Vertical Farms

During the 21st century, food security has become a significant concern due to the growing population and the Earth's diminishing resources. The Kingdom of Bahrain is one of the numerous countries that has been affected by urbanization, where the urban expansion was at the price of agricultural land. The paper introduces a rational for Vertical Farms that are sustainable solutions for 21 st-century urbanization. It brings multiple benefits to Bahrain and its community in terms of food security, education, awareness, and health. It also supports its food security strategy and its 2030 vision. The study discusses the proposed project location in terms of the project's needs as an urban vertical farm that aims to serve locals & residents of Bahrain by improving the quality and quantity of locally grown fruits and vegetables in an indoor controlled environment. The paper discussed various analyzed case studies of comparable type projects to understand better the project's purposes, spaces, technological needs, and other significant features. Then, introducing and discussing a decision support framework for a set of criteria that responds to the primary sustainability pillars have been established to identify the best potential site to assure project success.

By 2050, 3 billion people are expected to live on earth. This suggests the construction industry needs to build his 3 billion new homes in urban areas. FAO estimates that by 2050, nearly 80% of the world's population will live in urban areas. This would require 220 acres of land to be used for food production. The use of pesticides, deforestation, and the large carbon footprint associated with the movement of food from rural to urban areas are all examples of the environmental impact of traditional farming methods. A new approach to overcome this is the idea of vertical farming, where food is grown in layers stacked vertically. This paper aims to conceptualize modular vertical farming to assist as a basis for collective interpretation of future agriculture and architectures. This modular design that can support a variety of activities such as drone subscription delivery, local markets, zen spaces, and hydroponic systems. As well as it is to be adapted to different situations by analyzing and researching existing cities using analytical tools to identify the best locations for intervention. As a consequence of the integration of modular vertical farming into the urban area, the city and its people are becoming more connected.

The rodents play a significant role in the transmission of Salmonella between farms and regions. The present study aimed to compare the virulence of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from fecal samples of laying hens and murine within the same poultry house but different regions in Libya using Vivo-quantitative measurement of invasiveness (chicken intestinal loop model). A total of 540 cloacal swabs from laying hens (Hy-line brown chickens) aged 36 weeks and 200 batches of murine fecal pellets were collected from the same poultry house at Gaser Bin Gisher and Furnag regions in Libya. The samples were passed on pre-enrichment broth (Buffered Peptone Water) and enrichment broths (Rappaport Vassiliadis, Selenite broth, and tetrathionate), then the samples were cultured onto Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar, brilliant green agar, Salmonella Shigella agar, and Hektoen enteric agar. Single colonies were selected and stained by gram stain and tested biochemically using analytical profile index (API) 20 tests. Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from all the collected samples. The invasion of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from laying hens and murine feces was significantly higher in the anterior inoculation position compared to the posterior position of jejunum in both regions. The account of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from laying feces of hens and murine at Gaser Bengasher region was significantly higher than that isolated from the AlFurnge region. In the present study, the rodents act only as mechanical transmitters without affecting Salmonella invasiveness capacity. Furthermore, the invasion of Salmonella enteritidis depends on the inoculation position in the jejunum. Moreover, the invasiveness variation of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from the Gaser Bengasher and AlFurnge regions could be attributed to the presence of different Salmonella strains in the studied area. Salmonella enteritidis isolated from poultry and murine in the current study was sensitive to gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin and resistant to doxycycline, chloramphenicol, sulfafurazol, and ampicillin.

Salmonellosis is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in village and large scale poultry farms. This paper was aimed to review on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of poultry Salmonella in Ethiopia. The risk factors associated with Salmonella in laying hens that the presence of previous Salmonella infection, multi-age management, cage housing systems, rearing pullets on the floor, induced molting and in-line egg processing were factors associated with Salmonella infection. Among them, many isolates were S. braenderup, S. typhimurium var. copenhagen, S. anatum and S. typhimurium isolates were dominant Salmonella serotypes. Antimicrobial resistance is a global problem in general, but it might be more severe in Ethiopia where there is lack of antimicrobial resistance assessments of Salmonella and lack of rigorous regulations. During the last decade, there has been an alarming increase in the appearance of antibiotic-resistant bacteria as a result of poor management in antibiotic utilization. Poultry Salmonella are excellent examples of diseases that have decreased in prevalence in some of the developed countries or have been eradicated by application of basic management procedures or eradication programs. Every effort should be made to eradicate Salmonella and treatment should be the last option.

Local indoor farming plays a significant role in the sustainable food production sector. The operation and energy costs, however, have led to bankruptcy and difficulties in cost management of indoor farming operations. To control the volatility and reduce the electricity costs for indoor farming, the agrivoltaics agrotunnel introduced here uses: (1) high insulation for a building dedicated to vertical growing, (2) high-efficiency light emitting diode (LED) lighting, (3) heat pumps (HPs), and (4) solar photovoltaics (PVs) to provide known electric costs for 25 years. In order to size the PV array, this study develops a thermal model for agrotunnel load calculations and validates it using the Hourly Analysis Program and measured data so the effect of plant evapotranspiration can be included. HPs are sized and plug loads (i.e., water pump energy needed to provide for the hybrid aeroponics/hydroponics system, DC power running the LEDs hung on grow walls, and dehumidifier assisting in moisture condensation in summer) are measured/modeled. Ultimately, all models are combined to establish an annual load profile for an agrotunnel that is then used to model the necessary PV to power the system throughout the year. The results find that agrivoltaics to power an agrotunnel range from 40 to 50 kW and make up an area from 3.2 to 10.48 m 2 /m 2 of an agrotunnel footprint. Net zero agrotunnels are technically viable although future work is needed to deeply explore the economics of localized vertical food growing systems.

Avaliações econômicas e financeiras são importantes em investimentos voltados ao setor da produção de alimentos, principalmente em mercados emergentes, com maior risco. Incertezas tendem a impactar as decisões em organizações, os agentes de desenvolvimento e as escolhas realizadas por produtores rurais. Contudo, há limitada contribuição empírica sobre o risco de investimento em sistemas agroecológicos, o que dificulta a escolha por alternativas de geração de renda e segurança alimentar. Assim, objetivou-se analisar a viabilidade econômica num Sistema de Produção Agroecológica Integrada e Sustentável (PAIS). Um estudo de caso foi realizado no município de Dourados, MS, entrevistando um gestor do Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas, um técnico de campo do Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Rural e um produtor rural. A metodologia utilizou as técnicas de orçamento de capital (VPL, TIR, TIRM, VAUE, IL e PBd) e diferenciou-se pela análise de risco com o método Monte Carlo e por uma abordagem alinhada com a condição de mercado emergente, como o do Brasil. Com a taxa mínima de atratividade (TMA) (8,7525%) calculada com o modelo CAPM híbrido (AH-CAPM), chegou-se aos seguintes valores:

Avaliações econômicas e financeiras são importantes em investimentos voltados ao setor da produção de alimentos, principalmente em mercados emergentes, com maior risco. Incertezas tendem a impactar as decisões em organizações, os agentes de desenvolvimento e as escolhas realizadas por produtores rurais. Contudo, há limitada contribuição empírica sobre o risco de investimento em sistemas agroecológicos, o que dificulta a escolha por alternativas de geração de renda e segurança alimentar. Assim, objetivou-se analisar a viabilidade econômica num Sistema de Produção Agroecológica Integrada e Sustentável (PAIS). Um estudo de caso foi realizado no município de Dourados, MS, entrevistando um gestor do Serviço Brasileiro de Apoio às Micro e Pequenas Empresas, um técnico de campo do Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Rural e um produtor rural. A metodologia utilizou as técnicas de orçamento de capital (VPL, TIR, TIRM, VAUE, IL e PBd) e diferenciou-se pela análise de risco com o método Monte Ca...

drug. However, pathogenic E.coli exhibited highest resistance to Trimethoprim/Sulphurmethoxazole) drug at (94%, 95% CI 70 to 99%). Conclusion: Prevalence of STEC was 5.4%, Stx 1 /Stx 2 /hlyA virulence genes combination was the most common and high resistance observed to commonly prescribed antibiotics and needed further research investigation.

RESUMO: Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um projeto completo para a produção mensal de 30.000 plantas de alface em casa de vegetação, através da técnica de hidroponia NFT. Elaborou-se também a análise econômica do projeto contemplando os investimentos necessários e seus custos operacionais. Os resultados demonstram que esta técnica apresenta um bom potencial de viabilidade econômica, com lucro líquido da ordem de R$ 0,17/planta (R$ 5.100,00/mês) e capacidade de amortização do investimento total (R$ 62.607,18) em aproximadamente 13 meses.

Introduction Salmonellosis, being an important public health problem, is one of the most important food-borne diseases worldwide. The primary reservoir of Salmonella for humans is the intestinal tract of poultry. Human salmonellosis outbreaks are frequently associated with raw or undercooked poultry, egg, and meat product consumption (1). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2012 annual report, Salmonella was the second most common cause of confirmed outbreaks in the United States (2). It is estimated that annually 93.8 million salmonellosis cases occur in the world and 155,000 of these cases result in death. Salmonella comprises more than 2500 known serovars (3). In most developed countries, S. enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis are the most frequently incriminated causal agents of human salmonellosis (4). S. Enteritidis was the most common serotype identified among others in 35 countries, followed by Typhi (12 countries) and Typhimurium (8 countries). Serotyping is needed to understand the global epidemiology and surveillance of Salmonella as well as the rapid communication of the results (5). In Turkey, the most common serotypes isolated from humans are S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis (6). Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are of utmost importance for public health. The use of antimicrobials in human medicine, veterinary medicine, animal husbandry, and agricultural and aquaculture practices plays a key role for the development of resistance (7). Salmonella spp. isolated from the United States and other countries have revealed an increasing rate of multidrug resistance (8). High prevalence of antimicrobialresistant bacteria in foods of animal origin creates general concern for the choice of therapeutic agent used for foodborne infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, and Typhi in chicken eggs and poultry products. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates were assessed in terms of selecting effective therapeutic agents. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Sample collection Totally 200 samples consisting of 100 eggs (50 from markets, 50 from poultry farms), 60 processed poultry products (20 nuggets, 20 sausages, 20 salami samples), and 40 poultry giblets (20 gizzards and 20 livers) were

The study was based on the development of production functions that characterize the activities of agricultural enterprises in the regions of Russia. Official statistical information on 65 regions of Russia for 2017 and 2018 was used. The conducted research made it possible to identify factors (investments in fixed assets and wages of employees) that affect the volume of production in the agricultural sector in the regions of Russia and suggest using two-factor production functions of high quality to describe this influence. It is proved that the economy of the country's regions has not reached saturation with agricultural products and there are significant reserves for further development of this sector. The developed production functions are effective management tools that allow assessing the level of use of financial and labor resources. The acquired new knowledge and tools for assessing the activities of agriculture in the Russian regions are of scientific and practical importance. They can be used in research of the agricultural sector of the economy, monitoring of production volumes, in determining the needs for resources necessary for the development of agriculture, substantiating plans and programs for its development.

The wigwam was a Native American shelter built in the northeastern United States. This study determined if these structures supply comfort to human beings using modern measurement standards and if they provide indoor air quality levels that are healthy. Keene State College faculty and students built a full-size example of a wigwam and monitored data indoors and outdoors. When a fire was introduced into the wigwam to produce comfortable indoor temperatures, the analysis of air temperature and relative humidity, along with CO2, VOC, and PM2.5 levels, determined indoor air quality and comfort. By having a full-size example of a wigwam, the authors were able to compare the accuracy of a digital energy model. Comfort can be accomplished even when using modern standards in this native structure. Temperature, humidity, and rainfall exposure can all be controlled to acceptable levels. Indoor air quality is always at good levels when a fire is not involved because the indoor air in the wigwam is the same as exterior quality levels. However, the particulates and VOC introduced into the environment are at dangerous levels with an open fire. A wood stove with a flue pipe to the exterior was used to reduce the pollutants to acceptable and safe levels.

There is a growing need of sustainable building development all over the world. It aims to decrease the adverse effects to the environment due to urbanization and escalating population growth. Since the building construction is considered as one of the main concerns, the priority was given to mitigate the negative impact to the environment. Therefore, incorporating sustainable elements and techniques to the buildings to regain the land loss due to construction activities in cities is currently practicing. Adding various vegetation types through different approaches, to obtain the expected results of better living condition around the building is called as building integrated vegetation systems (BIV). Vertical gardening systems, vertical farms, constructed green roofs and roof farms can be stated as main categories of BIV systems. However, there is a paucity of published critical reviews on such systems and therefore, this study is an attempt to review the overall sustainability aspects of BIV systems including environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability. This study consists with a critical review of 114 research publications from relevant journals and online scientific databases. Finally, the identified sustainability aspects of each BIV systems were analyzed to select the best option in terms of greening a building which can be recommended for the implementations in future. Mainly, the importance of moving towards the sustainable solution which meets the food needs through BIV is finally discussed. Finally, it can be Weerasinghe et al/ Current Scientia 26 No. 01 (2023) 05-36 6 concluded that by incorporating green architecture with smart agriculture, we can expect green, healthy and productive cities which fulfill the main requirements of sustainable cities. Though there are many challenges to overcome, maintaining good management practices will give better output. Out of the 114 literature selected for this study, only 8 research papers were discussed about the drawbacks and the limitations of the BIV systems which is still having paucity of information.

Background: In Ethiopia, salmonellosis is one of the most common zoonotic and foodborne illnesses. Ethiopia continues to be at risk for its fast-expanding medication resistance. For the development of preventative and control methods, summarized knowledge regarding salmonellosis is necessary. Determining a thorough evaluation of the prevalence, serotypes, and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella in humans and animals from January 1, 2010, to December 30, 2022, in Ethiopia was our goal. Methods: To find Salmonella related articles that published in English, we used the Google Scholar and PubMed search engines. Three researchers conducted the eligible studies using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist, making sure to include the necessary keywords. If studies were duplicates, incomplete publications, or reported without an antimicrobial test were excluded. Excel 2013 was used to calculate frequencies and tabulate data. Results: There were a total of 43 investigations from food handlers, diarrhoeic patients, and animals. The prevalence rates ranged from 1% to 10% and 1% to 13% among food handlers and diarrhoea patients, respectively. The highest prevalence was among pigs (41.6%). S. Anatum in animals and S. Typhimurium in people were the predominant serotypes. Amoxicillin and ampicillin were claimed to be 100% resistant in human studies. The highest recorded resistances for ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin were 16.7% and 100%, respectively. Animal studies revealed that Salmonella resistances to ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline were 100%, 90%, 86.4%, respectively. S. Kentucky showed complete resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, and streptomycin. Conclusion: The prevalence of Salmonella among asymptomatic food handlers, diarrheal patients and animals were high in Ethiopia. S. Typhimurium that have the zoonotic importance was presented predominantly in human study. High levels of resistances were showed to tetracycline, ampicillin and streptomycin in animal studies. Salmonellosis prevention and control techniques should be strengthened.

Salmonella is one of the most common causes of foodborne disease outbreaks in developing countries. Climatic factors such as temperature, rainfall, and relative humidity can directly increase the growth and spread of these pathogens. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate long-term temporal trends and seasonal patterns of Salmonella infections as well as evaluating the effects of demographic and climatic factors on the infection incidence in Yazd province, Iran during 2012-2015. The incidence of Salmonella infections was highest among patients with the age group of ≤5 years and peaked in summer, especially during June. Contrary to expectations, no significant associations were seen between the average monthly temperature, rainfall or humidity and incidence rate (IR) of salmonellosis. Interestingly, atmospheric dust hovering was significantly associated with an increased risk of salmonellosis. Transmission pathways of Salmonella spp. in communities should be considered as a complex ecological process that animal reservoirs, socioeconomic factors, and lifestyle behaviors need to be addressed in future studies.

O cultivo de hortaliças no sistema hidropônico tem aumentado consideravelmente, e sua viabilidade econômica desperta oportunidades em Mário Campos, cidade da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Este trabalho relata a análise do grau de alavancagem operacional de um pequeno produtor de alface, que atua nos sistemas classificados como Campo Aberto e Hidropônico. Para tanto, foram levantados os custos da produção de alface ao longo do exercício de 2009, nos dois sistemas de produção. A metodologia de estudo de caso apresentou como coleta de dados as informações fornecidas pelo dono do empreendimento via entrevistas semi-estruturada, dados documentais, questionário estruturado para os trabalhadores e observação não-participante. A análise possibilitou identificar os custos fixos e variáveis para cada sistema, o ponto de equilíbrio econômico e contábil, a margem de segurança e finalmente, a alavancagem operacional. Com os dados foi possível conhecer os fatores mais relevantes, tanto da produção de Campo Aberto quanto da Hidroponia. Os resultados revelam que o sistema Hidropônico é mais rentável, representando um ponto de equilíbrio contábil e econômico melhor do que o sistema Campo Aberto, também percebido na margem de segurança e na alavancagem operacional.

drug. However, pathogenic E.coli exhibited highest resistance to Trimethoprim/Sulphurmethoxazole) drug at (94%, 95% CI 70 to 99%). Conclusion: Prevalence of STEC was 5.4%, Stx 1 /Stx 2 /hlyA virulence genes combination was the most common and high resistance observed to commonly prescribed antibiotics and needed further research investigation.

City, like the human is renewing and changing in every period and time. Also during its lifetime, city had experienced many ups and downs and had been changed by the shift of political regime. Islam and the Islamic thoughts were one of the events which has changed the structure and the view of many cities either existing or newly established. As a result Islamic cities came into existence, influenced by the religion, with an independent identity, because of the unique spatial pattern which defines the sense and the spirit of that city. In course of time, changes continued to take place in the Islamic cities and different factors had effects on the structure of those cities and one of the most important factors was entering the western culture through the Islamic cities that changes everything resulting duality between the structure of the new cities and the old cities. This paper presents a brief proposal for renovation of Islamic city in order to preserve the Islamic identity.

O presente projeto objetiva a elaboracao de um planejamento estrategico para uma propriedade. Atraves de uma necessidade de otimizacao das atividades produtivas e de melhorias nos processos dentro e fora da porteira, foi observado que, elementos chaves que existem na propriedade nao foram explorados em totalidade. Sendo assim, as ferramentas do plano de negocio demonstrarao as oportunidades e potencialidades existentes e disponiveis na propriedade aprimorando as caracteristicas para seu beneficiamento. Para atingir as metas do presente artigo cientifico, foram feitas analises de artigos cientificos correlacionados, leitura de livros sobre o assunto, buscas em sites relacionados ao tema escolhido para coleta de dados e formulacao de um plano de acao. A realizacao de pesquisas de campo, mercado e analises dos processos utilizados na propriedade para captacao de informacoes pertinentes, foram importantes para a aplicacao das ferramentas do planejamento estrategico e sua finalizacao par...

A hidroponia consiste em uma tecnica para o cultivo de plantas sem solo, em meio hidrico, onde as raizes recebem uma solucao nutritiva balanceada que contem agua e todos os nutrientes essenciais ao desenvolvimento da planta [2]. Apesar de ser ainda incipiente no pais, a tendencia e que haja um aumento significativo do uso dessa tecnica em diversas localidades onde o clima instavel prejudica a producao agricola. Neste sentido, a automacao e necessaria para minimizar os prejuizos, atraves do controle de diversas variaveis em abrigos de cultivo. Alem de minimizar o risco de perda de safra, a automacao possibilita uma maior qualidade dos produtos por proporcionar condicoes ideais para producao, permitindo autonomia no cultivo e, consequentemente, que a mao-de-obra humana seja direcionada a atividades que exijam maior dedicacao. Neste artigo propoe-se um sistema MIMO capaz de controlar a producao e o monitoramento de hortalicas em estufas para cultivo, coletando e controlando variaveis e...

Under ideal circumstances, sustainability, food security, nutrition, public health and environmental quality would be interlinked, for they are vital for the wellbeing of cities. Yet, over the course of the 20th century, cheap fossil-fuel energy, the forces of globalisation, and broader socio-cultural patterns have delocalised food production. Cities are now where the majority of humanity lives, and if they are to be sustainable, it is important to bring productive planting back into urban and peri-urban areas through citizen participation. In addition to reaping the benefits of local food production and engagement with the everyday natural processes that sustain life, productive growing in cities will help reduce their global 'ecological footprint'-made especially large by importing food from faraway places. In the summer of 2007, with the help of volunteers, the authors of this paper created a containerized garden, or the Edible Campus project, on the grounds of McGill University in which sustainability, food security, and environmental quality were linked through innovative urban design to produce food in a challenging urban setting.

No momento atual, para que os proprietários rurais consigam enfrentar as novas mudanças impostas pelo cotidiano adverso, há a necessidade de que assumam o papel de empresários do setor rural. Sendo assim, é preciso que sejam estabelecidas estratégias que permitam aos mesmos superar as dificuldades, garantindo a sobrevivência e o bem-estar. Dentre as opções, a ativação do turismo no espaço rural apresentase como uma alternativa, podendo ser considerado como toda atividade turística no meio rural, independente de estar relacionada ou não à produção agropecuária. Observa-se que várias são as opções de ativação do turismo rural em propriedades agrícolas, dentre elas o agroturismo, o ecoturismo, os hotéis-fazenda. De forma geral, percebe-se que o turismo no espaço rural é uma estratégia que pode ser adotada pelos produtores na administração de sua área, permitindo a sobrevivência e a manutenção da propriedade como um todo, visto as condições econômicas e sociais em que se inserem. Neste trabalho abordamos este tema, através da descrição do panorama observado, analisando os pontos fortes e fracos desta estratégia empresarial nas propriedades rurais produtivas e conseqüentemente, a apresentação de sugestões que colaboram na implementação de melhorias no setor.

O reaproveitamento dos resíduos plásticos pode se tornar uma atividade agrícola economicamente viável, principalmente na fruticultura localizada no semiárido cearense. Os materiais nos quais eram tidos como lixo nas áreas agrícolas podem ser uma fonte alternativa de geração de capital e empregos para a região, utilizando-se técnicas de reaproveitamento e reciclagem desses materiais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a importância e a viabilidade econômica da reutilização dos materiais plásticos empregados diretamente na fruticultura. Os dados foram coletados de uma empresa agrícola de fruticultura e de uma empresa de reciclagem no município de Icapuí, no estado do Ceará. Foram calculados indicadores de viabilidade financeira como Valor Presente Líquido [VPL], Taxa Interna de Retorno [TIR], Payback simples [PB], Payback descontado [PBD]. Os resultados mostraram que a utilização de técnicas e equipamentos de reciclagem em empresas é um caminho que gera muitas oportunidades de reut...

I grandi temi del contemporaneo, le transizioni digitali ed ecologiche, le fluttuazioni demografiche, economiche ed ambientali, richiedono una riflessione su quale architettura risponda in maniera resiliente alle esigenze del lungo termine. In occasione della Winter School Suae Asia (2022) è stato affrontato il tema del futuro di New York, nei tre orizzonti temporali 2030, 2050 e 2100, con il progetto Flux-City House del gruppo di ricerca del Dipartimento di Architettura dell’Università degli Studi di Palermo, diretto dai Proff. Renzo Lecardane e Zeila Tesoriere. Il progetto propone, così come richiesto, una critica al Piano della Municipalità di New York (2021) per il quartiere SoHo/NoHo di Manhattan. Il programma ibrida la residenza di quattro edifici-tipo con la produzione di energia pulita e di agricoltura idroponica e con gli spazi di lavoro e per il tempo libero collocati alle diverse quote, che si propongono di innovare relazioni urbane e culturali alla scala del quartiere. Questo immaginario futuro prevede la sperimentazione in materia di energie rinnovabili e Agritettura al fine di avviare un sistema produttivo autonomo e innovativo da estendere a tutta la metropoli. Lo scenario New York 2100 fornisce inoltre un’occasione per immaginare due orizzonti futuri che rimandano tuttavia ad un quadro di riferimento distopico piuttosto che utopico. Se l’ipotesi della Building Vertical Farm esplora il tema del futuro spopolamento di New York con la conseguente riconversione in una fabbrica urbana verticale; l’ipotesi della Building Switch House immagina al contrario un eccessivo fenomeno di inurbamento di nuovi residenti in continuo movimento tra le metropoli mondiali che modificano i modi e lo spazio dell’abitare.

Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are substantial foodborne pathogens that lead to bacteremia, gastroenteritis, and focal infection. Poultry is one of the usual provenances for the development of multidrug-resistance NTS. This problem has increased in developing countries with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the poultry production system. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and tendency of antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic Salmonella spp. A total of 601 samples, including cloacal samples (150) eggshell (150), egg content (15 pooled samples), layer hen carcasses (150), hand swab (68) and stool samples (68) from poultry workers, were collected from five layer chicken farms. Isolation of NTS was performed by using different cultural and biochemical methods. Moreover, Salmonella isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disc diffusion method. The cloacal samples and stool samples showed the prevalence of Salmonella spp. at approximately similar rates of 4.7% and 4.4%, respectively. Chicken isolates were identified as S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Gallinarum while the human isolates were only S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. The prevalence of the NTS on the surface of the eggshells (7.3%) was higher than that in the other samples. Among 12 antimicrobials tested, 86.4% resistance was found to streptomycin and oxytetracycline followed by neomycin and erythromycin (77.3%), norfloxacin and ampicillin (68.2%) across the study sites. Kanamycin and gentamicin remained sensitive by 95.5% and 90.9%, respectively. The present study indicated that layer chickens and its products are important sources for human infection with multiple-drug resistant NTS strains.

Bacteriological examination of 300samples from broiler internal organs(liver,2ceci,un absorbed yolk sac) from1 day old chicks suffering from omphalitis and respiratory disorders after hatching ,revealed 37 Salmonella isolates 12.3%.Conventional methods for isolation and identification of Salmonella isolates from chicks showed that Salmonella apper as a colorless colonies on Macconkeys agar medium . It gave the characteristics slightly transparent zone of reddish color with or without black center on XLD and colorless colonies with black centre onSS agar medium.It appeared as Gram –negative straight rods , non-spore forming and arranged single in pairs and in groups .Moreover , Salmonella isolates were citrate test positive (blue color),urease test negative (yellow color)and they also gave acid but(yellow) and alkaline slant (red) with H25 production (black correlation on TSI agar medium.Serotyping of 37 Salmonella isolates by slide agglutination test using using specific monovalent ...

O potencial de desenvolvimento e empreendedorismo sempre foi um predicado para descrever o agronegócio brasileiro. Nas últimas décadas, o setor se tornou foco de grandes desenvolvimentos e oportunidades na área de irrigação, onde a floricultura foi se destacando de forma empresarial sem viés apenas para a subsistência e cultura assistencialista. Nesse sentido, o objetivo dessa pesquisa quantitativa é realizar uma análise de mercado que mapeie e identifique o segmento de mercado consumidor do cultivo de morango e manjericões hidropônicos, demonstrando a viabilidade de um novo empreendimento nesse ramo. O estudo tem natureza bibliográfica, exploratória, descritiva, explicativa e foi realizado no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul no período de 2017 a 2018. Os resultados apontaram, através das análises realizadas no âmbito mercadológico, que o referido segmento de mercado está em constante expansão e com investimento adequado e esforço tecnológico, é possível criar muitas oportunidades relac...

Salmonellosis is a significant public health problem worldwide. The current study aimed to investigate the presence of Salmonella spp. in commercial eggs of Tiaret province, Algeria, and evaluate the susceptibility of isolated strains to different antimicrobial agents. A total of 180 commercial eggs collected from various retail outlets (groceries, butchers, wholesalers, street vendors) were analyzed by conventional methods, and 13 Salmonella spp. isolates were tested on a panel of 7 antimicrobial agents using the disc diffusion method. Of 180 chicken egg content samples examined, the findings indicated that 13 (7.22%) were positive for Salmonella spp. Regarding the collection site, 2 (1.11%), 4 (2.22%), and 7 (3.88%) of Salmonella spp. isolates were detected from butchers, wholesalers, and street vendors, respectively. Most antibiotic discs have demonstrated widespread resistance with an incidence rate of 100%, including amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, ampicillin, nalidixic acid, and erythromycin. However, colistin sulfate, gentamycin, and tetracycline were more effective against Salmonella isolates. It can be concluded that the highest detection rate of Salmonella spp. was observed for street vendors, and the highest resistance was recorded for commonly used antibiotics in poultry production.

Introduction Salmonellosis, being an important public health problem, is one of the most important food-borne diseases worldwide. The primary reservoir of Salmonella for humans is the intestinal tract of poultry. Human salmonellosis outbreaks are frequently associated with raw or undercooked poultry, egg, and meat product consumption (1). According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2012 annual report, Salmonella was the second most common cause of confirmed outbreaks in the United States (2). It is estimated that annually 93.8 million salmonellosis cases occur in the world and 155,000 of these cases result in death. Salmonella comprises more than 2500 known serovars (3). In most developed countries, S. enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis are the most frequently incriminated causal agents of human salmonellosis (4). S. Enteritidis was the most common serotype identified among others in 35 countries, followed by Typhi (12 countries) and Typhimurium (8 countries). Serotyping is needed to understand the global epidemiology and surveillance of Salmonella as well as the rapid communication of the results (5). In Turkey, the most common serotypes isolated from humans are S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis (6). Antimicrobial-resistant bacteria are of utmost importance for public health. The use of antimicrobials in human medicine, veterinary medicine, animal husbandry, and agricultural and aquaculture practices plays a key role for the development of resistance (7). Salmonella spp. isolated from the United States and other countries have revealed an increasing rate of multidrug resistance (8). High prevalence of antimicrobialresistant bacteria in foods of animal origin creates general concern for the choice of therapeutic agent used for foodborne infections. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium, Enteritidis, and Typhi in chicken eggs and poultry products. In addition, the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates were assessed in terms of selecting effective therapeutic agents. 2. Materials and methods 2.1. Sample collection Totally 200 samples consisting of 100 eggs (50 from markets, 50 from poultry farms), 60 processed poultry products (20 nuggets, 20 sausages, 20 salami samples), and 40 poultry giblets (20 gizzards and 20 livers) were

Hidroponia é uma técnica de cultivo sem solo que utiliza água contendo nutrientes (solução nutritiva). Neste sistema de cultivo, o fator de pH e condutividade elétrica (CE) precisam ser monitorados durante o período de crescimento, pois seu aumento ou sua redução podem acarretar perdas na produção. O sistema hidropônico requer uma área ampla, mas que, em áreas urbanas, devido a limitação de espaço, não podem ser instaladas apenas em um local. Assim, este trabalho traz a proposta de um sistema de monitoramento em tempo real para a coleta de dados das bancadas hidropônicas utilizando os conceitos de Internet das Coisas (IoT) com o objetivo de facilitar o manejo hidropônico para a obtenção de uma melhor produção

The data available regarding the production chain particularly in poultry flocks in Egypt are yet to be fully elucidated. The study aimed at providing an insight into the cross-contamination with Salmonella spp. at three different stages of an integrated broiler production chain. From 440 collected samples, 152 (34.5%) were positive for Salmonella spp. corresponded to samples collected from broiler farms (n=90, 40.9%), slaughter houses contact surfaces (n=12, 24%) and chicken carcass (n=50, 29.4%) in an integrated broiler supply chain. Isolation and identification of salmonella spp. were followed the standard procedures. Genomic bacterial DNA was extracted and confirmed using specific oligonucleotide primers sequences. Salmonella strains were classified into 11 serotypes. Nine different serotypes were found to contaminate thebroiler houses and flocks with the most prevalent serotypes S. Enteritidis (38.8%), S. Kentucky (23.3%) and S. Typhimurium (11.11%). The overall frequency of Salmonella contamination in the live broiler flocks was 40.9% with prevalence of 37.9, 60, 40, 53.3, 60 and 20% from cloacae swabs, litter, feed, water, farms walls and in the hand swabs from workers, respectively. The PCR products of four isolates, (two isolates per S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis) were identified by DNA sequencing to determine the potential genetic relationships in these isolates. The findings of the present study suggested that different Salmonella serotypes can persist along the production chain and that contamination could be linked to the contamination of the final product with a potential health hazard to consumers.

76 Abstract Antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues are a serious safety problem for animal food products. Poultry products have been long recognized as a reservoir for antibiotic resistant commensals and pathogens. Antibiotic residues ingested via food animal products expose gut micro-flora to low concentrations of antibiotics, which promote antibiotic resistance. However, there is limited knowledge regarding the potential of chicken products to act as a transmission corridor for the spread of the antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues. The present study aimed at profiling antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic residues in raw chicken products sold around Kenyatta University, Kenya. A total of 32 meat and egg samples were randomly collected from two study sites; KM and KU. Antibiotic residues in the study samples were detected using two microbiological techniques with Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli , and Salmonella typ...

The aims of this study were to detection of dominant Salmonella species that caused poultry infection Salahaddin province , and evaluation  local prepared and manufactured serological kits that used in diagnosis of poultry salmonellosis, for this purpose 100 diarrheatic  hen checked by culture methods, PCR, ELISA, Whole blood agglutination test and Slide agglutination test. The results showed that Salmonella isolation from hen  in rate 34% , intestine is most suitable site for Salmonella isolation and Salmonella. typhimurium is most dominant spp. The sensitivity of ELISA test was 76.4%, while for other used tests were 100%. The specificity of ELISA test, Whole blood agglutination test,  slide agglutination test for S. typhimurium and slide agglutination test for  S enteritidis were: 80.3%, 86.3%,77.9% and 66.6% respectively.

Salmonellosis caused by non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica from poultry products is a major public health concern worldwide. This study aimed at estimating the pathogenicity and antimicrobial resistance in S. enterica isolates obtained from poultry birds and their food products from different areas of Pakistan. In total, 95/370 (25.67%) samples from poultry droppings, organs, eggs, and meat were positive for Salmonella. The isolates were further identified through multiplex PCR (mPCR) as Salmonella Typhimurium 14 (14.7%), Salmonella Enteritidis 12 (12.6%), and other Salmonella spp. 69 (72.6%). The phenotypic virulence properties of 95 Salmonella isolates exhibited swimming and/or swarming motility 95 (100%), DNA degrading activity 93 (97.8%), hemolytic activity 92 (96.8%), lipase activity 87 (91.6%), and protease activity 86 (90.5%). The sopE virulence gene known for conferring zoonotic potential was detected in S. Typhimurium (92.8%), S. Enteritidis (100%), and other Salmonella spp....

In Mali, poultry farming is a valuable source of income for the population. With huge production potential, the conditions necessary to achieve the quality and safety of poultry products must be in place. This study, conducted between February 2017and May2018 had the objective of assessing the bacteriological prevalence of salmonella in eggs and poultry carcasses slaughtered in the district of Bamako. It focused on analyzing carcasses384 and112 eggs collected from poultry at markets and slaughterhouses. The individual samples were first sown on medium preenrichment and on enrichment media followed by isolation of the bacteria on selective media and identification by biochemical tests. Work has established a global prevalence of bacteriological 12, 90%which varied depending on the type of poultry forhens14.91% against10.88%guinea fowl, the nature of the sample (eggs (09, 82%) and carcasses (13.80%) and the sampling site (the more was observed at Niamakoro monitoring Boulkassoumbougou and Hamdallaye).

Salmonellosis is a bacterial zoonosis causing an array of health conditions. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) has a discrete adaptation to certain animals; in poultry, pullorum and fowl typhoid are its primary disease manifestations. The diseases are prevalent in Nigerian poultry and have been well-studied in Nigeria, but less so in North Central Nigeria (NCN). Using field sampling, laboratory methods and a semi-structured questionnaire for 1000 poultry farms in NCN, we explored the incidence and risk factors for the persistence of NTS infection in poultry. Approximately 41.6% of the farms had experienced NTS over the last 18 months. Farm experience of NTS moderately predicted awareness of salmonellosis. Increasing stock in smallholder farms, self-mixing of concentrate on the farm, usage of stream water, pen odour, non-adherence and partial adherence of farms to recommended poultry vaccination against pullorum and fowl typhoid and lack of and non-adherence to biosecurity were ident...

Vertical farming is best positioned to be fully automatised, but.... sun is free while electric light isn't! How does vertical farming work? Where are its ideal market niches? How does it look the future of vertical farming? Find the answers and more on the article.

Salmonella are the group of bacteria which are bacillus, without capsule, facultative aerobic and facultative anaerobic. Its transferring in avian is vertical and horizontal. In human, they can cause food poisoning. The egg is the most important source of salmonella. The native eggs were collected and transferred to the lab for studying the contamination of them. In this research the pattern of drug resistance of bacteria is studied. The shell of eggs was purified with Ethanol 80%, and then the

The purpose of this review paper is to describe improved test methods for estimating the extent of Salmonella contamination on an egg, in order to assist in the control and elimination of this food infection hazard. Salmonella a member of the bacterial family Enterobacteriaceae may be recovered from foods and processing facilities. Salmonella has been recognized as an important zoonotic pathogen of economic significance in animals and humans. The egg’s contents are an ideal growth medium for microorganisms that are hazardous to humans. A variety of methods has been developed in order to expedite the detection of Salmonella in eggs, including Gene Quence DNA hybridization, PCR analysis, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, brilliant green agar found to support more growth of all the types of studied Salmonella , while bismuth sulphite act as inhibitory to S. typhimurium, S. anatis, S. Worthington and S. oranienburg. In each mentioned article of this review, different m...

Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) are substantial foodborne pathogens that lead to bacteremia, gastroenteritis, and focal infection. Poultry is one of the usual provenances for the development of multidrug-resistance NTS. This problem has increased in developing countries with the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in the poultry production system. The current study aimed to determine the prevalence and tendency of antimicrobial resistance of zoonotic Salmonella spp. A total of 601 samples, including cloacal samples (150) eggshell (150), egg content (15 pooled samples), layer hen carcasses (150), hand swab (68) and stool samples (68) from poultry workers, were collected from five layer chicken farms. Isolation of NTS was performed by using different cultural and biochemical methods. Moreover, Salmonella isolates were evaluated for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disc diffusion method. The cloacal samples and stool samples showed the prevalence of Salmonella spp. at approximately similar rates of 4.7% and 4.4%, respectively. Chicken isolates were identified as S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, and S. Gallinarum while the human isolates were only S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. The prevalence of the NTS on the surface of the eggshells (7.3%) was higher than that in the other samples. Among 12 antimicrobials tested, 86.4% resistance was found to streptomycin and oxytetracycline followed by neomycin and erythromycin (77.3%), norfloxacin and ampicillin (68.2%) across the study sites. Kanamycin and gentamicin remained sensitive by 95.5% and 90.9%, respectively. The present study indicated that layer chickens and its products are important sources for human infection with multiple-drug resistant NTS strains.

Salmonellosis is a bacterial infection caused by salmonella, a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. From December 2021 to May 2021, a cross-sectional study was carried out to isolate Salmonella from poultry farms in the towns of Bishoftu and Adama and to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility frequency of the isolates. A total of 384 samples were tested for the presence of Salmonella, including 259 feces, 56 eggs, and 69 types of meat, using the ISO, 2002 standard procedures. The raw data were organized, coded, and entered into an Excel spreadsheet before being analyzed with STATA via descriptive analysis with chi-square. From 384 collected samples, 62 (16.15%) isolates were obtained, with 9.9%, 3.65, and 2.6% found in feces, eggs, and meat, respectively. Statistically, there was a significant difference between breeds ( p value = 0.036). Bovines had the highest prevalence (32.83%), while Saso had the lowest (30.81%). The variation within each sample type, housing condition,...

Salmonellosis is a bacterial zoonosis with array of health conditions. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) have a discrete adaptation to certain animals; in poultry, pullorum and fowl typhoid are its primary disease manifestations. The diseases are prevalent in the Nigerian poultry and have been well studied in Nigeria, but less so in the north central Nigeria (NCN). Using field sampling, laboratory methods and semi structured questionnaire in 1000 poultry farms from NCN, we explore the incidence and risk factors for the persistence of NTS infection in poultry. Approximately 41.6% of the farms have experienced NTS but only 6.3% have current infection with NTS. Farm experience of NTS moderately predicted awareness of salmonellosis. Increasing stock in smallholder farms, self-mixing of concentrate on the farm, usage of stream water, pen odour, non-adherence and partial adherence of farms to recommended poultry vaccination against pullorum and fowl typhoid, and lack of and non-adherence ...

Salmonellosis is a bacterial zoonosis causing an array of health conditions. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis (NTS) has a discrete adaptation to certain animals; in poultry, pullorum and fowl typhoid are its primary disease manifestations. The diseases are prevalent in Nigerian poultry and have been well-studied in Nigeria, but less so in North Central Nigeria (NCN). Using field sampling, laboratory methods and a semi-structured questionnaire for 1000 poultry farms in NCN, we explored the incidence and risk factors for the persistence of NTS infection in poultry. Approximately 41.6% of the farms had experienced NTS over the last 18 months. Farm experience of NTS moderately predicted awareness of salmonellosis. Increasing stock in smallholder farms, self-mixing of concentrate on the farm, usage of stream water, pen odour, non-adherence and partial adherence of farms to recommended poultry vaccination against pullorum and fowl typhoid and lack of and non-adherence to biosecurity were ident...

Salmonella of poultry are zoonotic, microorganisms transmitted to humans via contact with infected poultry feces, meat, eggs and handling of young chickens particularly by children, or anything in the area where they live. This study was conducted to determine phenotypic characters of Salmonella enterica from chickens presented for slaughter in some selected LGA of Yobe State, Nigeria. A cloacal swab and blood samples were collected and transported on ice pack to Veterinary Microbiology Laboratory, University of Maiduguri and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella enterica. Samples were then plate on Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate agar showing blackish colonies. A total of 600 (300cloacal swab and 300 blood), consisting (202 males, 98 female chickens, 150 local and exotic each) were randomly sampled in 16 weeks for the isolation of Salmonella enterica. The result show that72 (24.00%) S. enterica were isolated from cloacal swab where 8 (2.66%) from blood samples while, 24 (24.48%) from ...

As estufas, como ambientes construidos pelo homem para abrigar e promover melhores condicoes de cultivo dos vegetais, tornaram-se, sob varios aspectos, interessantes solucoes arquitetonicas para vencer as adversidades impostas pelo clima. Devido ao microclima interno, a aplicacao dessas estufas na producao de vegetais, seja para o cultivo de alimentos ou de mudas, geralmente possibilita o alcance de melhores resultados, quando comparados aos das culturas ao ar livre. Um controle eficiente do citado microclima acarreta em um aumento substancial da producao, aliada a uma consideravel reducao do consumo energetico necessario. O projeto tem como objetivo desenvolver um dispositivo de controle e monitoramento do microclima interno de uma estufa, baseado em componentes de baixo custo e tecnologia aberta, demonstrando a viabilidade de sua aplicacao as pequenas propriedades da regiao Norte Fluminense. A metodologia consiste no levantamento e estudo de aplicacoes de controle de variaveis em ...

Anemia is a common condition in sow herds. We aimed to study the effects of severe iron deficiency during gestation on sow and piglet health outcomes with an experimental model for blood-removal-induced iron deficiency anemia. In total, 18 multiparous sows (8 in trial I and 10 in trial II) were allocated to either a blood removal group or a control group. Hematologic parameters were monitored at regular intervals and the tissue iron concentrations were measured for the sows and newborn piglets after farrowing. In trial I, the mean liver iron content was reduced to 46.7 µg/g in the blood removal sows compared to 252.6 µg/g in the controls (p < 0.001). In trial II, sows in the blood removal group had lower iron content in the liver (147.8 µg/g), kidney (46.3 µg/g) and spleen (326.5 µg/g) compared to the control sows (323.2 µg/g, 81.3 µg/g and 728.9 µg/g, respectively; p = 0.009, 0.016, 0.01, respectively). In trial I, piglets from sows in the blood removal group had significantly d...

Transportation is one of the most important components of urban development and an efficient network of transportation services is required to support the complex activity patterns within cities. Transportation can promote or hinder development. Now a day traffic congestion is the most complex issue of transportation due to increase in high ownership of vehicles. Urban transportation planning contains a sequence of activities including analyzing the present condition of the area such as the land use patterns and the travel demand produced from this land developments and forecasting of these land use, population, travel demand etc. The purpose of this planning is to estimate the traffic demand and to suggest several transportation alternatives that are being considered for implementation. Angamaly is one of the fastest growing town in Kerala, which is well connected by all means of transport. The town lies at the intersection of MainCentral Road and National Highway and it is enriched with cultural and devotional centers. These factors improve the importance of Angamaly as well as the traffic congestion. Future expansion of metro towards Angamlay also enunciates the need of well traffic system at Angamaly.