Origin and history of unkept

Middle English kēpen, from late Old English cepan (past tense cepte) "to seize, hold; seek after, desire," also "to observe or carry out in practice; look out for, regard, pay attention to," from Proto-Germanic *kopjan, which is of uncertain origin. Old English cepan was used c. 1000 to render Latin observare, so perhaps it is related to Old English capian "to look" (from Proto-Germanic *kap-), which would make the basic sense "to keep an eye on, see to it."

The word prob. belonged primarily to the vulgar and non-literary stratum of the language; but it comes up suddenly into literary use c. 1000, and that in many senses, indicating considerable previous development. [OED]

The senses exploded in Middle English: "to guard, defend" (12c.); "restrain (someone) from doing something" (early 13c.); "take care of, look after; protect or preserve (someone or something) from harm, damage, etc." (mid-13c.); "preserve, maintain, carry on" a shop, store, etc. (mid-14c.); "prevent from entering or leaving, force to remain or stay" (late 14c.); "preserve (something) without loss or change," also "not divulge" a secret, private information, etc., also "to last without spoiling" (late 14c.); "continue on" (a course, road, etc.), "adhere to" a course of action (late 14c.); "stay or remain" (early 15c.); "to continue" (doing something) (mid-15c.). It is used to translate both Latin conservare "preserve, keep safe" and tenere "to keep, retain."

From 1540s as "maintain for ready use;" 1706 as "have habitually in stock for sale." Meaning "financially support and privately control" (usually in reference to mistresses) is from 1540s; meaning "maintain in proper order" (of books, accounts) is from 1550s.

To keep at "work persistently" is from 1825; to keep on "continue, persist" is from 1580s. To keep up is from 1630s as "continue alongside, proceed in pace with," 1660s as "maintain in good order or condition, retain, preserve," 1680s as "support, hold in an existing state." To keep it up "continue (something) vigorously" is from 1752. To keep to "restrict (oneself) to" is from 1711. To keep off (trans.) "hinder from approach or attack" is from 1540s; to keep out (trans.) "prevent from entering" is from early 15c.

prefix of negation, Old English un-, from Proto-Germanic *un- (source also of Old Saxon, Old Frisian, Old High German, German un-, Gothic un-, Dutch on-), from PIE *n- (source of Sanskrit a-, an- "not," Greek a-, an-, Old Irish an-, Latin in-), combining form of PIE root *ne- "not."

The most prolific of English prefixes, freely and widely used in Old English, where it forms more than 1,000 compounds. It disputes with Latin-derived cognate in- (1) the right to form the negation of certain words (indigestable/undigestable, etc.), and though both might be deployed in cooperation to indicate shades of meaning (unfamous/infamous), typically they are not.

Often euphemistic (untruth for "a lie") or emphatic, if there is a sense already of divestment or releasing: unpeel " to peel;" unpick "pick (a lock) with burglars' tools;" unloose for "to loosen."

It also makes words from phrases, such as uncalled-for, c. 1600; undreamed-of, 1630s. Fuller (1661) has unbooklearned. A mid-15c. description of a legal will has unawaydoable; Ben Jonson has un-in-one-breath-utterable. The word uncome-at-able is attested by 1690s in Congreve, frowned at by Samuel Johnson in the 18th century and by Fowler in the 20th ("The word had doubtless, two or three centuries ago, a jolly daredevil hang-the-grammarians air about it ; that has long evaporated ; it serves no purpose that inaccessible does not ....").

But the practice continued; unlawlearned (Bentham, 1810), unlayholdable (1860); unputdownable, of a book, is by 1947; unpindownable, by 1966. Also compare put-up-able-with (1812). As a prefix in telegraphese, to replace not and save the cost of a word, it is attested by 1936.

With the variety of its possible use, and the need for negatives, the number of un- words that might be made in English is almost endless, and that some are used and some never is owing to the caprice of authors.

Dictionary editors noted this since 18c. but also padded the list. John Ash's "New and Complete Dictionary of the English Language" (1775) has many pages of one-line un- entries; among a dozen consecutive entries are unhaggled, unhaired, unhalooed, unhaltering (adj.), unhaltering (n.), which sorts of words OED (1989) notes were "obviously manufactured for the purpose" and some turn up in other texts only decades later, if at all.