Tourism economics

Numerous studies have focused on delineating the relationship between tourism and economic growth. In this article, we present the results of a rigorous meta-regression analysis based on 545 estimates drawn from 113 studies that empirically tested the tourism-led growth hypothesis (TLGH). The results suggest the presence of publication bias in the literature on this topic, where the majority of studies report positive and statistically significant estimates. Findings provide support for the TLGH, but they also suggest that the estimates are sensitive to a number of factors that are related to country data, specification, and estimation characteristics, and time span. Such sensitivities suggest that greater emphasis should be placed on reporting estimates of the relationship between tourism and economic growth across a variety of methodological characteristics and specification and estimation choices. The implications of the results for theory development are also discussed.

For many years there has been wide recognition of the economic impact that major

sports events can generate in attracting visitors and event-related construction

investment. This article seeks to provide a brief overview of the key approaches that

have been used to assess the economic impact of major events over the past two

decades including multiplier analysis, input
–
output modelling, and computable

general equilibrium (CGE) modelling. The article also discusses some of the

advantages and disadvantages of these approaches. In order to provide a platform for

future research that draws upon existing research, the article then presents the

findings
of a meta analysis undertaken to examine the key patterns in economic

assessments of major events based on previous studies reported in the literature.

These reviews have been
classified
into three stages that are ordered chronologically

and it can be seen that the range of issues covered, the depth of analysis, and the

comprehensiveness of the evaluations increased across these three stages. This article

finally
summarises the key advances in approach that were made across these stages

and proposes a future research agenda.

O artigo tem como primeiro objetivo apresentar os conceitos de “políticas públicas”, “políticas culturais”, “economia da cultura”, “indústrias culturais”, “indústrias criativas”, “economia criativa” em sua historicidade e relacionamentos existentes entre eles. O segundo momento busca analisar os números dos investimentos das políticas culturais perpassando os orçamentos do Programa Monumenta e do Prodetur. O estudo de caso do Turismo de Base Comunitária da Ilha Mem de Sá, no município sergipano de Itaporanga da Ajuda, finaliza a aplicação do corpus teórico à experiência prática de um modelo de turismo capaz de dialogar profundamente com o viés econômico da criatividade da cultura. A metodologia caracteriza-se como quali quantitativa no levantamento bibliográfico e estatístico para análise
comparativa, compreendendo ainda um trabalho de campo. A visão romântica da cultura que mantém um povo ligado à sua terra, que está solidificada nos elos de transmissão familiar sem a percepção de um retorno financeiro tem se fragmentado frente aos efeitos da globalização com ofertas sedutoras de ganho econômico. A economia, portanto, torna-se emblemática para repensar esse quadro a partir do turismo.

The objective of this research is to compare movement of stock return literature on companies in the tourism sector and other businesses. This study also analyzed comprehensively the relationship between contexts built on the literature. The mix method approach is adopted by combining text mining methods, which are analyzed using network and content analysis methods. The scientific literature was collected using the web scraping method on Litmaps and selected 200 articles and only used 195 articles (between 2000-2021) related to the topic of stock returns and 23 (between 2013-2020) related to the tourism company sector. In the process of data analysis and visualization, this study uses AntConc, RStudio, and Gephi software. This review discovered that in terms of topic and context, stock return studies discuss issues related to the influence of fundamental factors on stock returns, and vice versa, while the approach used is mostly quantitative based on the financial performance reports. Regarding the frequency of appearance, this result revealed that the effects of fundamental factors on stock returns in tourism companies can be translated into a number of strategic issues, including Current Ratio, TATO, ROE, FATO, and Systematic Risk, which provide a significant and positive effect on Direct Share Prices. Furthermore, the Current Ratio, TATO, ROE, and FATO are thought to have a significant and positive effect on stock returns via Systematic Risk. The scope of this research is limited to the
national journal (Indonesia) on the Litmaps search engine. In theory, the results of this research can be used as a comparison and considerations related to previous studies, as well as what investigation requires to be done immediately, in the context of tourism companies' stock returns. The literature study on the tourism companies’ stock returns issue is perhaps the first systematic literature review in Indonesia.

Tourism industry has become an important sector for both developed and developing countries. Accordingly, this paper investigates the tourism-headed output hypothesis for 14 Asian countries for period 2000-2012. To account for econometric concerns of auto-correlation and heteroskedasticity, random effects with generalized least squares is used for estimation. The effect of tourism on national income is found positive. Results reveal a significant relation between national income and tourism. Recommendations are made to policy attention and investment direction towards tourism sector to benefit from its macroeconomic contributions.

The purpose of this study is to market the Nubian character and to highlight the interesting artistic aspects of the Nubian heritage and to show the world its beautiful appearance. Nubia is considered one of the most significant areas with tourism components. Such components have not been exploited efficiently, which affects negatively the local development of the region. A survey is conducted a group of tourists that viewed the Nubian characters to get acquainted with their views on the provided tourism services. The results indicate that there is an agreement which there was a high level of motivation of travelling to the Nubian society.in addition to the statements Advantages of the Nubian inheritance. Moreover, the results showed that the hotel services provided in Nubian society were characterized by high level of service, which the statement of the quality of food and decor have the highest level of services provided in Nubian. Finally, implications and recommendations are discussed based on the results.

Estimating the economic impact of special events to tourism destinations constitutes one of the major fields in tourism research. Extensive literature provides both practitioners and scientists with appropriate tools to measure tourism expenditure, multipliers and externalities generated by an event. However, a majority of the research is conducted during big, special events which usually have a great impact on the whole country, while the impact of small events seems to be neglected. It is worth noting that organization of small niche tourism events also requires public subsidies, the efficiency of which needs to be evaluated. This article is an attempt to address this gap.

ÖZ Küreselleşme eğilimlerinin artmasıyla birlikte hız kazanan dış ticaret işlemleri, ülkelerin makro ekonomik değişkenleri üzerinde pek çok etkiye sahiptir. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu etkileşim, turizm gelirleri, ihracat, ithalat ve toplam ticaret hacmi açısından analiz edilmektedir. Amaca yönelik olarak çalışmada, Türkiye ekonomisinde seçilmiş yıllar bazında Granger Nedensellik Testi ve Toda-Yamamoto Yaklaşımları kullanılarak değişkenler arasındaki ilişki tespit edilmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, ihracat ve toplam ticaret hacmi ile turizm arasında çift yönlü; ithalat ile ise tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Öte yandan, Toda-Yamamoto testi sonuçlarına göre ise turizmden tüm diğer değişkenlere doğru tek yönlü bir nedenselliğin olduğu çalışmada elde edilen bulgular arasındadır. ABSTRACT The foreign trade transactions that gained momentum with the increasing trend of globalization, have many effects on the macroeconomic variables of countries. In this study said interaction is analyzed in terms of tourism revenues, exports, imports and total trade. For this purpose, in this study, the relationship between variables in Turkey is determined for the selected periods by using Granger Causality Test and The Toda-Yamamoto Approach. The obtained results reveal that there is a bidirectional causality between exports and total trade and also there is a one-way causal relationship between import. On the other hand, according to Toda-Yamamoto test results; a one-way causality from tourism to all other variables is among the findings obtained in the study.

This thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use:  you will use the copy only for the purposes of research or private study  you will recognise the author's right to be identified as the author of the thesis and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate  you will obtain the author's permission before publishing any material from the thesis.

The TSA-project was conducted within a EU-funded Technical Assistance action and sets the base for a future compilation of a Greek Tourism Satellite Account (TSA). The main output includes pilot TSA-Tables 1 to 4 for the year 2015 with available data, guidelines for TSA-Tables 5 and 6, documentation of gaps and deficiencies of relevant databases and proposals for improvements as well as indications for a routine-wise TSA implementation.

The activity was elaborated during October 2016 and September 2017, with beneficiary agent the Greek Ministry of Tourism. The output of the activity has been achieved in close cooperation with the National Statistical Authority, ELSTAT, and the Bank of Greece. The TSA: RMF 2008 of the UNWTO is used as the reference framework.

The TSA-project has demonstrated that TSA-Tables for Greece are feasible given that the necessary adaptations and improvements are made. The provider of TSA in Greece has to be ELSTAT (owner of most data including National Account data) The future of TSA in Greece will depend on the ability of ELSTAT to provide the necessary financial resources and develop the related competencies of staff.

The General Report on TSA FOR GREECE: POTENTIALS AND NEEDS as well as the pilot TSA-Tables 1 to 4 (inbound, domestic, outbound, internal tourism expenditure) for 2015 are attached below.

The full technical report with related appendices and annexes is available at http://www.mintour.gov.gr/Statistics/meletes/meletes-texnikhs-bolh8eias under the title ""Tourism Satellite Accounts: Potentials and Needs"" or upon request by the authors.

UPDATE: The TSA-project (as Action I.1.1 of the SRSS project) is explicitly referred to as a base for development in the Memorandum of Cooperation between the MoT and ELSTAT regarding the official compilation of the Greek TSA (Articles 2 and 4), signed on 27/9/2019 (see https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/306935/memorandum_tourism.pdf/1d5fd34a-19f2-ce23-57fb-06c3ad887b8b?t=1569588180601).


Project Team:
Dr. Peter Hackl,
Dr. Hatzimarinakis Stavros

Le tourisme industrialisé montrait déjà ses limites avant d’être mis sous cloche par la pandémie de Covid-19. Cet arrêt brutal est une occasion sans pareil de réformer en profondeur un secteur économique alimenté par le triptyque « densité, vitesse et bas coûts », et de lui préférer la formule « dispersion, sobriété et prix justes ». Mais réussirons-nous à nous extirper de cette surconsommation touristique lorsque les frontières rouvriront ? Serons-nous prêts à délaisser ces destinations, ordinairement très convoitées, où l’artificiel s’est substitué au naturel et l’opulence à la quiétude ? Entre renoncements et ralentissements, la décroissance touristique : mode d’emploi.

Rising foreign income increases tourism demand and wages if tourism is labour-intensive relative to capital. This paper adds a third factor of production, skilled labour or natural resources, to delve more deeply into the potential income redistribution in general equilibrium due to rising foreign income. In a small open economy producing tourism and an import competing good, the wage may fall in spite of the expanding tourism sector if capital is a technical complement with the third factor. A model including a traditional export is also examined, as is a specific factors version of the model. The possibility of a falling wage with expanding labour-intensive tourism relates to a number of policy issues in touristic countries.

The research aims to assess the extent of overtourism in Budapest. The analysis first introduces a system of criteria for a sustainable destination, highlighting the capacity network, institutional system, structural aspects, and architectural infrastructure load of a sustainable region. A survey of the relevant literature reveals the increasing scholarly attention paid to the phenomenon of overtourism, while singling out Budapest as one of the most affected urban areas. One potential explanation for Budapest’s situation is that it developed as a result of a decreasing ability of the central districts to absorb a growing visitor load,
along with a decline in the seasonal distribution of tourism. The current situation could also have emerged because the respective negative consequences were not counteracted by the inclusion of local residents. The residential segments and inhabitants were not allocated a share in the tourism-related income and, despite the steady growth in visitor numbers, they were not consulted either. The in-depth interviews
with the residents of Erzsébetváros confirm that the intensity of the irritation level indicated on the Irridex scale developed by Doxy (1975) can be divided into various stages with time. As part of the research, the authors surveyed 510 international visitors concerning tourism activities.
Furthermore, the study proposes solutions to the problems related to overtourism and presents a survey of relevant recommendations by international organizations. To address overtourism, the capital requires
quick decisions. Demand needs to be diversified; new sustainable tourism products need to be introduced. Visitors to Budapest should be extended in space and time, while the interest of domestic tourists in the city should be raised through strong marketing activities. Stricter regulations should be adopted for local entrepreneurs; more support should be given to contactless solutions (Jamal−Budke 2020). In the post-COVID-19 period, the overtourism is reduced and the search for close-to-nature experiences is replaced by creative tourism (Nagy et al. 2018).

Hospitality industry underscores a high inequality in women's' empowerment and career advancements in most of the countries. The issue is more critical in the developing countries like Sri Lanka where as they face many challenges, often concentrated in low status, low paid and unsecure jobs in the hotel industry. With the increased number of women workforce who enrolled with higher education in the past few decades, a proportional incensement for women employees has not been rooted in the higher managerial positions in most of the Sri Lankan hotels. As concerns tourism presents a wide range of prospects for an individual in the international arena, most of the hotels still do not recruit, promote or assist women workers. Women are seldom in find managerial positions. In recent years, the increased number of women in the hotel industry and their underrepresentation in top management positions has made women's status in the industry a great concern. The purpose of the study was to examine the extent to which women face internal barriers in order to grant the routes to reach more opportunities for women career advancement. The study was done on 67 women executives from five star hotels in Sri Lanka. Organizational culture was traced as the major internal barrier for women employees in Sri Lankan hotels where as gender equity, lack support, and personal characteristics encountered the issue. Career advancement was apprehended by cross industry concern, strategic management, decision making and own initiatives.

The analysis of the impact of mega events has included frameworks that evaluate different impacts under different criteria, for example, separating impacts according to whether they occur before, during or after the event itself. Analysis of the economic impacts of such events has shown that the distributional effects between the host city and the rest of an economy can be important, and can have opposite signs.

This paper introduces frameworks to show the origin of the economic scale, that is, Olympic-related investment and expenditure, and shows how the frameworks can be used with reference to the Beijing 2008 Olympics.

The paper presents a methodology for measuring the contribution of tourism to an economy's growth, which is tested with data for Cyprus, Greece and Spain. We use the growth of real GDP per capita as a measure of economic growth and disaggregate it into economic growth generated by tourism and generated by other industries. We argue that current methodologies examine only the relationship between tourism development (measured by different statistics) and economic growth but do not state how much of the economic growth is a consequence of tourism development. The methodology proposed in this research promises to more adequately gauge the impact of tourism on economic growth than other methodologies.

Analitik Hiyerarşi Prosesi (AHP) kalitatif nitelik taşıyan sübektif sonuçlara bağlı olarak karar değişkenlerini değerlendirmektedir. DEA ise kantitatif yapılı göreceli etkinlik düzeylerini belirlemede kullanılan bir yöntemdir. Bu iki tekniğin aynı karar probleminde kullanılması, karar modelinde sübjektivite ve objektivitenin aynı anda yansıtılmasına imkân tanımaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, giderek yaygınlaşan kripto paraların, gelecekte sıklıkla kullanılması olası turizm alanında faaliyet gösterenlerinin etkinlik düzeylerinin ölçülmesi ve etkin turizm kripto paralarının saptanarak gelecekte piyasaya sürülecek ya da mevcutta faaliyet gösteren turizm kripto paralarına referans olarak gösterilmesidir.

The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) evaluates the decision variables based on the subjective results of qualitative nature. On the other hand, DEA is a method used to determine relative efficiency levels with a quantitative structure. The use of these two techniques in the same decision problem allows the simultaneous reflection of subjectivity and objectivity. The aim of this study is to measure the activity levels of cryptocurrencies, those operating in the field of tourism, which are likely to be used frequently in the future, and to determine the effective tourism cryptocurrencies and to show them as a reference to the tourism cryptocurrencies that will be released in the future or that are currently operating.

Ce travail est le résultat d'une étude de terrain axée sur le développement du tourisme dans les
zones oasiennes du Draa Tafilalt notamment dans les oasis de Skoura et Fint dans la province
d’Ouarzazate, y compris l'impact de l'activité touristique sur l'environnement oasien ainsi que
sur le revenu économique de la population locale. C’est ainsi, une contribution pour
appréhender la situation des oasis et propose une alternative autour du transport touristique qui
peut être utilisée dans les oasis et qui peut contribuer à minimiser l'impact environnemental sur
ces territoires.
L'activité du tourisme de masse impacte négativement ces espaces naturels à cause de
l'inconscience des visiteurs et l'absence d'une sensibilisation suffisante qui peut les inciter à
adopter des pratiques responsables, à titre d'exemple le transport touristique dans le monde
produit 5% des gaz à effet de serre, aussi dans les zones fragiles le transport touristique a
détérioré l'environnement dans toute ses composantes.
Mots clés : -Oasis Skoura et Fint, tourisme oasien, durabilité, mise en tourisme, transport
écotouristique

El Gobierno de Colombia sancionó la Ley 2069, por medio de la cual se impulsa el emprendimiento, cuyo objeto es establecer un marco regulatorio que propicie el crecimiento, consolidación y sostenibilidad de las empresas. Dicho marco delineará un enfoque de acuerdo a las realidades socioeconómicas de cada región. Se dispone que el Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores expedirá un régimen especial para el ingreso, permanencia y trabajo en el país de los denominados "nómadas digitales", con el fin de promover a Colombia como un centro de trabajo remoto, en el marco de la cuarta revolución industrial. Teniendo en cuenta las nuevas tecnologías e importancia de la digitalización, señala también que será reglamentado el uso de la firma electrónica y digital. Se establece el seguro de Mipyme, para incentivar y proteger el emprendimiento, consolidación y sostenibilidad de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas. En materia tributaria indica que, una vez terminadas las emergencias declaradas por el Ministerio de Salud con ocasión de la pandemia del covid-19, los saldos a favor en el impuesto sobre las ventas que no hayan sido solicitados en devolución y/o compensación solo podrán ser imputados en las declaraciones de los periodos siguientes. Por último, con el fin de impulsar la demanda y reactivación del tejido empresarial a través del consumo, a partir de la promulgación de la ley, por única vez y hasta el 30 de junio del 2021, todas las personas naturales infractoras de las normas del Código Nacional de Seguridad y Convivencia Ciudadana, decretos del orden nacional, departamental, municipal o distrital, dictados a fin de contener la pandemia de la covid-19, que tengan pendiente el pago de las multas, estén pagando o hayan incumplido acuerdos de pago por contravenciones impuestas hasta el 31 de agosto del 2020, fecha en que finalizó el aislamiento preventivo obligatorio, podrán acogerse a un descuento de hasta el 60 % del total de su deuda y del total de los intereses, conforme lo reglamente cada entidad departamental, municipal o distrital.

This study examined the cooperation which occurs among adult male vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) in their daily activities when crossing inside and on the edge of the Arboretum of Ruhande. The study was carried out five days in February, six days in March and five days in April 2013. The scan sampling and focal animal sampling were used in data collection. Scan sampling was five minutes of observations followed by ten minute intervals to change the place and be ready for the next scan. Adult male Chlorocebus aethiops are neither closer to other males nor females unless the copulation time, and the most activities for adult male Chlorocebus aethiops were walking with 24.5% followed by feeding which presenting 22.9% of total records. Adult male vervet monkeys activities were differently repartitioned in morning and afternoon; activity mostly done in morning was walking backed by feeding whereas was resting followed by walking in afternoon. Males are often engaged into fights due to food scarcity, and when food are not scare two or three adult males can sit at the same batch of resource. The adult male Chlorocebus aethiops are more cooperative when defending the group against any predator or intruder, and such cooperation also occur when the group is changing the location where two or three adult males lead the group to the new location. Researches on adult male Chlorocebus aethiops should check the influence of seasons on interaction and relationship among adult males.

"This paper considers the performance of a model of mixture normal distributions for dichotomous choice contingent valuation data, which allows the researcher to consider unobserved heterogeneity across the sample. The model is flexible and approaches a semi-parametric model, since the normality assumption can be removed by augmenting the number of mixture distributions. Bayesian inference allows for simple estimation of the model and is particularly appropriate for conducting inference with finite data sets. The proposed model is compared with other semi-parametric and parametric approaches using Monte Carlo simulation, under alternative assumptions regarding heteroskedasticity and heterogeneity in sample observations. It is found that the mixture normal model reduces bias and improves performance with respect to an alternative semi-parametric model, particularly when the sample is characterized by heterogeneous preferences. The application of the model to empirical data on the recreational value of
natural areas in the Canary Islands confirmed the expected result."

High-speed rail, tourists' destination choice and length of stay: A survival model analysis. Tourism Economics. Abstract We analysed the determinants of the length of stay for tourists arriving in a Mediterranean coastal destination by means of high-speed rail (HSR) service. This study is based on data obtained from a survey completed by HSR passengers returning from holiday in Costa Daurada (Catalonia). The empirical analysis is based on estimations made using a survival model. The influence of the availability of HSR service on tourists' destination choices together with the tourists' profiles, party structure or accommodation characteristics were used as explanatory variables. Results revealed that the existence of HSR services played a minor role in tourists' decision of whether to visit the Costa Daurada. Also, evidence suggests that the existence of the HSR station would only affect the length of stay of those tourists who stay overnight in second residences.

Abstract With a view to provide new evidence in favor of EKC hypothesis that claims a trade-off between growth and environmental quality at least in the short-run, we conduct a study for Singapore by analyzing the data on CO2 emissions, energy consumption (measured by two proxies) and per capita GDP for 1975–2011 by means of cointegration and causality techniques. The results indicate a significant rise in CO2 emissions as GDP rose over the years confirming a short-run trade-off between environment and growth. Further analysis on a possible turning point shows that continuous growth will be necessary for a long time before we experience any trickle-down effects on environmental pollution. The results of causality analysis indicate that CO2 emissions indeed have caused decline in Singapore's growth. It is therefore argued that strict regulatory regimes on environmental protection in the city–state must remain in force.

This new book in the series Advances in Tourism Economics provides a series of interesting studies on the socio-economic impacts of tourism, with a special focus on the determinants of tourism competitiveness at the destination level. The 16 chapters of the book offer a systematic perspective for these important questions, presenting relevant empirical studies from different parts of the world, based on modern theoretical approaches and adequate analysis tools, with a view to their policy or managerial implications. The book is organised in three parts. The first part is oriented to the analysis and assessment of quantitative tourism impacts on local economies, presenting ade- quate methodologies for different aspects of the tourism activities. Questions related to the identification of different patterns of propensity to travel among different tourism issuing markets, effects of seasonal fluctuations of demand, sectorial economic effects, impacts of the organisation of major cultural events and potential benefits of tourism for small rural communities will be analysed.
The second part of the book is focused on the role of innovation and human resources as crucial elements to increase the competitiveness of a tourism destina- tion and to maximize the benefits of tourism at the local level. This part starts with a discussion of the relation between the ability to innovate and tourism competitive- ness at national level, followed by the analysis of questions related to social capital, human capital, type of leadership and labour competences, analysed at local level. Finally, this chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of strategic management for innovation and human resources management at company level. The final part of the book zooms in on different dynamics often observed in tourism destinations, arising from the interaction between tourists and local com- munities. This part includes a discussion of the social legitimacy of tourism in the face of its positive and negative impacts, an analysis of intermodal processes of competition among transportation modes and a discussion on methods for loca- tional decisions in the hotel sector. The perceptions and evaluations of local communities regarding the classification of World Heritage Sites or the organisa- tion of major cultural events are also analysed at destination level and the book concludes with an original analysis of the role of tourism influencing the cultural and political values of tourists when operating in a different societal context.

The cruise industry worldwide has increased rapidly since the beginning of the millennium. Hawaii is no exception to this. Since the 1970s, cruise ships periodically visited the Hawaiian Islands, yet overnight cruising among the islands was rare. From 2001 to 2004, cruise ships sailing to and around Hawaii were solely foreign-flagged ships, including those home based in Hawaii. This meant much of the tourism revenue and taxes did not accrue to the local economy. Since July 2004, in addition to the foreign-flagged ships, a U.S.-flagged ship has been home-ported in the islands, paying Hawaii taxes and hiring U.S. crews with two more U.S.-flagged ships being added to the fleet in 2005 and 2006. This article uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to estimate the economywide economic impact of the cruise industry on the state of Hawaii. Using the 2002 intercounty input-output table as a benchmark, the multiregion CGE model takes the direct expenditure estimates of cruise passengers, expenditure by cruise crews, and the direct expenditures by the cruise lines, as computed by the State of Hawaii and uses these direct impacts as simulations in the CGE model. Gross value added and welfare are calculated for each county and the state as a whole. Some regions benefit more than others.

This study examines issues relating to the impact of economic factors on tourist expenditure and hotel room occupancy rate. The article first presents an overview of the tourism industry in Hong Kong, an examination of the particular aspects of the tourism industry, and an estimate of tourist spending and hotel room occupancy rates. Using an expectations model, real tourism expenditure is found to depend on expected income, expected exchange rate and price level. The results of the article also reveal that the equilibrium hotel occupancy rate is a function of tourist flows, exchange rates, price level and length of stay.

This is the Authors' Original Manuscript of a chapter published in Mosedale, J. (2016) Neoliberalism and the political economy of tourism. Ashgate. Neoliberalism and the political economy of tourism: Projects, discourses and practices Jan Mosedale Tourism has become increasingly shaped by neoliberal policies, yet the consequences of this neoliberalization have received relatively little specific attention in the literature. Only few

This paper aims to provide the most up-to-date survey of tourism economics research and to summarise the key trends in its recent development. Particular attention is paid to the research progress made over the last decade in respect of approaches, methodological innovations, emerging topics, research gaps, and directions for future research. Remarkable but unbalanced developments have been observed across different sub-research areas in tourism economics. While neoclassical economics has contributed the most to the development of tourism economics, alternative schools of thought in economics have also emerged in advancing our understanding of tourism from different perspectives. As tourism studies are multi- and inter-disciplinary, integrating economics with other social science disciplines will further contribute to knowledge creation in tourism studies.

The decision-making processes of tourism firms are being conditioned by the profound transformations taking place in both client demand and destination dynamics. This new scenario requires an increased level of information, innovation and technology if tourism firms are to remain competitive. In particular, information and communication technologies (ICTs) can provide competitive advantages by improving a firm's knowledge of its own internal structures and of the milieu in which it is operating. This study therefore identifies and analyses the critical external factors that influence innovation and ICT investment in hotel businesses by evaluating the impact of hotel investment strategies. The methodological approach taken is an adaptation of the PESTEL model to the particular case of hotel management. This model identifies the factors (political, economic, social, environmental, technological and legal) that affect any given organization. The authors also apply Porter's 'five forces model', which assesses the competitive environment in which firms act, taking into account the power of buyers, intermediaries, current and potential competitors and substitutive products. The study area is the region of Madrid (MAC), since this has only lately emerged as a major tourist destination and its hotel market is recent and of medium to high quality.

El libro aborda cada una de las etapas del proceso de formulación de un proyecto turístico recreativo, con eje en la consideración de distintos tipos de viabilidades. La idea es promover el ejercicio de la reflexión sobre el quehacer profesional en el desarrollo de una serie de competencias profesionales vinculadas a la formulación de proyectos.

Se proponen pautas de identificación de ideas de proyectos y oportunidades de negocios en el sector turístico, en entornos competitivos exigentes, cambiantes y dinámicos y bajo condiciones de incertidumbre. Se expone el proceso secuencial de la formulación y evaluación de proyectos, desarrollando las técnicas de estudio de mercado, de definición de productos, de mercadeo y de presupuestación y análisis de rentabilidad aplicadas a la generación de microemprendimientos. Asimismo, se presentan herramientas para el análisis de inversiones turístico-recreativas, que incluyen la atención de múltiples variables internas y externas que actúan sobre la toma de decisiones del proyecto. Finalmente, se promueve una reflexión sobre el sentido de una competencia que creemos clave para el futuro de este perfil profesional: el counselling de microemprendimientos turísticos.

En esta segunda edición, se intenta generar un aporte hacia el desarrollo de capacidades contextuales en profesionales y alumnos de turismo. Nuestro campo necesita de estas capacidades para poder analizar la realidad y proponer alternativas innovadoras y creativas, pero también, y sobre todo, rigurosas desde el abordaje profesional del turismo. La formulación de proyectos, en tanto proceso reflexivo que construye una trama entre teoría y práctica, puede ayudar a encontrar soluciones para la gestión de microemprendimietos y el desarrollo de los destinos turísticos.

Pandemi virus corona dua tahun terakhir telah berdampak luas terhadap sektor ekonomi masyarakat, khususnya bidang pariwisata beserta sektor penunjangnya. Anjloknya jumlah wisatawan membuat produk hasil budaya dan tingkat konsumsi di daerah-daerah wisata pun terjun bebas. Anggaran kementerian dan lembaga, termasuk bidang pariwisata, bahkan turun sekitar lima puluh persen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memaparkan keadaan ekonomi pariwisata Indonesia di masa pandemik seperti ini. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kondisi ekonomi pariwisata di Indonesia sedang melemah. Banyak tempat wisata gulung tikar atau ditutup karena sepinya wisatawan yang disebabkan pandemik Covid-19. Pekerja di bidang pariwisata juga terkena imbasnya sepeti kurangnya penghasilan yang mana sebelumnya pariwisata adalah sektor terbesar penyumbang devisa negara serta penyumbang terbesar bagi mereka yang bekerja di bidang ini. Adapun beberapa hal yang bisa dilakukan untuk mengatasi keadaan ekonomi pariwisata yang melemah karena Covid-19 adalah dengan menggunakan forum media sosial atau e-commerce untuk menyebarluaskan informasi mengenai wisata yang sedang sepi ataupun yang belum tereksplor lebih dalam serta membukanya kembali tempat wisata dengan megikuti program pemerintah yaitu melakukan vaksinasi dan mengikuti protokol kesehatan.

Current data show that tourism is one of the fastest growing sectors in the world economy. The economic literature explains that in line with an outward-oriented growth strategy, tourism was promoted as a means of development during the 1970’s by many international agencies. Empirical investigations on the impact of tourism show that the greater focus on tourism has been beneficial, as tourism has had a significant positive impact on growth. However, the distributional consequences of the growth through tourism have not been investigated. This paper presents original research on tourism’s impact on income inequality using cross-country and panel data regressions. Results from the regression analyses show that the tourism sector has decreased gross income inequality in the sample of countries used in this study. The results also demonstrate that domestic tourism contributes more to decreasing income inequality than international tourism does and weakly support the hypothesis that the tourism sector decreases income inequality more than other sectors linked to tourism.

This publication collects the outcomes of a research carried on by a group of students of the first year of University degree in Sustainability and Tourism Management (MaST) of the University of Trento during the remote teaching – due to the restrictions adopted to fight against the Covid-19 pandemics – of the course of Law of Tourism held by Umberto Izzo, associate professor of Private Law within Faculty of Law at the University of Trento. This research comes after a similar one carried out during the first year of pandemic emergency. It deals with many crucial issues related to the impact of Covid-19 on the Touristic field in the second year of pandemics, as professor Izzo proposed the students to investigate these topics. At the beginning of the second Summer of pandemics this publication deals with 8 main topics corresponding to the 8 chapters of this document: 1) Pandemic crisis, measures to tackle its effects and tourism: a diachronic analysis; 2) The impact of lockdown on the touristic field at the beginning of the second pandemic Summer; 3) Tourism and freedom of movement: evolution of the regulatory framework and measures to start traveling again; 4) Covid-19 and contractual relationships in the touristic field; 5) The reaction of digital touristic platforms to pandemics; 6) Touristic services in post-Covid: warranties offered to tourists and liability of the tourist service provider in terms of places sterility, safety measures and spacing rules; 7) Tourism in intensive care because of Covid-19: which welfare can be expected for workers and which support is offered to private companies in the period of PNRR? 8) Tourism resurgence during the vaccination campaign: range of offers, marketing strategies, product packages. / Questa pubblicazione raccoglie gli esiti di una ricerca svolta da un gruppo di studenti del primo anno della laurea specialistica in Management della Sostenibilità e del Turismo (MaST) dell’Università di Trento, durante la frequenza a distanza – dovuta alla persistenza delle misure  adottate per contrastare la pandemia da Covid-19 – del corso di Diritto del turismo impartito dal prof. Umberto Izzo, Associato di diritto privato nella Facoltà di Giurisprudenza dell’Università di Trento. Essa dà seguito ad un’analoga ricerca condotta nel primo anno dell’emergenza pandemica. In essa trovano trattazione e approfondimento vari aspetti problematici legati all’impatto del Covid-19 sul settore del turismo nel secondo anno di pandemia, che il curatore del lavoro ha proposto di indagare agli otto gruppi di studenti che si sono voluti impegnare nella ricerca. Alla vigilia della seconda estate pandemica la pubblicazione affronta otto temi di indagine, cui corrispondono gli otto capitoli del presente lavoro: 1) Crisi pandemiche, misure di contrasto e turismo: un’analisi diacronica; 2) L’impatto del lockdown sul settore turistico alla vigilia della seconda estate pandemica; 3) Turismo e libertà di movimento: evoluzione del quadro normativo e misure per riprendere la libertà di viaggiare; 4) Covid-19 e rapporti contrattuali nel settore del turismo; 5) La reazione delle piattaforme digitali turistiche alla pandemia; 6) I servizi turistici del post covid: garanzie da offrire al turista e responsabilità del prestatore fra asetticità dei luoghi, misure di sicurezza e rispetto delle regole di distanziamento; 7) Il turismo in terapia intensiva a causa del covid:  quale welfare per i lavoratori e quale sostegno per le imprese al tempo del PNRR?; 8) La ripartenza del turismo nella fase vaccinale: tipologia di offerte, scelte di marketing, costruzione del prodotto.

Since tourism is an economic activity where involving the demand as consumption  and supply as providing the all activity. Therefore , the tourism sector occur many problems on mechanism regarding to equilibrium (partially or generally) and of course the impact .