The World

The effects of temperature, salinity, irradiance and pH on the growth of Fibrocupsu juponicu (Raphidophyceae) were examined to determine how environmental factors affect the distribution of this species. Optimal growth was observed at temperatures of 15-25 c, salinities of 25-35 parts per thousand (ppt), irradiances of 60-140 pmol quanta/m2 per s and pH between 7.5-8.5. Growth did not occur at temperatures helow 10 C or above 30 C nor at salinities below 15 ppt. Fibrocupsu juponicu grew when subjected to irradiances of 20-180 pmol quanta/m2 per s, and could tolerate a pH range of 6.5-8.5.

Abstruct.-The freshwater mussel Ellipiio complunciiu was provided water containing green algae and cyanobacteria delivered from the Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) at eight flow rates to determine algal filtration rates as mg of particulate organic carbon ( P 0 C ) k g wet tissue weight per h. The dominant taxon in cyanobacterial waters was Microcystis while the dominant taxa in green algal waters were Scenedesmus and Ankistrodesmus. The cell counts of Scenedesmus and Ankisrrodesmus were the only algal taxa that were significantly different between the incoming water and water filtered by mussels. Filtration rates of POC obtained from green algal water were significantly greater than from cyanobacteria-dominated waters at all flow rates. A significant increase in mean filtration rate was observed as flow rates increased. The filtration rate of green algae increased as POC concentration increased, peaking at 28 mg C/L. A maximum filtration rate was not observed with cyanobacterial waters.

The e f f e c t s o f e y e s t a l k a b l a t i o n on spermatophore and sperm q u a l i t y i n Penaeus vannamei w e r e i n v e s t i g a t e d i n b i l a t e r a l l y , u n i l a t e r a l l y , and u n a b l a t e d males s t o c k e d a t a 1:l r a t i o w i t h u n i l a t e r a l l y a b l a t e d females.

The morphological and physiological development of the intestine, stomach, liver and pancreas of the African cafflsh, CIarius guriepinus (Burchell 1822), was investigated from hatching until 9 days after the start of exogenous feeding by histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical procedures. During the yolk sac period, lasting 48 hours at 30 C, the digestive system develops from a rather undifferentiated system into a distinct liver and pancreas and a segmented intestine (parts I to 111). Insulin and glucagon producing cells were clearly found in the endocrine pancreatic islets from 14 hours after hatching onwards, while at the start of exogenous feeding, the exocrine pancreas showed an intense zymogen colouration. Exogenous feeding started three days after fertilization, i.e., 48 hours after hatching. At that moment, the rearing temperature was lowered to 27.5 C. The first day of feeding was referred to as day zero, changing into day 1 when the first 24 hours of feeding were completed. From the start of exogenous feeding onwards, aminopeptidase, non-specific esterase and ATP-ase were detected in the digestive system. Morphologically, the stomach was completed at day 4 of exogenous feeding. Gastric acid secretion started on day 4 and lead to a pH below 3.3 in the stomach on day 5. During the first four days of exogenous feeding, C-t-gastrin immunopositive cells were found throughout the gut, including the gastric epithelium. After day 4, the C-t-gastrin cells were only detected in the anterior intestine. The completeness of the stomach development was also marked by the appearance of non-specific esterase activity in the stomach epithelial cells on day 5. All data together clearly indicate that in Clarius guriepinus, the ontogeny of a functional digestive system has been completed on day 5 after the start of exogenous feeding, marking thereby the end of the larval period.

The nutritional value of three safflower, Carthamus tinctorius, meals used as ingredients in diets for Litopenaeus vannamei was determined in terms of chemical composition and in vivo and in vitro digestibility. Three safflower meals were used: a whole safflower meal (WSM; 20.6% crude protein and 34.6% lipids) prepared in our laboratory; a low-protein safflower meal (LPSM; 27.5% crude protein and 1.8% lipids) and a high-protein safflower meal (HPSM; 36.7% crude protein and 1.0 lipids), both produced at commercial scale. The most abundant essential amino acid in safflower meals was arginine, while lysine and methionine were the least abundant; the most important fatty acids were oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Apparent protein digestibility of HPSM (89.4%) and LPSM (87.6%) meals were significantly higher than that of WSM (72.3%). Lipid digestibility of WSM (93.7%) was higher than that of the defatted meals (LPSM 76.1% and HPSM 60.7%). Carbohydrate digestibility was very high (>96.8%) in all safflower meals. In vitro pH-stat protein digestibility and in vivo protein digestibility were significantly correlated. LPSM and HPSM have chemical compositions and digestibilities more suitable to be used as ingredients for shrimp feeds, especially HPSM, which could be used as source of digestible protein and carbohydrates.

Studies on the nutritional physiology of larval fish should provide the basis for defining the length of the larval period and for understanding the quantitative and the qualitative feed requirements of the larvae. For these purposes, it is necessary to perform both descriptive investigations on the ontogenesis of structures and functions as well as experimental investigations on adaptive strategies of the larvae under changing feeding regimes. In the present communication, examples of both approaches are discussed comparing three species: African catfish Clarias gariepinus, whitefish Coregonus lavaretus, and turbot Scophthalmus maximus.

The purpose of this study was to develop a mathematical model to assist in the determination of design numbers for color destruction by ozone as a function of feed rate. A mass balance model was developed that takes into account methods of introduction and removal of color, including removal by ozone. Because direct measurement of color mass or concentration is difficult, a representative unit was developed during this study called the color mass equivalent (CME). The CME represents a direct measurement of absorbance at 436 nm, which is a unitless measurement, multiplied by the system volume. The CME is directly proportional to the true concentration of color causing compounds at that wavelength. Once the model was developed, two studies were run to test the model. A 1,500-L recirculating fish system was set up with a 57-L bead filter and six 1-L fluidized sand beds. Approximately 45 kg of channel catfish Ictulurus puncfatus were placed in the system and fed 0.25 kg of 32% protein feed per day (0.55% body wt.). Once the system reached stable conditions, the system was flushed with clean water and samples were taken to estimate the accumulation rate of color in the system. After 5 wk, an ozone unit was activated and samples were taken to determine the destruction rate for color. Once an accumulation rate had been determined, a second study was performed to corroborate this value. The same ozone unit was installed on a 5,000-L recirculating fish system being fed 0.49 kg per day with a 171-L bead filter. Samples were taken to determine the destruction rate for color. The accumulation rate for color was 12.6 CME/kg feed and the destruction rates were 1.7 CME/g 0, in the first study and 0.82 CMWg 0, in the second study. This calculates to a range of 7 to 15 g OJkg feed to remove the color produced by the feed.

A preliminary assessment of the marketability of saltwatercultured Florida red tilapia was conducted at a farm outlet store and at nine restaurants in Puerto Rico. Florida red tilapia were grown in six 0.2-ha ponds at 22.7 f 1.2 (mean f SE) ppt salinity by a commercial aquaculture enterprise in Dorado, northeastern Puerto Rico. Customers purchased 4,683 kg of dressed-out fish (gilled, gutted and scaled

A 2× 3 factorial design was used to reevaluate the dietary protein requirements and to determine the optimum dietary protein to energy (P/E) ratios in Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, reared in the recirculating system. For each of two experiments, six experimental ...

As algae and their concentrations are important factors for mass culture of rotifer, two experiments were conducted to find the effects of two types of algae, Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus, and three concentration of chosen algae (0.1 3 10 6 , 1 3 10 6 , and 10 3 10 6 cells/mL) on growth and fatty acid composition of freshwater rotifer, Brachionus calyciflorus. The result of the first experiment showed that the maximum density of rotifer was significantly higher when fed with Chlorella sp. (478 individuals/mL) than fed with S. obliquus (328 individuals/mL). Mean population growth rate (r) was 0.61 and 0.44 for rotifer fed with Chlorella sp. and S. obliquus, respectively. The amount of highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in rotifer fed with Chlorella sp. (3.32%) was relatively more than those fed with S. obliquus (2.65%). Then, Chlorella sp. was selected based on better performance. In the second experiment, the maximum rotifer density of 108 6 8, 489 6 47, and 493 6 51 individuals/mL was reached after 5 d for the respective Chlorella sp. concentrations; at concentration of 10 3 10 6 cells/mL, the maximum density of 1820 6 47 individuals/mL was obtained. Mean growth rate at mentioned concentrations was 0.18, 0.42, and 0.51/d, respectively. Increase in algal concentration was associated with a relative increase in HUFA and decrease in monounsaturated fatty acid.

This study examines the production, marketing, and price behavior of fish fry and feed using primary and secondary data. Eighty-four respondents were interviewed from Mymensingh, Gazipur, and Khulna districts. It is revealed that fish feed producers earned satisfactory profit of Tk 28 by investing Tk 100. On the other hand, fish feed dealers and subdealers seem to be obtained more than normal profit of Tk 140 and 118, respectively, by investing Tk 100 per annum. Fish fry traders' profit was seemingly excessive as their annual rate of return ranged from 267 to 829% and this return was much higher in lean period compared with peak period. Sharp seasonal price variation of fish fry existed because of variation in competition and size of fry. Finally, fry markets were highly integrated, although less integration existed between fry and fish markets. Bangladesh is ideally situated for fish production having one of the highest man : water ratio in the world at 20 persons per ha of water area (Task Force Report 1999). A fish that takes 3-5 yr to reach a certain size in Europe requires only 1 yr in Bangladesh to attain the same size (Islam 2000). There are abundant water resources with 4.436 million ha of inland water, in addition to a coastline of 580 km (CIA World Factbook, 2008). The country has about 1.3 million freshwater ponds covering a total area of about 0.241 million ha, of which nearly 64% are under culture, 20% are culturable, and 16% are derelict (Ministry of Finance 2005). The product of fish was estimated to be about 2.258 million tons during 2004-2005, of which inland fisheries contributed 78%. The growth rate of fish production during the last 7 yr averaged at 5.71% which fell short of increased demand (Ministry of Finance 2005). With the increase in population and income, the demand for food, especially high-value food such as fish and meat, is increasing day by day. Fish provides about 63% of dietary protein requirements of the country. Population

A nursery-reared population of juvenile freshwater prawns (Mwrobrachium rosenkrgii) averaging 0.11 * 0.058 g was size graded through a 4-mm bar grader producing a numerically 53% upper size population (0.25 k 0.086 g). These were stocked into triplicate earthen ponds (0.04-0.07 ha each) at densities of 39,540,59,300 and 79,100/ha, grown for 131 to 134 d, and fed a specially formulated diet. An additional three ponds were stocked at 39,54O/ha and fed a commercial sinking cafflsh feed. Density had a significant effect on average whole body wet weight at harvest but no significant effect on either total yield, survival, or feed conversion. Mean wet weight was significantly higher for prawns stocked at 39,54O/ha (34.3 g) than that for those stocked at either 59,300/ha (26.7 g) or 79,100/ha (263 g). The direct relationship between the percentage of small males and increasing density usually seen with ungraded populations WM not evidenced in the sizegraded populations. Average total yield ranged from 1,041 to 1,662 kg/ha for stocking densities from 39,540 to 79,100/ha. Differences in overall mean wet weight resulted from differences in mean wet weights for orange claw and no claw males and berried and open females, not from differences in morphotype distributions. These differences resulted in significantly higher percentages of tails within the larger count categories and higher revenues for prawns stocked at 39,54o/ha. Feed type had no significant effect. Projected net revenues suggest that prawns need to be marketed and sold as a whole product.

Hybridization has been used in aquaculture to produce fish that exhibit improved growth and survival over parent species. Previous studies produced an intergeneric hybrid by crossing female black drum Pogonius cromis with male red drum Sciuenops ocellatus. In the present study, the two parent species and their hybrid were simultaneously cultured in ponds for 9 mo. Two-to three-dayold larvae of each type were initially placed into three separate 0.1 ha ponds. After about 41 d, fingerlings of each type were transferred from the larval culture ponds to six 0.2 ha ponds. Two ponds each received 3,000 black drum, red drum or hybrid fingerlings. Fish were fed a commercial feed and harvested after about 230 d. At harvest, mean weight, mean total length, and production for the hybrids was 190 g, 245 mm, and 10.7 kg/ha/d, respectively; red drum averaged 142 g, 236 mm, and 7.0 kg/ha/d; and black drum averaged 144 g, 214 mm, and 10.6 kg/ha/d. Black drum survival was 94%, red drum survival was 63%, and hybrid survival was 72%. Hybrid growth was more rapid than either parent. A taste panel failed to identify differences in flavor between the three fishes. With similar flavor and faster growth, hybrid drum have potential for commercial mariculture.

The use of poultry by-product meal-pet food grade (PBM-PFG, 66% crude protein) as a substitute for a fish meal blend (FM, a 50/50 mix of American menhaden meal and Mexican sardine meal, 65% average crude protein), in a control diet containing 35% crude protein, was evaluated in Pacific white shrimp. The replacement levels (w/w) were: 35, 50, 65 and 80%, with 13.7, 19.6, 25.5 and 31.4% PBM-PFG inclusion in the test diets, respectively. Two commercial feeds from Mexico, containing 30 and 35% protein, were used as additional controls. The diets were fed to shrimp (450 mg initial weight) in a 4 week feeding trial in order to evaluate growth, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), total biomass, survival, protein efficiency ratio (PER) and nitrogen retention efficiency (NRE). In addition, apparent protein, dry matter and energy digestibility coefficients (PDC, DMDC, EDC) of all diets, as well as those of the ingredients, FM and PBM, were determined using the in vivo chromic oxide method and shrimp of 1.6 to 2 g initial weight. Digestibility coefficients were similar and greater than 80% for all diets. PDC, DMDC and EDC were high and similar for FM and PBM-PFG. Survival along the growth trial, FCR, PER and NRE were not affected by any of the test diets, but there was a slight linear negative effect of replacement level on consumption and growth, which seemed related to energy over formulation rather than a palatability problem. The commercial control diets, which did not contain PBM-PFG, gave results for growth that were equal to or lower than those of the test diets. Results of this experiment showed that PBM-PFG can adequately replace w/w up to 80% of FM in commercial diets for the white shrimp L. vannamei.

... 6 Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar (CESAM)/Departamento de Biologia da Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. *Correspondence: Ike Olivotto,. *Correspondence: Corresponding author. Publication History. ...

In this study baker's yeast was evaluated as a substitute for live Dunuliella tertiolecta algae in the culture of the brine shrimp Artemia. Consumption of fresh baker's yeast resulted in poor growth and survival of brine shrimp. However, the nutritional value of the yeast sigaificantly improved after complete removal of the yeast cell wall by enzymatic treatment. Baker's yeast was also made digestible for Artemia by simple chemical treatment which did not reduce rigidity of the yeast cell. The external mannoprotein layer of the yeast cell wall is probably the major barrier to digestion by Artemia. Chemically treated baker's yeast offers promising possibilities as a substitute for algal feeds in aquaculture.

Bu tezin yazılmasında bilimsel ahlâk kurallarına uyulduğunu, baĢkalarının eserlerinden yararlanılması durumunda bilimsel normlara uygun olarak atıfta bulunulduğunu, kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmadığını, tezin herhangi bir kısmının bu üniversite veya baĢka bir üniversitedeki baĢka bir tez çalıĢması olarak sunulmadığını beyan ederim. Kadriye ALEV 14 Haziran 2013 IV "Mustafa Kutlu'nun Hikâyelerinde Dünya Algısı" Kadriye ALEV ÖZ Bu çalıĢma, Mustafa Kutlu"nun hikâyelerindeki dünya algısı üzerine yapılmıĢtır. ÇalıĢmanın amacı, Kutlu"nun hikâyelerinin arka planında yatan dünya algısının tematik düzlemde ayrı hikâyelerde Ģekillendiğini, nihayet bunların bir teze bağlandığını tespit etmek olacaktır. GiriĢ hariç üç bölümden oluĢan çalıĢmanın birinci bölümünde Türk hikâyeciliğinin tarihi serüveninin genel bir panoraması çizildikten sonra Mustafa Kutlu"nun Türk hikâyeciliği içerisindeki yeri ve önemi üzerinde durulmuĢtur. Ġkinci bölümde, Gelenek ve modernizm kutuplarının hikâyelere yansıması ve bu hikâyelerden yola çıkarak yazarın geleneğe ve modernliğe hangi zaviyeden baktığı üzerinde durulmuĢtur. Üçüncü bölümde ise Mustafa Kutlu hikâyelerini kuĢatan temel kavramlar olan din ve tasavvuf düĢüncesinin hikâyeler içinde üstlendiği rol tespite çalıĢılmıĢtır. Bu çalıĢmada sadece Mustafa Kutlu"nun hikâyelerinden değil, Mustafa Kutlu ile ilgili yazılan makale ve hazırlanan sempozyum bildirilerinden, yazar hakkında yayımlanmıĢ inceleme kitaplarından, konuya ıĢık tutacak bazı yardımcı kaynaklardan, ayrıca Mustafa Kutlu"nun gazetede yazdığı köĢe yazılarından ve son olarak yazar ile yaptığımız söyleĢiden istifade edilmiĢtir. ÇalıĢmanın sonunda Kutlu"nun hikâyelerindeki olay örgüsünün, zaman ve mekân unsurlarının, kimliklerin sıradan bir yapı arz etmediği, hepsinin bir bütün olarak yazarın dünya algısının bir tezahürü olarak ortaya çıktığı tespit edilmiĢtir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Mustafa Kutlu, gelenek-modernizm, din, tasavvuf, dünya. V "The World Perception in Mustafa Kutlu's Stories" Kadriye ALEV

Water is an essential element to life. With the arising amount of water demand and at risk of water pollution, water has changed from one of the relative abundance to one of the relative scarcity. Malaysia as a nation in humid tropics regions which received plentiful rainfall every year is expected to encounter acute water crisis such as flooding and water shortage in particularly. The current scenario of water in Malaysia is discussed. To pursue a sustainable development, rainwater harvesting has been recognised as one of the innovative solution. As high rise building is expected to be the trend of future dwelling and office development in Malaysia, the installation of rainwater harvesting facility in a high rise building in Klang Valley is studied in line with the goal of the government to solve water related issues. The criteria of storage tank sizing are highlighted in details by taking into consideration the requirements for water quantity control and water reuse. The integration of rooftop rainwater harvesting tank in the studied building is modeled and analysed in order to investigate the impact of the installation of rainwater harvesting tank on the structural stability and integrity of this building.

Objective. The phenotypic complexity, together with the multifarious nature of the so-called ''schizophrenic psychoses'', limits our ability to form a simple and logical biologically based hypothesis for the disease group. Biological markers are defined as biochemical, physiological or anatomical traits that are specific to particular conditions. An important aim of biomarker discovery is the detection of disease correlates that can be used as diagnostic tools. Method. A selective review of the WFSBP Task Force on Biological Markers in schizophrenia is provided from the central nervous system to phenotypes, functional brain systems, chromosomal loci with potential genetic markers to the peripheral systems. Results. A number of biological measures have been proposed to be correlated with schizophrenia. At present, not a single biological trait in schizophrenia is available which achieves sufficient specificity, selectivity and is based on causal pathology and predictive validity to be recommended as diagnostic marker. Conclusions. With the emergence of new technologies and rigorous phenotypic subclassification the identification of genetic bases and assessment of dynamic disease related alterations will hopefully come to a new stage in the complex field of psychiatric research.

Tilapia–shrimp polyculture has played an important role in current efforts to control luminous bacterial disease caused by Vibrio harveyi. At present, green water technology is most extensively used by shrimp farmers in Negros Island in the central Philippines. While the contribution of tilapia as a biomanipulator is highlighted in the literature, the mechanism of action is not well understood. Data were gathered from shrimp ponds practicing two production systems: (a) green water system (probiotics + tilapia) and (b) closed/semiclosed system (probiotics alone). There was no difference between luminous Vibrio count (P < 0.05) in both systems, and water quality was found to be similar (P < 0.05). Because the green water system uses a bigger reservoir to raise the tilapia biomass, the net shrimp production was lower. In terms of direct cost of production, however, the green water system was 10–15% lower than the closed/semiclosed system because of significantly less aeration required. The polyculture maintained a more stable plankton environment during the early months of culture, which increased survival of shrimps. Various pathways are presented for the control of luminous bacterial growth in polyculture ponds: (a) fish feeding on organic wastes and conversion to feces; (b) selective fish foraging to increase the dominance of beneficial phytoplankton; (c) bioturbation of pond sediments; and (d) release in the water column of antimicrobials, fungi, or competing bacteria from the skin and gut mucus of tilapia.

In the rearing of larval marine fish, any diet that reduces dependance on live prey production is of technical and economic interest. Weaning juveniles with a completely developed digestive tract to a conventional diet, (i.e., “late weaning”) can be successful in any marine fish species. For example, weaning one-month-old sea bass (20 mg) to the study's reference diet, Sevbar, resulted in over 85% survival (40% from hatching) and 1.25 g fish at day 90 (at 19 C)In contrast, “early weaning” of larvae to special microdiets during the first month is still difficult. The best way to reduce live prey utilization in sea bass is to wean larvae at about 3–4 mg in size (day 20). If weaning could be accomplished 15 days earlier, Artemia savings could be as high as 80%. However, this introduces risks relative to growth retardation (30% weight loss) and lower juvenile quality, including greater size variability and skeletal abnormalities. Similar results have been obtained with commercial microparticles (Fry Feed Kyowa) and experimental microbound diets (MBD) made from raw materials (alginate MBD) or preferably from freeze-dried protein sources (zein MBD).Total replacement of live prey is still impossible in marine fish. Sea bass larvae fed formulated diets exclusively from first feeding (0.3 mg larval wet weight), or even from their second week of life onwards, exhibited low survival and poor growth. Better results can be obtained when formulated diets are used in combination with live prey from first feeding, although the optimal ratio of live prey to formulated diet is still to be specified.

The dietary requirement of vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, at 3‰ salinity was evaluated by examining the growth responses, survival, and amino transferase activities. The basal diet was formulated using vitamin-free casein as the protein source. Six levels (0, 35, 70, 105, 140, and 200 mg/kg diet) of vitamin B 6 were added to the basal diet, yielding the final vitamin B 6 contents of 2.17, 32.43, 65.79, 96.97, 137.13, and 189.56 mg/kg, respectively. Each diet was fed to the triplicate groups of shrimp for 30 d. Percent body weight gain and condition factor of shrimp significantly increased with the increasing levels of dietary vitamin B 6 up to 137.13 mg/kg diet. Exceeding this level, however, did not further improve the weight gain. The survival rate also increased at each incremental increase of dietary vitamin B 6 , but no significant increase was observed beyond 65.69 mg/kg. Both glutamic oxalacetic transferase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transferase (GPT) activities increased with increasing levels of dietary vitamin B 6 and the maximum value reached at 96.97 mg vitamin B 6 /kg. No significant differences were observed in both GOT and GPT activities of the shrimp-fed diets containing 96.97, 137.13, and 189.56 mg vitamin B 6 /kg. Broken-line regression analysis using weight gain, specific growth rate, and amino transferase activities indicates that the optimal dietary vitamin B 6 requirement is 106.95-151.92 mg/kg at 3‰ salinity.

In South Asian aquaculture, the polyculture of Indian major carps with different food and feeding habits is practiced to maximize production through utilization of fish food resources throughout the water column. Management of appropriate species composition, considering the food habits of each species and feeding relations between different species, is a prerequisite for successful operation and management of polyculture systems. Measurement of an electivity index is a powerful means to determine feeding relations and food competition between different co-inhabiting species (Ivlev 1961; Dewan et al. 1991).

It is well known that soft iron owes its transformation into steel to the addition of carbon. Carbon is the hardest substance on Earth - diamond. Carbon is the mainstay of Life on Earth, since everything living on our planet is built from it. This all means: carbon is the mainstay of our world. But find out: it is also the stronghold of the entire Universe! The mythical metal orichalcum spoken of by Plato and Tolkien's mithril are carbon, structurally superior to diamond. The Moon is made from it by the hand of God. The UFO is made from it by the hand of the Other. // Общеизвестно, что своим превращением в сталь мягкое железо обязано добавке углерода. Углеродом есть самое твердое вещество Земли — алмаз. Углерод — оплот Жизни на Земле, ибо из него на ней построено живое. Все это означает: углерод в нашем мире есть главная твердь. Но узнайте: он есть и твердь Мира! Мифичный металл орихалк, о каком рек Платон, и мифрил Толкина — это углерод, структурно высший над алмазом. Из него рукою Бога сделана Луна. Из него рукой Иного сделан НЛО.

Ornamental fish production is among the leading cash crops of the United States of America aquaculture economy, and retail value of the fish trade is worth approximately US$l,OOO million. However, few studies exist to document this trade. Using import and export documents we report trends in total values for the U.S. trade in ornamental fish. Also, we determined the number and value of the most commonly imported ornamental fish. In 1992, approximately 201 million fish valued at $44.7 million were imported into the U.S. The port of Los Angeles handled 39% of all trade activity, Miami 22%, New York 1696, Tampa 6%, and Honolulu 6%. Freshwater fish accounted for approximately 96% of the total volume and 80% of the value of the imports. Most freshwater ornamental fish were farm-raised and imported from Southeast Asia. Most U.S. exports of ornamental fish were cultured in the state of Florida. Although saltwater fish had a high market value (20% of the declared value of the imports), the volume of these fish was only 4%. Most imported and exported saltwater ornamental fish were collected from the wild. Of the 1,539 species declared as ornamental fish, 32 species dominated the trade. These were all of freshwater origin. The guppy Poeciliu reticulala and neon tetra Parucheirodon innesi were the most popular ornamental fish kept in U.S. households. The average prices paid for imported ornamental freshwater fish were 45 cents for egg layers and 22 cents for live bearers. The results of this study document the importance of the ornamental fish industry and identifies the most valuable species in the trade for potential domestic culture and protection in the wild. ' Corresponding author. aquarium accessories (57.7%), reef products (3.8%), freshwater livestock (30.8%), and saltwater livestock (7.7%). Few studies exist to document the trade on ornamental fish (Conroy 1975; Hemley 1984; Ramsey 1985; Andrews 1990). Unlike the foodfish industry, where a relatively small number of species are cultured (approximately 95, Pillay 1990), the trade in ornamental fish is believed to number into the thousands of species, including their varieties (Conroy 1975; Hemley 1984; Ramsey 1985). In this article, trends in total import and export values for the U.S. trade of ornamental fish are reported. The number and value of the ornamental fish species most commonly imported into the United States of America are also examined.

It is presumed that in hypo-and hypersaline environments, shrimp's requirements for some specific nutrients, such as protein, may differ from those known in the marine habitat; however, few investigations have been conducted in this area of study. In the present investigation, the effects of salinity and dietary protein level on the biological performance, tissue protein, and water content of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, were evaluated. In a 3 3 4 factorial experiment, juvenile shrimp with an average initial weight of 0.36 6 0.02 g were exposed for 32 d to salinities of 2, 35, and 50 ppt and fed experimental diets with crude protein contents of 25, 30, 35, and 40%. A significant effect of salinity on growth of shrimp was detected, with the growth responses (final weight, weight gain) ranked in the order 2 ppt (3.87, 3.50 g) . 35 ppt (3.40, 3.04 g) . 50 ppt (2.84, 2.47 g). No effects of dietary protein level or an interaction between salinity and protein on growth of shrimp were observed under the experimental conditions of this study. Percent survival of shrimp fed the highest protein content (40%, survival of 74%) was, however, significantly lower than those of shrimp fed the other feeds (25, 30 and 35% protein, survival of 99, 91, and 94%, respectively), a result likely associated with the concentration of total ammonia nitrogen, which increased significantly at increasing protein levels. Final water content of whole shrimp was significantly lower in animals exposed to 50 ppt (70.8%) than in shrimp held at 2 (73.7%) and 35 ppt (72.3%). No effect of salinity, protein, or their interaction was observed on the protein content of whole shrimp. The results of the present study are in agreement with reports of superior and inferior growth of L. vannamei reared in hypo-and hypersaline environments, respectively, as compared to what is generally observed in seawater.

Abstrucr.-The increased demand for juvenile tambaqui Colossorna rnucropornurn for grow-out ponds and stocking programs in the Amazon state of Brazil has increased the transportation of this species. This study was designed to determine the optimum density of juvenile tambaqui during transportation in closed containers. Fish (51.9 2 3.3 g and 14.9 2 0.4 cm) were packed in sealed plastic bags and transported for 10 h at four densities: 78, 156, 234, and 312 kg/m3. After transportation, fish from each density were kept in separate 500-L tanks for 96 h. Mortality, 96-h cumulative mortality, water quality, and blood parameters (hematocrit, plasma cortisol, and glucose) were monitored. Fish mortality after transportation was significantly lower at densities of 78 and 156 kg/m3 than at 234 and 312 kg/m'. Cumulative mortality was significantly lower at a density of 78 kg/m3.

Indigenous pond biota contribute to the nutrition of shrimp grown in semi-intensive and extensive earthen ponds. Penaeus vannomei ingesta was used to assess the nutritional contribution of pond biota and applied feed in model 225 mz nominally managed earthen ponds. Biochemical analyses were also performed on representative pond biota and pond environment samples. Average dry matter shrimp ingesta composition (N = 64) was: available carbohydrate, 4.2% k 1.8%; lipid, 4.8% ? 2.3%; available protein, 9.6% f l.Oo/o; carbon, 9.6% k 1.0%; nitrogen, 5.9% * 2.9%.

Shrimp farmers using inland low-salinity waters in west Alabama have traditionally used agricultural fertilizers (K-MagÒ, muriate of potash) to raise pond water levels of potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) to improve the rearing medium for Litopenaeus vannamei. Laboratory and farm trials were performed to investigate the potential of using dietary supplementation of Mg instead of costly agricultural fertilizers. A 5-wk laboratory trial was devised to test four diets with varying levels of Mg supplementation (0, 0.15, 0.30, and 0.60% Mg chelate) using a magnesium chelate (MgC)-amino acid complex. Juvenile shrimp were stocked into artificial low-salinity water (5 ppt) designed to contain low levels of Mg. A farm trial was also conducted to test the same diets under field conditions. Although both laboratory and on-farm trials revealed a trend for increased growth using the diet with the highest Mg supplement, results were not significantly different. The use of magnesium chelates as dietary supplements at levels higher than the requirement level to enhance survival, growth, and osmoregulatory capacity of shrimp reared in inland low-salinity well waters appeared to have limited potential. Until effective specialized diet formulations are produced, farmers should continue to supplement pond waters with fertilizers containing K and Mg.

Carangid fishes of the genus Trachinotus have received much attention as mariculture candidates. Foremost among these is the Florida pompano (T. carolinus), which drew considerable research attention in Florida and Alabama that culminated in several business-sponsored, intensive but uneconomical attempts to commercially culture pompano in south Florida and the Dominican Republic from the 1960's through the mid-1970's. These attempts, however, demonstrated the biological feasibility of rearing pompano. Recently renewed interest has developed in commercially culturing pompano and two related species, Atlantic permit (T. falcatus) and palometa (T. goodei). Research on Trachinotus spp. in Martinique, Venezuela and Miami, Florida, is summarized, together with problems and prospects for commercial culture of these species.

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary Chlorella powder (C) supplementation on growth performance, blood characteristics, and whole-body composition in juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. Four experimental diets were supplemented with C a t 0, 1, 2 and 4 % (C,, C,, C,, and C,) on a dry-weight basis. Three replicate groups of fish averaging 1.13 k 0.02 g (Mean f SD) were randomly distributed in each aquarium and fed one of four experimental diets for 12 wk. After 12 wk of the feeding trial, fish fed C, diet had higher weight gain (WG), feed efllciency (FE), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) than did fish fed C, and C, diets (P < 0.05); however, there was no significant difference among fish fed C, and C, diets, and among fish fed C, and C, diets (P > 0.05). Fish fed C, and C, diets had a lower serum cholesterol level than did fish fed C, and C, diets (P < 0.05). Fish fed C, and C, diets had a lower body fat than did fish fed C, (P < 0.05). These results indicate that dietary supplementation of 2% Chlorella powder in the commercial diets could improve growth, feed utilization, serum cholesterol level, and whole-body fat contents in juvenile Japanese flounder.

An 8-wk feeding trial was conducted with a 3 ± 4 factorial design for evaluating the nutritional relationship between phospholipids (lecithin at 0, 1.5% or 3% of diet) and choline chloride (0, 1,000, 2,000, or 4,000 mg/kg diet) in juvenile Litopenaeus vannamei. In addition, diets with five graded levels of choline chloride (0, 500, 1,000, 2,000, and 4,000 mg/kg) without supplemental phospholipids or cholesterol were fed for determining the dietary choline requirement. Overall survival was 99% with no difference among the dietary treatments. The choline requirement was estimated to be 871 mg/kg diet without dietary phospholipids. No choline requirement was evident when lecithin was provided at 1.5% and 3% of diet. Shrimp growth significantly increased with incremental dietary phospholipids regardless of choline chloride level. These results indicate that lecithin could effectively provide choline. Conversely, synthesis of phospholipids from choline could not meet the phospholipids requirement of shrimp. Both dietary lecithin and choline chloride supplementation reduced lipid in shrimp muscle. However, only lecithin supplementation increased lipid in hepatopancreas, and dietary choline chloride decreased the level of other phospholipids (except phosphatidylcholine) in shrimp muscle.

The apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (ADC DM), protein (ADCp), essential amino acids (ADC EAA), and energy (ADCe) for Nile tilapia of a selected range of animal and plant feed ingredients found in Western European and North American markets were determined. The investigation was able to provide useful data and information as a prelude for effective diet formulation for this fish species. A reference diet was used for the basis of assessing hydrolyzed fish protein concentrate (CPSP), full-fat soybean meal (FFSBM), solvent-extracted soybean meal (SESBM), maize gluten meal (MGM), poultry meat meal (PMM), hydrolyzed feather meal (HFM), and spray-dried hemoglobin meal (SDHM) by substitution. For each major commercial test ingredient, the ADC were as follows: for plant proteins -FFSBM (ADCp 86.99% and ADCe 74.84%), SESBM (ADCp 93.46% and ADCe 82.16), and MGM which was also utilized well by Nile tilapia (ADCp 83.03% and ADCe 82.36%); for animal proteins -PMM (ADCp 69.30% and ADCe 73.47%), HFM (ADCp 45.53% and ADCe 49.11%), and SDHM was highly digested (ADCp 85.79% and ADCe 75.96%). The ADC EAA reflected the same trends as ADCp, and these varied from >87% on average for the EEA in fish meal, >88% for CPSP, >84% for FFSBM, >63% for SESBM, >83% for MGM, and only 61% for PMM, >63% for HFM, and >77% for SDHM. Highest ADC were obtained with SDHM and SESBM among the animal and plant by-products tested, respectively. These are discussed in the context of practical diets for tilapia.

Three intensive growout trials using Penaeus vunnumci were conducted in round ponds in Hawaii in 1987. A 337 m2 experimental pond was stocked at 100 shrimp/m2 for two trials; a 2,000 mz commercial prototype pond was stocked at 75/m2 for one trial.