quantification using FM-OLS and DOLS estimators.

Many teachers and students in Nigerian institutions of learning find teaching and learning a herculean task and very boring because of the obsolete methods of teaching and learning in this sector of the Nigerian economy. New innovative and IT-driven approach will be used in this research to help improve the quality of teaching and learning in Nigerian schools. This research will try to find a solution to this problem, where both students and teachers will enjoy teaching and learning respectively in an environment where effective teaching and learning is the target objective.

Advances in telemedicine technologies have offered clinicians greater levels of real-time guidance and technical assistance for diagnoses, monitoring, operations or interventions from colleagues based in remote locations. The topic includes the use of videoconferencing, mentorship during surgical procedures, or machine-to-machine communication to process data from one location by programmes running in another. This edited book presents a variety of technologies with applications in telemedicine, originating from the fields of biomedical sensors, wireless sensor networking, computer-aided diagnosis methods, signal and image processing and analysis, automation and control, virtual and augmented reality, multivariate analysis, and data acquisition devices. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), surgical robots, telemonitoring, and teleoperation systems are also explored, as well as the associated security and privacy concerns in this field. Topics covered include critical factors in the development, implementation and evaluation of telemedicine; surgical tele-mentoring; technologies in medical information processing; recent advances of signal/image processing techniques in healthcare; a real-time ECG processing platform for telemedicine applications; data mining in telemedicine; social work and tele-mental health services for rural and remote communities; applying telemedicine to social work practice and education; advanced telemedicine systems for remote healthcare monitoring; the impact of tone-mapping operators and viewing devices on visual quality of experience of colour and grey-scale HDR images; modelling the relationships between changes in EEG features and subjective quality of HDR images; IoMT and healthcare delivery in chronic diseases; and transform domain robust watermarking method using Riesz wavelet transform for medical data security and privacy. Demographic shifts in populations trigger opportunities for innovations in e-Health, m-Health, precision and personalized medicine, robotics, sensing, the Internet of Things, cloud computing, Big Data, Software Defined Networks, and network function virtualization. The integration of these technologies is however associated with many technological, ethical, legal, and social issues. This book series aims to disseminate recent advances in the e-Health Technology field to help improve healthcare and wellbeing.

The Telemedicine Glossary of Concepts technologies Standards and Users is today an historical document. It was conceived  at the turn of the 20th and 20th centuries as a repertoire of the whole world experience and state of te art in Telemedicine, seen through the experience of the European Commission, at that time one of the main actor in R&TD in the field through its Framework Program for R&TD.
Telemedicine is tipically an applied science where  different inputs from heterogeneous scientific areas such as Informatics, Medicine, Engineering, Legal and financial matters and many others are put together, each of them with its own definitions, terminology and standards
Concepts, standards, technologies and users were implemented in more than 1000 R&TD Projects co-funded from the European Commission, each of them described through their partners, duration, costs and results.
The historical development of each country in the field of Telemedicine was given at a glance. Particular attention was brought to standards and tecnologies both adopted and foreseen at the time.
When the Editor retired the collective work was interrupted so that the present one remains the last of the five Editions of the Glossary.

A B S T R A C T Telemedicine systems have been considered as a necessary measure to alleviate the shortfall in skilled medical specialists in developing countries. However, the obvious challenge is whether clinicians are willing to use this technological innovation, which has aided medical practice globally. One factor which has received little academic attention is the provision of suitable encouragement for clinicians to adopt telemedicine, in the form of rewards, motivation or incentives. A further consideration for telemedicine usage in developing countries, especially sub-Saharan Africa and Nigeria in particular, are to the severe shortage of available practising clinicians. The researchers therefore explore the need to positively reinforce the adoption of telemedicine amongst clinicians in Nigeria, and also offer a rationale for this using the UTAUT model. Data were collected using a structured paper-based questionnaire, with 252 physicians and nurses from six government hospitals in Ondo state, Nigeria. The study applied SmartPLS 2.0 for analysis to determine the relationship between six variables. Demographic moderating variables, age, gender and profession, were included. The results indicate that performance expectancy (p < 0.05), effort expectancy (p < 0.05), facilitating condition (p < 0.01) and reinforcement factor (p < 0.001) have significant effects on clinicians' behavioural intention to use tele-medicine systems, as predicted using the extended UTAUT model. Our results showed that the use of telemedicine by clinicians in the Nigerian context is perceived as a dual responsibility which requires suitable reinforcement. In addition, performance expectancy, effort expectancy, facilitating condition and reinforcement determinants are influential factors in the use of telemedicine services for remote-patient clinical diagnosis and management by the Nigerian clinicians.

The coming of information technology has made it possible for people to access proper medical diagnosis and prescription of drugs thus the emergence of telemedicine and expert systems. Telemedicine is the delivery of health care and the sharing of medical knowledge over a distance using telecommunication means. Telemedicine is one of the major forces shaping the future of healthcare.

COVID-19 salgını, dünyada ve ülkemizdeki sağlık hizmetlerinde dönüm noktası yaratmaktadır. Yakın zamana kadar ülkemizde suç olarak kabul edilen uzaktan tıbbi uygulamalar, günümüz tıbbı uygulamalarının bir gerçeği haline gelmiştir. Bu haliyle teletıp, sağlık hizmetleri ve sağlık turizminin vazgeçilmez bir parçasıdır. Salgın ile birlikte ortaya çıkan bu yeni gerçekliğin hukuki açıdan değerlendirilmesi gerekliliği ortadadır. Çalışmamızda ilk olarak teletıp kavramı açıklanmış ve sonra ülkemizdeki son durum özetlenmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise teletıp hizmetlerinin hukuki niteliği ele alınmıştır. Bu bölümde, "bizzat" muayene yükümlülüğü konusundaki hukuki yorum farkı ve teletıp uygulamalarının tıbbi standartları değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca teletıp uygulamalarının sözleşme niteliği ile hastanın tüketici olarak kabulü incelenmiştir. Ülkemizde hastanın tüketici olarak kabul edilmesi nedeniyle, teletıp hizmetlerinin tüketici hukukuna özgü mesafeli sözleşmeler ile ilişkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu sebeple mesafeli sözleşmeler, teletıp çerçevesinde özel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, teletıp hizmetleri konusunda gerekli yasal düzenlemelerin yapılması zorunludur. Ancak evveliyetle, sağlık hizmetlerinin Avrupa Birliği hukukunda olduğu gibi tüketici hukuku kapsamından çıkarılması gerekmektedir. Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic created a turning point in healthcare in the world and our country. Distant medical applications have become a reality of today's medical practices, which have been accepted as a crime in our country at present. Hence, telemedicine is an indispensable part of health services and health tourism. It is obvious that this new reality emerging with the epidemic should be evaluated legally. The concept of telemedicine is first explained in this study, and then the last situation in our country is summarized. The legal nature of telemedicine services is discussed in the second part. In this section, the legal interpretation difference of the physician about the examination "in person" and the medical standards of telemedicine applications were evaluated. Further, telemedicine applications and the acceptance of the patient as a consumer with the nature of the contract were examined. Because the patient is accepted as a consumer in our country, it is concluded that telemedicine services are related to distant contracts specific to consumer law. Therefore, distance contracts have been especially evaluated within the scope of telemedicine. As a result, it is mandatory to make the necessary legal arrangements for telemedicine services. However, health services first need to be taken out of the scope of consumer law, as in European Union law.

This paper surveys the current state-of-the-art of technology, systems and applications in Augmented Reality. It describes work performed by many different research groups, the purpose behind each new Augmented Reality system, and the difficulties and problems encountered when building some Augmented Reality applications. It surveys mobile augmented reality systems challenges and requirements for successful mobile systems. This paper summarizes the current applications of Augmented Reality and speculates on future applications and where current research will lead Augmented Reality’s development. Challenges augmented reality is facing in each of these applications to go from the laboratories to the industry, as well as the future challenges we can forecast are also discussed in this paper. Section 1 gives an introduction to what Augmented Reality is and the motivations for developing this technology. Section 2 discusses Augmented Reality Technologies with computer vision methods, AR devices, interfaces and systems, and visualization tools. The mobile and wireless systems for Augmented Reality are discussed in Section 3. Four classes of current applications that have been explored are described in Section 4. These applications were chosen as they are the most famous type of applications encountered when researching AR apps. The future of augmented reality and the challenges they will be facing are discussed in Section 5.

This paper investigates and appraises the current state of knowledge and practice and the existing telemedicine approaches in ten countries, and New Zealand. The literature dealing with telemedicine development approaches was reviewed, compared and contrasted between Malaysia and the 10-country. Based on our analysis results, the suitable approaches and technologies were discussed. If no suitable approach is found, it will be possible to elicit the most relevant approach and best practice and to learn from any possible weaknesses.

The Telemedicine Glossary of Concepts technologies Standards and Users is today an historical document. It was conceived  at the turn of the 20th and 20th centuries as a repertoire of the whole world experience and state of te art in Telemedicine, seen through the experience of the European Commission, at that time one of the main actor in R&TD in the field through its Framework Program for R&TD.
Telemedicine is tipically an applied science where  different inputs from heterogeneous scientific areas such as Informatics, Medicine, Engineering, Legal and financial matters and many others are put together, each of them with its own definitions, terminology and standards
Concepts, standards, technologies and users were implemented in more than 1000 R&TD Projects co-funded from the European Commission, each of them described through their partners, duration, costs and results.
The historical development of each country in the field of Telemedicine was given at a glance. Particular attention was brought to standards and tecnologies both adopted and foreseen at the time.
When the Editor retired the collective work was interrupted so that the present one remains the last of the five Editions of the Glossary.

E-health atau electronic health adalah suatu pengembangan yang ada di dalam dunia kesehatan. Informasi dan perawatan medis dapat dilakukan dengan menggunakan teknologi. Teknologi yang hadir dalam dunia kesehatan dapat disebut juga telemedicine. Telemedicine dapat didefinisikan sebagai penyempaian layanan perawatan kesehatan dimana jarak menjadi faktor yang sangat penting dalam proses penyampaian informasi atau penanganan medis.Oleh para profesional ahli kesehatan, menggunakan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi sangatlah penting. Dikarenakan pada saat proses tersebut, memerlukan data yang valid,diagnosis yang tepat dan perawatan pencegahanhter adap penyakit. Dan juga disertai dengan pendidikan dan penelitian yang berkelanjutan mengenai sistem ini demi kemajuan di bidang kesehatan.Didalam telemedicine, terdapat berbagai cara penerapannya. Salah satunya pada bidang kedokteran gigi yaitu Teledentistry. Teledentistry dapat diartikan sebagai penggunaan teknologi informasi untuk melaksanakan perawatan gigi yang bisa dilakukan dalam jarak jauh. Dalam pengembangannya teledentistry digunakan user untuk memudahkan dalam sistem pemeriksaan dan perawatan gigi.Dalam rancang bangun sistem teledentistry yang dibuat ini, penggunaan kamera USB intraoral yang dihubungkan di Raspberry Pi untuk mengambil gambar kemudian dikirim dan disimpan dalam databse server. Proses pengiriman gambar yang dilakukan memakan waktu 5 detik untuk gambar dapat diterima di database server.

Kata kunci: telemedicine, teledentistry, Raspberry Pi dan camera USB intraoral

Our ability to generate and collect data has been increasing rapidly. Not only are all of our business, scientific, and government transactions now computerized, but the widespread use of digital cameras, publication tools, and bar codes also generate data. On the collection side, scanned text and image platforms, satellite remote sensing systems, and the World Wide Web have flooded us