Wind and Pumped Storage Hydropower Systems

Global climate change is currently having major impacts on the world and the life on it. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gas are contributing to a global ozone depletion and a rise in temperatures. In order to reduce and limit this anthropogenic emissions, on an institutional level multilateral
environmental agreements such as the Kyoto Protocol have been created. The Kyoto Protocol seeks to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through various mechanisms. The Clean Development Mechanism's (CDM) aim is to create emission reductions, foster sustainable development and transfer
technologies to developing countries. In this dissertation a case study will be analysed, assessing its eligibility to serve as a CDM prototype, and its contributions to the wider sustainable development and ecological modernisation discourses. The case study will be analysed using qualitative
secondary data. The case study will be the hydro-wind power plant, that will supply renewable energy to a whole isolated community creating energy self-sufficiency. This project seems to be eligible to be used as a CDM on a developing island and the project could serve as a global sustainable
development benchmark. It could be observed how some aspects of the ecological modernisation theory and the
sustainable development Brundtland's Report discourse are reflected on the sustainable development plan of El Hierro. From the findings, it could be considered that on El Hierro
the aim of achieving sustainable development through technological innovation and policy intervention is followed. The project and the analysis carried out in this paper could serve as a reference when replicating the project within the CDM framework and further analysing its contributions to
the wider sustainable development discourse.

This study introduces an algorithm that simulates and optimizes pumping units (constant and variable speed centrifugal pumps) operating in pumped storage schemes. A unit's main components are taken into account: pumps' number, pumps' curves, pipelines, reservoir's shape etc. The algorithm maximizes the water volume stored by properly determining the operational points. Improved accuracy is achieved by "discretizing" the calculation of the resulting static head rise.

Το παρόν άρθρο προτείνει έναν αλγόριθμο βελτιστοποίησης της λειτουργίας αντλιοστασίου το οποίο χρησιμοποιείται για αποθήκευση ενέργειας (pumped storage). Οι εν λόγω εφαρμογές έχουν χρησιμοποιηθεί σε συνεργασία με υδροηλεκτρικούς και με θερμικούς σταθμούς από τις αρχές του 20ου αιώνα. Πρόσφατα, άρχισαν να παρουσιάζουν ειδικό ενδιαφέρον σε σχέση με την αιολική ενέργεια (μέθοδος αποθήκευσης της αιολικής ενέργειας σε δυναμική ενέργεια του νερού). Η ροή ενέργειας είναι η εξής: η διαθέσιμη ηλεκτρική-αιολική ενέργεια διοχετεύεται σε αντλιοστάσιο το οποίο ανεβάζει νερό από χαμηλότερη δεξαμενή σε υψηλότερη. Έτσι, η έντονα διακυμαινόμενη αιολική ενέργεια μετατρέπεται σε ενέργεια του νερού λόγω της υψομετρικής διαφοράς και είναι δυνατόν όταν χρειαστεί να μετατραπεί σε ηλεκτρική με τα επιθυμητά χαρακτηριστικά από μονάδα υδροστροβίλου. Όπως είναι φανερό η μέθοδος αυτή έχει το μειονέκτημα των μεγάλων απωλειών που συνοδεύουν τις μετατροπές ενέργειας. Γίνεται λοιπόν προφανής η αξία της σωστής επιλογής των στοιχείων της εγκατάστασης και της βελτιστοποίησης της λειτουργίας των αντλιών, που είναι ο στόχος της παρούσας εργασίας. Το είδος των αντλιών που εξετάζεται στην εργασία αυτή είναι οι φυγόκεντρες. Ο αλγόριθμος (στον οποίο βασίστηκε και το αντίστοιχο πρόγραμμα που αναπτύχθηκε σε fortran77) προσομοιάζει αντλιοστάσιο που αποτελείται από μιαν αντλία σταθερής ταχύτητας και (αρχικά καθοριζόμενο) αριθμό όμοιων αντλιών μεταβλητής ταχύτητας. Οι αντλίες μεταβλητής ταχύτητας είναι μεταξύ τους συνδεδεμένες σε παράλληλο.

The year round insufficiency of water in rivers of Tripura (state of NorthEast India) is the main problem of hydro-power generation of this state. The only hydro-power station of the stale (Dombor Hydro-Power Plant) is presently in deadly condition. So a plant which can operate with fixed volume of water, is very much acceptable to pursuit this condition. So, pump storage hydro power plant is this type of plant which can operate according to the expected condition. But consumption of power during the pumping phase reduces the net output of PSP hydro-plant. So parametric estimation has been adopted to find the most beneficial & non beneficial parameters for PSP and how the efficiency changes with the variation of these parameters it is also observed here. Finally the optimum condition for maximum power generation has been developed from these estimations.

______________________________________________________________________________ This paper provides a situational review (as of December 2016) of the 2030 renewable energy penetration targets for the Jamaican electric grid, evaluates the significant milestones achieved to date and provides a critical analysis of the various ideas promulgated by both local and overseas experts and organizations, about the critical developments that must take place over the next 14 years in order to realize this national goal.

This study introduces an algorithm that simulates and optimizes pumping units (constant and variable speed centrifugal pumps) operating in pumped storage schemes.
A unit's main components are taken into account: pumps' number, pumps' curves, pipelines, reservoir's shape etc. The algorithm maximizes the water volume stored by properly determining the operational points. Improved
accuracy is achieved by "discretizing" the calculation of the resulting static head rise.

Flexible electricity systems allow a higher penetration of variable renewable energy, and flexibility can be achieved through pumped hydropower storage (PHS). This assessment of European PHS potential focuses on linking two existing reservoirs to form a PHS system, the reservoirs must have adequate difference in elevation (head) and be close enough so that they can be reasonably linked. The results show that the theoretical potential energy storage is significant as it reaches 54 TWh when a maximum distance of 20 km between the existing reservoirs is considered. When constraints are applied, e.g. discounting populated areas, protected natural areas or transport infrastructure, the so-called maximum realisable potential is halved to 29 TWh. Comparing with the existing PHS storage capacity reported for 14 countries suggests that the theoretical potential is 3.5 times the existing capacity, whereas the realisable potential is still twice the existing capacity.