Fig. 1. Powerful-owl chicks in a hollow of a large-old tree. Photography: Nick Bradsworth in owl populations.” Present-day owl populations exist in dramatically modified andscapes and are increasingly common in cities.” Although researchers once thought that powerful owls are habitat specialists restricted to old-growth forests, powerful owls now inhabit Australia’s densest cities including Sydney and Melbourne.®*! This suggests that owls can adapt to, tolerate, or even benefit from human-dominated landscapes (Fig. 2). However, cities present owls with several challenges which threaten their wellbeing and prospects of long-term survival.” Urbanisation reduces the availability of critical habitat-structures that owls de- pend on, such as tree cover, structurally complex vegetation, and access to wa- Examples Fig. 3. Human-made hollows for powerful owls. Top left: carved hollow. Top right: carved log. Middle left: nest box. Middle right: repurposed wheelie-bin (Credit: Gio Fitzpatrick). Bottom left: hempcrete hollow. Bottom right: 3D printed wood hollow. Photography by the authors unless stated otherwise Possible Impact on Capabilities Fig. 5. Illustration of the potential impacts of human-owl cultures on owl capabilities based on the examples in Table 3. Colours distinguish different capabilities to assist cross-referencing between tables and diagrams. Circle sizes indicate the likelihood of owls expressing their capa- bilities, where large = likely, medium = possible, small = unlikely. Rows: representative human- owl relationships. Columns: capabilities of owls Fig. 5. Illustration of the potential impacts of human-owl cultures on owl capabilities based on
