Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Surgery

The study was conducted on ten dogs presented with diaphyseal fracture of long bones. All the fractures were repaired by titanium elastic stable intramedullary nailing. To study the haemato-biochemical profile of the dogs blood samples were collected in EDTA and serum collecting vials at different time intervals i.e., pre-operative, immediate post-operative, on 15th, 30th and 60th post-operative days. There were statistically significant variations in the mean values of total leucocyte count, neutrophils (%), lymphocytes (%), platelet count, serum calcium and sodium ion levels during the different time intervals of observation. But clinically, all the haematological and serum biochemical parameters were within the normal range for dogs. So it was inferred that application of titanium elastic stable intramedullary nailing does not cause any systemic adverse effects in dogs.

ABSTARCT This study was conducted to determine the gross-morphometry of the ovary and oviduct in apparently healthy adult laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Fifteen (15) hens aged 10 weeks and with average weight of 123.33g were used. After euthanasia, birds were dissected and the ovaries and oviducts were observed in-situ. Morphometrical parameters including ovary weight and length as well as weight of each oviductal segment were recorded. Anatomically, the left grape bunch-like ovary of the adult Japanese quail hen during sexual activity contained large, medium, and small follicles and had mean weight of 0.381 ±0.123g. The oviduct of adult Japanese quail was a highly convoluted and muscular tube extending from the single ovary to the cloaca and occupying the major part of the abdominal cavity. Its mean weight and length were 0.831±0.235g and 13.00±1.383cm respectively. Gross morphometric analysis indicated that the ovary weight had a strongly positive (P<0.01) correlation with oviductal parameters while oviductal parameters had strong positive relation with oviductal segmental parameter (p<0.01). The results obtained from this morphometric analysis can be used to evaluate oviparity of Japanese quail layers.

Rabies, a viral disease caused by lyssa virus of family Rhabdoviridae. It is a fatal zoonotic disease with worldwide occurrence and endemic in developing countries of Africa and Asia. The disease generally affects all warm-blooded animals, even though it is primarily a disease of dogs in Ethiopia and elsewhere in Africa. More than 95% of human rabies cases are due to bites by infected animals, predominantly from saliva of domestic dogs. Once clinical symptoms appear, it is almost 100% fatal, in which the disease is one of the major public-health burdens in Ethiopia. The country has the second most rabies related deaths in Africa. Although it is entirely preventable, nearly 3000 lives are lost every year in Ethiopia, with high economic burden and Daily Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs). Mass dog vaccination along with prompt administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to bite victims, public awareness and ‘One-Health’ approach are successful elements for rabies prevention and control programmes.Low effort of animal rabies control by government and stake holders, lack of finance, limited rabies diagnostic capacity, neglect and lack of coordination and among others are the challenges holding back not to control a century long deadly disease in resource limited African countries like Ethiopia. Thus, this paper provides a briefoverviewof the varied measures for Rabies prevention and control in animals and humans in Ethiopia.

Cystotomy adalah prosedur operasi untuk membuka vesica urinaria. Cystotomy dilakukan terutama untuk mengeluarkan kalkuli yang ada pada vesica urinaria dan uretra, tumor vesica urinaria, trauma akibat kecelakaan atau tertusuk oleh benda runcing, untuk tujuan biopsy, memperbaiki ureter ektopik dan vesica urinaria pecah, dan membantu dalam diagnosis untuk mengobati infeksi saluran kencing.
Penyebab dari kalkuli yang terdapat pada vesica urinaria adalah akumulasi dari mineral yaitu kalsium. Cystotomy diindikasikan untuk pengobatan masalah kandung kemih termasuk pengangkatan batu kandung kemih, kandung kemih tumor, dan pembekuan darah. Prosedur ini juga dapat dilakukan untuk mendapatkan sampel biopsi kandung kemih.Cystotomy dilakukan untuk memperbaiki pecah atau trauma parah pada kandung kemih.
Pada praoperasi Cystotomy yang dilakukan diantaranya : persiapan alat dan bahan, mempersiapan ruang operasi, mempersiapan operator dan pasien serta melakukan premedikasi dan anestesi. Setelah semua persiapan telah disiapkan maka operasi dilakukan.

ABSTRACT: This study reports a case of paraphimosis in a wether. The animal was brought to the hospital with the complaint of retained protruded penis.The penis was carefully assessed and gross debris removed by washing with diluted chlorhexidine solution. Hypertonic sugar solution and a cold compress were applied to reduce the edema and petroleum jelly was used to lubricate the penis.The penis was replaced into the prepuce and it remained. Broad spectrum antibiotics (Penicillin and streptomycin) and Piroxicam were administered intramuscular and the animal was monitored closely for five days and there was no re occurrence.
Key words: Antibiotics, hypertonic sugar solution, paraphimosis, petroleum jelly and Piroxicam

The scientific journal of the University of veterinary medicine and pharmacy in Košice -The slovak republic issn 0015-5748 3-4 LVI I • 2013 FOLIA VETERINARIA is issued by the University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Košice (UVMP); address: Komenského 73, 041 81 K o š i c e, The Slovak Republic (tel.: +421 915 984 669, fax: +421 55 632 52 93, E-mail: Milada.Vargova@uvlf.sk). IČO: 397 474

The urinary system plays an important role in the excretion of waste products and the maintenance of electrolyte balance. Any pathology of the urinary system can cause metabolic disturbances and derangements of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance. The kidney and urinary bladder can be easily imaged by radiology for diagnostic purposes but ultrasonography is more sensitive than radiography for small parenchymal masses and changes in the internal architecture of the kidney. Renal ultrasonography is a non-invasive imaging technique that allows the characterization of internal renal architecture. The major advantage of ultrasonography is its ability to discriminate among renal capsule, cortex, medulla, pelvic diverticula, and renal sinus. The urinary bladder is ideally suited for this examination because of the superficial position and excellent acoustic properties of this fluid-filled organ. The understanding of the normal anatomy of kidneys and urinary bladder is essential for the precise diagnosis of their disease conditions. In various disease conditions, the changes are different anatomically as well as sonographically, depending on the nature of the disease.

Background and Aim: In Iraq, stray dogs represent a critical population of free-roaming animals, which probably play a role in the transmission of different infections to other animals. Canine distemper is one of the most growing viral threats to carnivores in many countries worldwide, including Iraq. Therefore, this study was aimed to diagnose the disease using serological and molecular assay and the role of risk factors in the spreading infection.

Materials and Methods: In all, 158 venous blood samples were collected randomly from stray dogs in rural and sub-urban areas of Iraq from May 2019 to December 2020. The samples were examined serologically using two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), and molecularly by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and confirm chronic and acute infections. To determine the association between infection and various risk factors, the study animals were divided according to their locations, sexes, and ages. The age groups were ≤8 months (puppy), 1-3 years (young), and ≥3 years (old/mature).

Results: ELISA result shows that 6.96% and 19.62% of dogs were seropositive for acute and chronic distemper, respectively. The titer of chronic infections (0.421±0.027) was significantly higher (p≤0.025) than that of acute canine distemper (0.337±0.016). On RT-PCR, 8.86% of dogs were found positive for distemper. Using RT-PCR as the gold standard, the sensitivity and specificity of the IgM ELISA kit were 75% and 98.63%, respectively, whereas the positive and negative predictivity were 81.82% and 97.96%, respectively. A significant variation (p<0.05) was observed in the distribution of positive findings among the different epidemiological risk factors. Compared with rural areas, positivity was significantly higher (p<0.05) in sub-urban areas on IgM (26.92%) and IgG (64.15%) ELISA and RT-PCR (34.62%). On IgM ELISA and RT-PCR, no significant differences (p>0.05) were found among the three age groups; however, positivity was significantly higher (p≤0.048) in the ≥3 years group (22.73%) on IgG ELISA. Furthermore, only IgG ELISA showed a significantly higher (p≤0.032) positivity rate in female dogs (25.23%) than in male dogs (7.84%).

Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first Iraqi study to demonstrate acute and chronic canine distemper in stray dogs, suggesting that the prolonged shedding of virus from positive dogs is a critical point in the epidemiology of the disease. Additional studies in dogs or other carnivores are required to establish baseline data on the prevalence of the disease in Iraq.

Aim: Finding an ideal bone substitute to treat large bone defects, delayed union and nonunions remain a challenge for orthopedic surgeons and researchers. Several studies have been conducted on bone regeneration; each has its own advantages and disadvantages. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a combination of hydroxyapatite (HA) powder with autologous bone marrow (BM) aspirate on the repair of segmental radial defect in a rabbit model. Materials and Methods: A total of 36 male and adult New Zealand rabbit with a mean weight of 2.25 kg were used in this study. Approximately, 5 mm defect was created in the mid-shaft of the radius to be filled with HA powder in the control group " HA " (n=18) and with a combination of HA powder and autologous BM aspirate in the test group " HA+BM " (n=18). Animals were observed daily for healing by inspection of the surgical site, and six rabbits of each group were sacrificed at 30, 60, and 90 post-operative days to perform a radiographic evaluation of defect site. Results: Obtained results revealed a better and more rapid bone regeneration in the test group: Since the defect was rapidly and completely filled with mature bone tissue after 90 days. Conclusion: Based on these findings, we could infer that adding a BM aspirate to HA is responsible of a better regeneration process leading to a complete filling of the defect.

The case records of nine dogs and six cats with post-incisional hernia were managed by surgical correction at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria, RS, Brazil, between January 1980 and June, 1998. Dogs and cats presented focal peritonitis that were treated by fluid replacement,
antibiotic therapy, copious abdominal lavage, surgical
debridement and reparation. This terapeutic protocol was
efficient and all animals survived.

Resumo: A micoplasmose felina é uma afecção causada por Mycoplasma haemofelis, sendo que os gatos acometidos e não tratados podem entrar em óbito. É uma afecção com alta percentagem de prevalência, porém, subdiagnosticada. O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar uma análise dos hemogramas de gatos domésticos diagnosticados com micoplasmose felina, domiciliados na região de Osasco, São Paulo, Brasil. Para tal, foram utilizados dados das fichas clínicas e hemogramas, do período de 01 de janeiro de 2013 a 31 de dezembro de 2014, referentes a 15 gatos domésticos (Felis silvestris catus) diagnosticados com micoplasmose felina. Os dados coletados referiram-se à informação sobre a idade, o sexo e a raça, tendo a estatística descritiva sido realizada com o programa Microsoft Excel (2013). Do total de hemogramas, 73,3% (11/15) pertenceram a gatos machos, e 26,7% (4/15) a fêmeas. Todos os gatos acometidos eram sem raça determinada, e sua maioria com 11 anos idade 26,7% (4/15). As alterações de hemograma incluíram anisocitose, policromasia, corpúsculos de Howell-Jolly, plasma ictérico, anemia normocítica normocrómica regenerativa, trombocitopenia, leucocitose, neutrofilia segmentar, neutrófilos tóxicos, neutrófilos hiposegmentados, linfocitose, linfócitos reativos. Não existiram alterações de hemograma com padrão de compatibilidade com micoplasmose felina causada por Mycoplasma haemofelis. Abstract: Feline mycoplasmosis is a disease caused by Mycoplasma haemofelis, which can lead to death of cats that are not treated. It is a disease with high percentage of prevalence, however, underdiagnosed. The aim of the study was to analyze the blood cell counts of domestic cats diagnosed with feline mycoplasmosis, from Osasco, São Paulo. Was used data of clinical reports and hemograms from 1 st January 2013 to 31 st December 2014, relating to 15 domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) diagnosed with feline mycoplasmosis. The data referred to the information of age, sex and breed. A descriptive statistical analysis was performed with the Microsoft Excell software. The results showed 73.3% (11/15) belonged to male cats, and 26.7% (4/15) females. All cats affected were without breed and with most of 11 years old [26.7% (4/15)]. The hemograms changes included anisocytosis, polychromasia, Howell-Jolly bodies, plasma jaundice, normocytic normochromic anemia regenerative, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, segment neutrophilya, toxic neutrophilus, hyposegmentar neutrophilus, lymphocytosis, reactive lymphocytes. There hemogram showed no compatibility with feline mycoplasmosis.

Background and Aim: Chronic wounds are a clinical problem and require intensive standard wound care. However, this is sometimes insufficient to promote healing. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) can be used as an adjunctive therapy to improve wound healing. Various PBMT devices with different properties and parameter settings as well as different animal species can influence a variety of clinical outcomes. This study aims to assess the use of 830 nm PBMT or simultaneous superpulsed and multiple wavelengths (SPMW; 660, 875, and 905 nm) PBMT on chronic wounds in client-owned dogs. Materials and Methods: This study included 21 client-owned dogs with chronic wounds allocated into three groups: (1) Control group (C) treated with irrigated saline and without PBMT (n=7); (2) L1 group treated with irrigated saline together with the radiation of 830 nm PBMT (n=7); and (3) L2 group treated with irrigated saline together with the radiation of simultaneous SPMW-PBMT (n=7). Wound healing was ass...

Background and Aim: Calves have increased morbidity and mortality rates after dystocia. One cause is pain during birth, which reduces their colostrum intake. The administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may break this causality. This study aimed to determine the consequences of a single administration of the NSAID meloxicam to dystocia calves after birth.

Materials and Methods: Fifty Holstein–Friesian calves born with dystocia from four dairy cattle farms were included in this study. The animals were randomized into two groups. The animals in Group I (n=25, treatment group) received subcutaneous 0.5 mg meloxicam/kg body weight 2-8 h after birth. The animals in Group II (n=25, control group) received a control substance (Amynin®, bovine infusion solution, Merial) with the same volume. The newborn calves were clinically examined on the 1st and 10th days of life. The information regarding the days in between was gathered by questioning the farmer.

Results: There was a significant difference (p=0.04) only in calves with thin, mushy fecal consistency on the 10th day in the treatment group compared with the control group. Moreover, meloxicam had no effect on dystocia calves.

Conclusion: Since NSAID administration did not produce a significant clinical effect, its necessity is questionable. Further studies should examine how modifying its application time would have an effect. The primary indicators of well-being, such as pain indicators in the blood, were not measured; however, these should be considered in subsequent studies.

Aim: The study was conducted in Basrah, Iraq, to diagnose congenital arthrogryposis-hydranencephaly syndrome caused by Akabane virus (AKAV) in calves. Materials and Methods: Affected animals (42 calves) are about 2-27 days old from both sexes show signs of arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly. Eight clinically healthy newborn calves were considered as controls. Diagnosis of AKAV was confirmed using a competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. Results: Results show that all affected calves were found seropositive. Furthermore, a significant increase in total leukocyte count in diseased calves due to a significant increase in the absolute lymphocyte number indicated in affected calves than in controls. Moreover, a significant increase in sedimentation rate of erythrocytes was also encountered in diseased calves than in controls. In addition, a significant increase in haptoglobin level and fibrinogen was also detected. Conclusion: Diagnosis of AKAV infection of Basrah Governorate, Iraq, will provide useful epidemiological information for cattle and other domesticated animals. Therefore, abortion could be prevented and controlled.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi fazer uma revisão bibliográfica sobre intervenções obstétricas e a assistência aos neonatos bovinos em casos de partos distócicos, visto a importância da pecuária no Brasil e inúmeros casos de problemas reprodutivos, principalmente ligados às distocias, sendo estas de origem fetal e/ou materna, devido a vários fatores envolvidos. Em muitos casos, a intervenção obstétrica com a realização de manobras corretivas é capaz de garantir o sucesso do parto, porém, muitas vezes pode-se optar por práticas mais drásticas, como a fetotomia e a cesariana, afim de garantir assim a sanidade da vaca e, sempre que possível, do bezerro. Além disso, a correta assistência neonatal em fetos viáveis oriundo de partos distócicos, pode aumentar a chance de sobrevivência do bezerro. Por fim, ressalta-se a importância da correta percepção e escolha, por parte do médico veterinário, do momento e método adequado para a realização das intervenções ao parto.

The present study was conducted over from September 2013 to January 2015. The alfected animals were collected from the surgery clinic of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University and different pet clinics in Tanta, Cairo and Giza governorates. The total number of examined animals along the present study was (3340) dogs suffered from different affections. The ages were ranged from two months to (15) years old and they were of different breeds and sex. Surgical affections of the genital system were recorded in 227 dogs representing 6.8%o out of total admitted dogs. The higher incidence was seen in female dogs (7.67o) than male dogs (6.1%1. The most of the affected dogs were kept outdoors (203) and only (24) dogs kept indoors. The highest incidence among surgical affections of male genital system in dogs was recorded in scrotal and testicular affections (7.9o/o) followed by penile and preputial affections (46.1%) then the prostatic affections (6%). The diagnosed scrotal and testicular affections were cryptorchidism, scrotal dermatitis, testicular hypoplasia, orchitis and testicular trauma. The common breeds affected with male genital affections were German shepherd, Golden Retriever, Rottweiler, Pit-bull and Griffon. The penile and preputial surgical affections were transmissible venereal tumor (T.v.T), balanoposithitis, paraphimosis, penile and preputial wounds, phimosis, urethral prolapsed and absence of preputial opening. The diagnosed surgical affections of the prostate in dogs were prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatic cyst, prostatic abscesses and prostatic neoplasm. The highest incidence among surgical affections of female genital system in dogs was recorded in vulva and vagina affections (67.3%) followed by uterine and ovarian affections (15%) then mammary gland affections (17.7). The common breeds were German shepherd, Rottweiler, Boxer, Pit pull and Griffon. The diagnosed conditions were recorded.

Background and Aim: A healthy joint is an important structure for the proper movement of the camel limb. Intra-articular (IA) injection is frequently used in veterinary practice for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes of joint injuries. Thus, the current study aimed to describe the injection of the hindlimb joints in dromedary camels based on the anatomical and arthrographic-guided landmarks. Materials and Methods: Eighteen orthopedically sound adult camels (mean±standard deviation age: 78±12 months) of both sexes were included in this study. Three camels were euthanized to identify anatomical features in the hindlimb joints and related structures. IA injections were performed in the hindlimbs of 5 camel cadavers to evaluate the optimal IA injection site, which was confirmed by arthrography. The optimized IA injection technique was applied in 10 live camels and confirmed by arthrocentesis and arthrography. For each joint, injection criteria (number of attempts, difficulty of injecti...

This study examined complete case records of brachycephalic dogs presented to our clinic who were diagnosed and treated for brachycephalic airway obstruction syndrome (BAOS) over a 6-year period (2008-2014) and reports long term clinical outcome of these cases following surgery. Twenty eight brachycephalic dogs were reviewed. Information regarding breed, age, signalment, clinical signs, diagnosis, surgery and outcome were assessed. Breeds more commonly presented were English Bulldogs (16/28, [57.1%]) and Pugs (7/28, [25%]). Common causes of presentation was stertor (21/28, [75%]) and exercise intolerance (12/28, [42.8%]). All dogs were evaluated for stenotic nares, elongated soft palate and laryngeal collapse. Diagnosis was confirmed using direct visualisation of the oropharynx and larynx under light general anaesthesia. Elongated soft palate was the most common abnormality (26/28, [92.8%]). The most common combination of abnormalities were elongated soft palate along with stenotic nares (20/28, [71.4%]). The English Bulldog was the most common breed for all abnormalities, including stenotic nares, elongated soft palate, everted laryngeal saccules and hypoplastic trachea (11/20, [55%]). No dogs were diagnosed with everted saccules or hypoplastic trachea alone. All dogs underwent surgery and were treated with a combination of wedge resection of stenotic nares and a sharp cut-and-sew technique for resection of elongated soft palate. Twenty seven dogs had an uneventful recovery from surgery. These dogs were further hospitalised for 24 hours postoperatively and discharged afterwards. In one dog temporary tracheostomy was performed following surgery due to respiratory distress and was hospitalised for 3 additional days before discharged. Follow up information was available for all dogs and performed initially with clinical examination 2 weeks postoperatively. Afterwards owners and referring veterinarians were contacted via telephone. One year after surgery long-term outcome was categorized by owners as excellent, good, fair or poor. The outcome was recorded as excellent in 12 (42.8%) dogs, good in 13 (46.4%) dogs, fair in 2 (7.2%) dogs and poor in 1 (3.6%) dog. Overall treatment success rate was 89.2%. The results of our study suggest that surgical treatment of BAOS in dogs appears to have a favorable long-term outcome.

Two young dogs with history of traumatic injury were presented with primary complaint of not bearing weight on one forelimb. Radiographic examinations of the limb had revealed complete transverse diaphyseal fracture of distal third of radius-ulna in both the cases. The fracture in both the cases was repaired under general anesthesia by introduction of titanium elastic nail through the pre-drilled hole in the metaphyseal cortex followed by passing the nail through the medullary canal into the other fracture fragment after reducing both the fracture fragments by open reduction technique. Both the dogs had shown uneventful recovery with partial weight bearing on the operated limb in between 5th-7th and complete weight bearing at 60th post-operative day. The nail in both the cases was removed at 60th post-operative day after radiographic examinations which had shown callus formation along with bridging of both the cortices at the fractured site. All the physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters were found within the normal clinical range at different time intervals of examination. Overall both the cases had shown good clinical outcome without any local or systemic adverse effect.

Background and Aim: Aquaporin-2 (AQP2) and arginine vasopressin receptor-2 (AVPR2) are proteins that control water homeostasis in principal cells. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as the impairment and irreversible loss of kidney function and/or structure, which causes water imbalances and polyuria. The study aimed to know the expression of AQPs and AVPR2 in the kidneys of a canine with CKD.

Materials and Methods: The kidneys were collected from two dog carcasses from Small Animal Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University. The kidney tissue was prepared for immunohistochemistry and investigated the expression and localization of tissue's AQP2 and AVPR2. For statistical analysis, the Mann–Whitney U-test was applied to the data.

Results: By immunohistochemistry, AQP2 was expressed strongly in the basolateral and apical membranes of the principal cells, whereas AVPR2 was localized in the principal cell's basolateral membrane in both renal cortex and renal medulla. In the normal kidney, the semi-quantitative immunohistochemistry for the percentage of protein expression of AQP2 and AVPR2 was 5.062±0.4587 and 4.306±0.7695, respectively. In contrast, protein expression of AQP2 and AVPR2 in CKD was found to be 1.218±0.1719 and 0.8536±0.1396, respectively. The data shows that the percentage of AQP2 and AVPR2 expression was decreased, corresponding to a 4-fold and 5-fold in CKD (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Our findings revealed that CKD was a marked decrease in AQP2 and AVPR2 expression. The central role of specific AQP2 and AVPR2 in regulating water homeostasis will provide correlations in case of CKD with polyuria.

Background and Aim: Urethral obstruction (UO) is a common condition in feline medicine. Severe acid-base and electrolyte disorders promote relevant electrocardiographic changes in these animals. Cardiac biomarkers such as cardiac troponin I have been shown to be useful in identifying cats with myocardial disease, but it has not been investigated whether UO leads to myocardial damages. This study aimed to evaluate biochemical changes, electrocardiographic findings, troponin I measurements, and electrolyte disturbances for 7 days in cats with UO. Materials and Methods: This follow-up prospective study included 33 cats diagnosed with UO for 7 days. For all cats, clinical examination, serum biochemistry, electrolyte analyses, blood pressure, and electrocardiography were performed. Cardiac troponin I was measured in the serum in 16 cats at 3 different times. Results: The mean age of the feline population was 1.83±1.58 years (mean±standard deviation). Creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen...

This study aimed to determine in dogs, the effi cacy of sodium
chloride solution 0.9% with or without dexamethasone in order
to prevent adhesions after intercostal thoracotomy. Fifteen dogs were separated into three groups of fi ve animals, A, B and C and underwent thoracotomy in the fi fth left intercostal space. Three other dogs were submitted to a previous study. In the dogs of Group A it was performed only a thoracotomy and thoracorraphy; in group B, it was performed a thoracotomy, thoracorraphy and injection into the pleural cavity of isotonic sodium chloride (10ml) and dexamethasone (1mg kg-1). In the dogs of the group C, it was performed the thoracotomy thoracorraphy and injected isotonic sodium chloride (10ml kg-1) into the pleural cavity. After 15 days of thoracotomy, it was performed transdiaphragmatic thoracocospy to determine the presence and score of adhesions between the lung and chest wall. The results demonstrated the presence of adhesions
in the majority of group A and reduced or no adhesions in the other groups. For statistical evaluation, it was pplied the chi-square test with signifi cance level of 5% (P≤0.05). The sodium chloride solution 0.9% with or without dexamethasone in the pleural space prevented or reduced lung adhesions after intercostal thoracotomy.

A six-month old female cat was presented for primary complaint of not bearing weight on left forelimb due to injury with a wooden stick one day back. Radiograph of the limb revealed complete transverse diaphyseal fracture of distal third humerus. The fracture was repaired under general anesthesia using titanium elastic nail with a small stab incision on skin at the cranio-lateral surface distal to proximal metaphysisof the humerus and guiding the nail through the fracture site up to the distal metaphysis by keeping the fractured ends in alignment from outside manually. The animal showed uneventful recovery with partial weight bearing on 3rd post-operative day and complete weight bearing on 15th post-operative day. On 60th post-operative day, radiograph of the humerus (orthogonal views) showed complete bridging of both the cortices along with complete remodeling of the bone.

A 1.5 year old male adult guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) presented with acute vestibular disease, consisting of a right head tilt, circling, and ataxia. The head tilt was non-responsive to initial empirical antimicrobial therapy for presumptive otitis media. Video otoscopy and a myringotomy were performed under general anesthesia. A large amount of purulent debris was flushed from the middle ear and submitted for culture. Treatment with appropriate systemic and topical antibiotics was pursued for 4 weeks. Near complete resolution of clinical signs was achieved by the end of treatment with only a minor residual head tilt. This is the first described use of a diagnostic and therapeutic myringotomy for the treatment and resolution of otitis media in a guinea pig. Based on the clinical success seen in this case and the relative ease of the procedure, myringotomies should be considered for diagnosis and treatment of otitis media in guinea pigs.

Background and Aim: Cardiac disease is common in cats, and concurrent pleural effusion can worsen the prognosis. However, the definitive diagnosis of feline cardiac disease by echocardiography is limited in some areas. This study was designed to determine the indicators from fluid analysis obtained from pleural effusion to help diagnose cardiac disease in cats. Materials and Methods: A retrospective study was conducted. Data of 61 cats with pleural effusion were retrieved. The cats were divided into two groups: Cardiac disease (n=34) and non-cardiac disease (n=27) groups. Sex, neuter status, breed, age, weight, physical findings, fluid analysis results, radiographic findings, echocardiographic findings, and the presence of other diseases or conditions were recorded. Results: The Chi-square test showed the relationship between cardiac disease and the presence of abnormal heart sounds (p=0.0003), the N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide-positive result from serum samples (p=0.046...

Abstract | Infectious lymphadenitis in small ruminants which caused by broad ranges of microorganismsis worldwide
distributed disease, that subsequently causing significant economic losses to animal production industry. Clinical cases
of ovine lymphadenopathy in Awasi sheep are described in this research. These cases were recorded separately in the
animal’s farm of College of Agriculture, University of Basra / Iraq during November 2017. A 2-4year-old Awasi sheep
weighing 30-40 kg, presented to the Large Animal Clinic, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Basra with
an enlargement of superficial lymph nodes. Surgical removals of the affected lymph nodes were done and samples
were processed to histopathological and bacteriological examinations. The sheep were tentatively diagnosed with
Infectious lymphadenitis. The present study revealed that the infectious lymphadenitis in Awasi sheep were caused by
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the infected sheep might provide evidence for disease transmission and source of infection
in the farm as well as human.
Keywords | Awasi sheep, Histopathology, Infectious Lymphadenitis, Microbiology, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

The largest organ of the body system of the body is the skin. So that, it is play a very important central roles in the protection of body against infections, chemicals and mechanical forces. The health of the skin plays a pivotal role in maintaining it, physiological homeostasis of body, fluid imbalance, and thermal dys-regulation. This study was applied in 18 rabbits with avulsion wound in the skin of dorsal part of body back region, the injuries of skin layers involve remove the full-thickness of skin layers, then studying the effectiveness of opuntia ficus-indica extracts on wound healing in two forms (oiled and flavonoid extract). Results: after seven days of our study appears the excellent ability of flavonoid group on avulsion wound healing and antimicrobial to compare with oiled group and control group. Conclusion: flavonoid extract of opuntia ficus-indica may useful in the treatment of skin injury of extremities and in any part of body. Aims of study: to assessment the efficacy of oiled and flavonoid extract of opuntia ficus-indica on avulsion wound healing and study the ability of oiled and flavonoid extract as antimicrobial. Keywords: opuntia ficus-indic, avulsion wound, wound healing and skin rabbits injuries Naeem LA, Sabah FS, Abboud AS (2020) Study the effects of oiled and flavonoid extracts of Opuntia Ficus-Indica on healing of avulsion skin wounds in a rabbit's models. Eurasia J Biosci 14: 5273-5278.

Aim: A good skin graft histopathology is followed by formation of hair follicle, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, blood vessel, lightly dense connective tissue, epidermis, and dermis layer. This research aimed to observe histopathology feature and cytokeratin AE1/AE3 expression on cat skin post skin grafting within a different period of time. Materials and Methods: Nine male Indonesian local cats aged 1-2 years old weighing 3-4 kg were separated into three groups. First surgery created defect wound of 2 cm × 2 cm in size to whole groups. The wounds were left alone for several days, differing in interval between each group, respectively: Group I (for 2 days), Group II (for 4 days), and Group III (for 6 days). The second surgery was done to each group which harvested skin of thoracic area and applied it on recipient wound bed. On day 24 th post skin graft was an examination of histopathology and cytokeratin AE1/AE3 immunohistochemistry. Results: Group I donor skin's epidermis layer had not formed completely whereas epidermis of donor skin of Groups II and III had completely formed. In all group hair follicle, sweat gland, sebaceous gland, and neovascularization were found. The density of connective tissue in Group I was very solid than other groups. Cytokeratin AE1/AE3 expression was found on donor skin's epithelial cell in epidermis and dermis layer with very brown intensity Conclusion: Histopathological structure and cytokeratin AE1/AE3 expression post skin graft are better in Groups II and III compared to Group I.

Fracture of the lateral humeral condyle (HCF) is a common injury, and the treatment by lag screw fixation is accepted as the method of choice. If the screw breaks, however, the dog will not have a satisfactory outcome. Screws can break due to nonunion, long periods of cyclic loading, and insufficient diameter. A plate can be applied to the lateral aspect of the humerus utilizing the bottom plate hole as the transcondylar screw hole and another screw in the more proximal plate hole to share loading and distribute the forces of cyclical loading. The results from using a lateral plate on the distal humerus in the 10 cases in this study are encouraging and warrant further investigation.

Rabies, a viral disease caused bylyssa virus of family Rhabdoviridae. It is a fatal zoonotic disease with worldwide occurrence and endemic in developing countries of Africa and Asia. The disease generally affects all warm-blooded animals, even though it is primarily a disease of dogs in Ethiopia and elsewhere in Africa. More than 95% of human rabies cases are due to bites by infected animals, predominantly from saliva of domestic dogs. Once clinical symptoms appear, it is almost 100% fatal, in which the disease is one of the major public-health burdens in Ethiopia. The country has the second most rabies related deaths in Africa. Although it is entirely preventable, nearly 3000 lives are lost every year in Ethiopia, with high economic burden and Daily Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs). Mass dog vaccination along with prompt administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to bite victims, public awareness and 'One-Health' approach are successful elements for rabies prevention and control programmes. Low effort of animal rabies control by government and stake holders, lack of finance, limited rabies diagnostic capacity, neglect and lack of coordination and among others are the challenges holding back not to control a century long deadly disease in resource limited African countries like Ethiopia. Thus, this paper provides a brief overview of the varied measures for Rabies prevention and control in animals and humans in Ethiopia.

Background and Aim: Chronic wounds are a clinical problem and require intensive standard wound care. However, this is sometimes insufficient to promote healing. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) can be used as an adjunctive therapy to improve wound healing. Various PBMT devices with different properties and parameter settings as well as different animal species can influence a variety of clinical outcomes. This study aims to assess the use of 830 nm PBMT or simultaneous superpulsed and multiple wavelengths (SPMW; 660, 875, and 905 nm) PBMT on chronic wounds in client-owned dogs. Materials and Methods: This study included 21 client-owned dogs with chronic wounds allocated into three groups: (1) Control group (C) treated with irrigated saline and without PBMT (n=7); (2) L1 group treated with irrigated saline together with the radiation of 830 nm PBMT (n=7); and (3) L2 group treated with irrigated saline together with the radiation of simultaneous SPMW-PBMT (n=7). Wound healing was ass...

Background and Aim: A healthy joint is an important structure for the proper movement of the camel limb. Intra-articular (IA) injection is frequently used in veterinary practice for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes of joint injuries. Thus, the current study aimed to describe the injection of the hindlimb joints in dromedary camels based on the anatomical and arthrographic-guided landmarks.

Materials and Methods: Eighteen orthopedically sound adult camels (mean±standard deviation age: 78±12 months) of both sexes were included in this study. Three camels were euthanized to identify anatomical features in the hindlimb joints and related structures. IA injections were performed in the hindlimbs of 5 camel cadavers to evaluate the optimal IA injection site, which was confirmed by arthrography. The optimized IA injection technique was applied in 10 live camels and confirmed by arthrocentesis and arthrography. For each joint, injection criteria (number of attempts, difficulty of injection, and successful injection) were assessed, scored, and statistically compared to the other joints.

Results: The summation of IA injection criteria scores was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the femorotibial, femoropatellar, tibiotarsal, fetlock, pastern, and coffin joints in comparison to the hip joint.

Conclusion: Anatomical and arthrographic-guided techniques offer considerable advantages for the characterization of anatomical landmarks and selection of the appropriate IA injection site in the hindlimb in dromedary camels. Furthermore, a reference approach for camels was established that is different from the approach for cattle and horses.

Background and Aim: Anticoagulants with different modes of action are used in the collection of camel blood samples. In the innate immune response, camel neutrophils and monocytes can play several roles during infection and inflammation. For anticoagulants ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and heparin, research has described their effects on different parameters of the immune system. However, to date, no research has examined the effects of anticoagulants on the functional activity of camel phagocytes. Therefore, this study analyzed the influence of K3EDTA and lithium heparin on the antimicrobial activity of camel neutrophils and monocytes.

Materials and Methods: Camel leukocytes were separated from blood collected in EDTA or heparin tubes, and their phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production activity were analyzed by flow cytometry after stimulation with Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli bacteria.

Results: In comparison to the cells collected from the EDTA blood, the camel neutrophils and monocytes separated from the heparin blood showed higher phagocytosis activity of S. aureus and E. coli. In addition, the neutrophils and monocytes produced significantly more ROS when the blood was collected in the heparin tubes.

Conclusion: The antimicrobial functions of camel neutrophils and monocytes are significantly affected by the type of anticoagulation agent. Therefore, using heparin rather than EDTA as an anticoagulant is recommended when performing the functional analysis of phagocytosis and ROS production of camel phagocytes.

Dystocia is defined as difficulty in parturition. It is a common condition in small ruminants especially goats. A four year old Malabari goat was presented to Veterinary Polyclinic, Mannarkkad with the history of full term pregnancy and distention of the ventral abdomen. The animal was showing straining intermittently for the past one day without progressing into parturition. Preliminary examinations followed by pervaginal examination identified the need of cesarean section. The goat was sedated using xylazine. Local infiltration analgesia was achieved with 2 % lignocaine hydrochloride at the proposed site of the incision. Left lower abdominal coeliotomy was done. The gravid uterus was identified which was seen attached to the lower abdomen. The uterus was carefully detached from the lower abdominal wall and was lifted towards the incision site. The incision was made on the uterine body. Removed the dead fetus from the uterus. The uterus was sutured, followed by suturing of the peritoneum, muscle layers, and skin. Postoperatively animal was treated with antibiotics for five days. Animals recovered from anesthesia without any complication and made uneventful recovery after the course of antibiotics along with other supportive therapy.

Background: Lameness results in major economic losses on dairy farms. The proportion of lameness in cows are between 4-55%, the origin of 90% lameness are caused by foot diseases. Hoof abnormalities such as laminitis are major contributors to lameness. Aim of the study, compared with thermographic imaging (IRT) and radiographic, magnetic resonans (MR), computer tomography (CT), histopathological analysis on the diagnosis of laminitis. Materials, Methods & Results: Preliminary, the animals (20 Holstein-Fresian) were selected by lameness examination for evaluation of the for any obvious signs of disease. The animals were examined when rising and walking of the free stalls. Walking was very painful and clinical symptoms of general distress become present for laminitic group. The cows were scored on a 1 to 5 scale for their locomotion (1 = normal locomotion; 5 = severely lame). Thermographic examinations were performed the all animals after the routine clinical examination methods. The infrared images were taken from the dorsal view of all hooves to monitor the temperature of coronary band. All images were scanned using a hand-held portable infrared camera (Wahl, Thermal Imager HSI3000 Series), which was calibrated to ambient temperature and absorptive conditions. Incentives radiological examinations, dorso-palmar and latero-medial shooting was done for using of (Regius Model 110 Konica, Minolta) 70 kV and 30 mAs for each claws. MRI images of all isolated digits were performed at the Department of Radiology, by using Siemens Symphony Erlangen, Germany. Continuous series of transversal, sagital and dorsoplantar scan were obtained from all digit. Computer tomography (CT), isolated digits were performed at the Imaging Department of Radiology, by using Siemens Symphony Erlangen, Germany. CT scanner was used to obtain contiguous slices from the region of the proximal sesamoid bones to the toe. Anterior side (laminar and perilaminar tissues) of the claws was uncovered with electric wheel. Tissue samples were taken 10% buffered formaldehyde solution after establishing a routine laboratory procedure following the prepared paraffin blocks 5 micrometers thick sections with hematoxylin-eosin dye method according to the staining. It was finally examined by light microscopy. The computer soft ware of the infrared thermal camera showed increased local temperature, by 0.5-1.5°C, between the normal and suspected regions for laminitic cases. Clinically, animals suspected of laminitis were showed general stiffness, lameness during walking difficulty. Examination of the claws was demonstrated of rings and plump appearance was evident in paries ungulae. The main damage was seen during trimming of the sole from no hemorrhages or discoloration of control group. The transver-sal MRI images provided excellent depictions of anatomical structures when compared to their corresponding pictures. Identifiable anatomic structure was labeled on the line drawings of the limb sections and on the corresponding CT images. Twenty out of 30 claws (65%) were shown laminitis statistical with histopathological examination. In histopathological examination; mononuclear cells and neutrophil granulocytes infilrations and edema, haemorrhagia, mild hyperemia in the lamellar region was remarkable in laminitic cases. Discussion: As a results, thermographic examination may have potential as a detection tool for laminitis. MR transversal images provided excellent depiction of anatomical structures and many biometric research in the bovine hoof can be easily investigated. The usefulness of IRT, MRI, CT in evaluating laminitis in the acute patient remains stil open. The use of diagnostic techniques during the initial active phase of laminitis as a means to increase the understanding of the disease and also serves as a justification for the development of an experiment involving live cows induces laminitis.

كفيف طبيب بيطري بامتياز!!! [قصص قصيرة]، مجلة أبقار وأغنام الشرق الأوسط وشمال أفريقيا، بيروت – لبنان، العدد 85-86، ص 11-14، أكتوبر/ديسمبر 2009م.

Blind vet privilege !!! [Short stories], cows and sheep Middle East and North Africa Journal, Beirut - Lebanon, No. 85-86, pp. 11-14, October / December 2009.

The Central Venous Pressure (CVP) is a very important pattern for monitorization in many clinical, surgical and experimental procedures, and it reflects the blood pressure that returns to the right heart side. For its measurement a Central Venous Catheter (CVC) must be used inside the jugular vein. Because of the high cost of the CVC, an option was taken to measure the CVP with a Peripheric Venous Catheter (PVC) inside the jugular vein, with low cost. The CVP measure obtained with the PVC must be subtracted to a reduction index, in this way the measure would correspond to the ones done with the CVC. This study alouds to conclude that the PVC is adequate for CVP measurement in dogs.

Background and Aim: In Iraq, stray dogs represent a critical population of free-roaming animals, which probably play a role in the transmission of different infections to other animals. Canine distemper is one of the most growing viral threats to carnivores in many countries worldwide, including Iraq. Therefore, this study was aimed to diagnose the disease using serological and molecular assay and the role of risk factors in the spreading infection. Materials and Methods: In all, 158 venous blood samples were collected randomly from stray dogs in rural and sub-urban areas of Iraq from May 2019 to December 2020. The samples were examined serologically using two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits, immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), and molecularly by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect and confirm chronic and acute infections. To determine the association between infection and various risk factors, the study animals were divid...

BACKGROUND Chronically healing wounds affect many animals seen in general practice. Routinely, microbiological culturing is used to profile the bacterial species present in these wounds. Studies into the microbiota of these types of wounds in human medicine have shown that culture may be insufficient for detecting the extent of the bacterial species present. Culturefree 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing, being more sensitive than culture, may give a more accurate picture of the bacteria present. This study compares the results of culture and molecular testing in chronic wounds in animals. METHOD Samples from 10 chronic wounds (6 dogs and 4 cats) underwent culture and 16S rRNA sequencing. Genomic DNA was isolated and the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region was amplified by PCR. Subsequently, libraries of the genomic DNA were constructed for sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. The resulting sequence reads were Canine raw meat diets and antimicrobial resistant E. coli: is there a link?

This research aimed to compared between natural non-absorbable suture (silk) and metallic clips in skin wound closure, the result appeared that the use natural non-absorbable suture (silk) get the best result when closed the wound compared with staples. In view of this prospective study has been undertaken to highlight the outcomes of closure by clips and sutures with respect to speed of closure, cost effectiveness and postoperative wound dehiscence, acceptance of scar. It has been found that the use of silk in surgical wound closure gives faster speed of closure and better results.