Textile Testing

Color fastness is one of the important factors in case of buyers demand. The outstandingly important property of a dyed material is the fastness of the shade of color. Color fastness refers to the resistance of color to fade or bleed of a dyed or printed textile materials to various types of influences e.g. water, light, rubbing, washing, perspiration etc. to which they are normally exposed in textile manufacturing and in daily use. We have written a lot of articles on color fastness.

Denim garments is the most preferred of today's youth. The objective of this research is to provide an extensive overview of enzyme wash, bleach wash, acid wash for garments and find out best physical & chemical test result. The research paper are written for the garments washing professional for detailed casing information. In this research use indigo dyed denim garments and five parameter of Lava cell NHC Cold (1 g/l, 1.5 g/l, 2 g/l, 2.5 g/l and 3 g/l) for enzyme wash, five parameters of Sodium hypochlorite (1 g/l, 1.5 g/l, 2 g/l, 2.5 g/l and 3 g/l) for bleach wash and five parameters of Potassium permanganate (2 g/l, 5 g/l, 10 g/l, 15 g/l and 20 g/l) for acid wash. After Enzyme wash, Bleach wash and Acid wash tasted all of sample according to ISO 105C06:2010 (Color fastness to Washing), ISO 105X12 (Color fastness to rubbing dry/wet), ASTMD-1425 (Tear Strength Warp/Weft). The research test result shows for enzyme wash sample no 5 give better performance and aesthetic look is better than other sample. For Bleach wash after test result sample no 5 shows color fastness to light, appearance after wash and color fastness to rubbing (Dry/Wet) performance better than other 4 samples. After GSM and tear strength test sample no 1 shows best performance than other 4 samples. But in the case of Acid wash after test we got sample no 5 color fastness to light, appearance after wash and color fastness to rubbing (Dry/Wet) performance better than other four samples. After GSM and tear strength test sample no 1 shows best performance than other 4 samples. But sample no 4 shows average result and sample no 5 shows very poor result for tearing test. Because high concentration of Potassium permanganate damage the fabric strength. That's why in case of Bleach wash and Acid wash try to use medium concentration of Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and Potassium permanganate (KMnO₄).

Broad assumptions are made in the testing and simulation of architectural fabrics used for tensile fabric structures. In particular, fabric shear behaviour is poorly understood and is not routinely determined. Tensile structures are continuously subject to a combination of biaxial tensile stress and shear stress, yet there is no accepted method for accurately determining shear behaviour in a tensioned fabric. A novel picture frame shear test design and associated test protocol is described here that aims to provide a practicable solution for the accurate determination of the in-situ shear stiffness of architectural fabrics. Results of shear tests on fabrics subjected to increasing levels of biaxial prestress are presented and the implications for analysis are discussed.

FIBERS
(An Overview of Fibers, Yarn, and Fabric)

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION OF FIBER, YARN AND FABRICS
CHAPTER-1
CLASSIFICATION OF FIBERS
Physical Analysis of Fabrics
The Natural Fibers
Vegetable Fibers
Cotton
Jute
Animal Fibers
Wool
The Manmade fibers
Cellulosic Fibers
Non-cellulosic Polymer Fibers
Nylon
Polyester
Acrylic
Spandex
Protein Fibers
Rubber Fibers
Metallic Fibers
Mineral Fibers
Summary
Practical Exercise
Test yourself:
CHAPTER-2
THE PROPERTIES OF FIBERS
Relating to appearance
Colour
Luster
Shape Surface Contour
Length
Diameter
Relating to performance
Strength/Tenacity
Specific Gravity
Flexibility
Elongation, Elasticity
Absorbency
Abrasion Resistance
Electrical Conductivity
Dimensional stability
Flammability
Effect of Heat
Relating to Maintenance
Effect of biological organisms
Chemical conditions
Environmental conditions
Summary
Practical Exercise
Test Yourself
CHAPTER-3
IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFYING FIBERS
Burning Test
Burning Test for Natural Fibers
Burning Tests Manmade Fibers
Microscope Test
Microscope Test for the Natural Fibers:
Microscope Test For the Manmade Fibers
Chemical Tests-
Stain Method
The solvent method-
Chemical Tests for Natural Fibers
Chemical Tests Manmade Fibers
Practical Experiments
Project
TEST YOURSELF
TRADE NAMES WITH THEIR END USES
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ABOUT THE AUTHOR

This research deals about design & fabrication of thermal conductivity tester. The instrument consists of LCD display, heater, brass plate, temperature sensor, microcontroller, copper vessel.  The temperature sensor (1) is connected with the top plate (θ1), temperature sensor (2) is connected with the bottom plate (θ2).The both sensors (θ1 & θ2) senses the temperature and transfers the signal to microcontroller. The microcontroller analyzes the signal and passes the signal to the LCD display. It displays the temperature of heating plate. When temperature in the heating plate attains a steady state, the micro controller sends signal to a buzzer through driver unit. Now the user has to taken and the chamber from instrument and switch off the heater. This instrument was fabricated by using sheet metal.
In existing thermal conductivity testing method (Lee’s Disc method), thermometers & stop watch are used to measure thermal conductivity. In this method, taking readings simultaneously from thermometer and stop watch is difficult. Measurement of temperature in the thermometer, calculation and time consumption are the limitation. So, the main objective of Microcontroller based thermal conductivity is to provide higher accuracy level, and low  cost as compared with existing instrument and is also less time consumption. The performance of the developed thermal conductivity tester was compared with existing instrument with more no. of samples.
The major application of this instrument is in Testing Laboratories and Research & Education Institutions.

The human skin is built from several layers, vessels, sensors and other structures. All together these form the integumentary system. The integumentary system is one of the organ systems in the human body. Friction is a system property, which indicates that it depends on multiple factors, such as the material properties, contact parameters and the environment. Friction has been defined as " the resisting force tangential to the common boundary between two bodies when, under the action of an external force, one body moves or tends to move relative to the surface of the other ". Friction is one of the themes in tribology, an engineering technology which is defined as " the science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and of the practices related thereto ". The term " skin friction " refers to the friction between in vivo human skin and an arbitrary contact material. Skin friction involves the interaction of the skin and the contact material, and consequently it depends on the properties of the skin, the contact material and its properties, the parameters of the contact between the materials and the environment surrounding the materials. The term skin friction actually can lead to confusion, it must be noted that skin friction is not a property of the human skin. Skin friction involves the interaction of the skin and the contact material, and consequently it depends on the properties of the skin, the contact material and its properties, the parameters of the contact between the materials and the environment surrounding the materials. Skin friction is important for everyone in practically every situation. In some situations it is just the skin and a product that are in interaction, like the hand and a cup, but in other situations multiple layers are involved, for example in shoes. Skin friction research is actually on the interface between tribology, materials science, dermatology, Product development and rehabilitation medicine.

The present article emphasises wet cleaning as an aid to conservation. Textiles being organic in nature deteriorate easily. There are many factors like light, temperature, humidity, dirt, dust, stains which are responsible for the degradation of antique textiles. Thus, the role of museums in the conservation of textile heritage is very important. Wet cleaning is an important part of curative or remedial conservation. An attempt was made to develop standardized methods for wet cleaning of cotton artifacts using some indegineous cleansing agents: distilled water, Reetha ( Sapindus Mukorossi) and soap.

Denim is no more " work wear " in the present era. More than a need, it is a fashion commodity for every age group, specifically for youth. Garments with multiple permutations and combinations of denim fabric variables like fibers, yarns, and Lycra % and weaving techniques are available with differing garment design statements, but the comfort aspect is slightly ignored. To cater for the masses living in hot and humid areas, a denim fabric is being projected with varying garment constructional parameters. Regenerated cellulose-based fibers/yarns are considered as ecofriendly, cool, soft, fairly strong, and durable among other man-made and natural fiber-based yarns. The present study is an attempt to develop comfortable denim clothing using regenerated cellulose fiber derivatives, maintaining its traditional rustic look for tropical regions. Fabric performance evaluation methods were used to ascertain the performance of the newly developed clothing.