Standard Catalog of Civil War Firearms

STANDARD CATALOG OF®

CIVIL WAR FIREARMS

by John F. Graf

©2008 Krause Publications, Inc.,

a subsidiary of F+W Media, Inc.

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Cover Photo Courtesy Benelli USA Corporation

Library of Congress Control Number: 2008937702

ISBN-13: 978-0-89689-613-0

ISBN-10: 0-89689-613-7

eISBN: 978-1-44022-470-6

Designed by Elizabeth Krogwold

Edited by Dan Shideler

Printed in CHINA

CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER 1: MUSKETS

CHAPTER 2: RIFLED MUSKETS

CHAPTER 3: RIFLE-MUSKETS

CHAPTER 4: MUZZLE-LOADING RIFLES

CHAPTER 5: BREECH-LOADING RIFLES AND RIFLE-MUSKETS

CHAPTER 6: MUSKETOONS AND MUZZLE-LOADING CARBINES

CHAPTER 7: BREECH-LOADING CARBINES

CHAPTER 8: SINGLE-SHOT PISTOLS

CHAPTER 9: REVOLVERS

APPENDIX: CIVIL WAR INSPECTORS

BIBLIOGRAPHY

DEDICATION

To my grandmother, Celine (Coninx) Robertson. Though she is gone, I carry that which she taught me: the love of the Civil War, pursuit of scholarship, and always trying to do the right thing.

ABOUT THE AUTHOR

John F. Graf has a master of arts degree in historical administration and has been a military collector for more than 30 years. He is the long-time editor of Military Trader and Military Vehicles Magazine and is the author of Warman’s Civil War Collectibles, Badgers for the Union, Warman’s Civil War Field Guide, and Warman’s WWII Collectibles as well as numerous articles on nineteenth century material culture. He currently resides in Missouri.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Undertaking this book would have been inconceivable without relying on the scholarship and dedication to antique firearms of Norm Flayderman. His Guide to Antique Firearms, now in its ninth edition, is unsurpassed for accuracy in both identification and pricing. It was inconceivable to me that my publisher would ask me to assemble a book that would ever come close to the scope of Norm’s work. With trepidation, I approached him for assistance. Always the consummate gentleman, Norm respectfully declined, explaining that he was going through his own authorship struggles as he completed the proofs of his current edition of the Guide. He did, however, express his good wishes and expedience with the research. Having obtained his blessing, I felt as though I could proceed. My thanks—or that of the hobby—to Norm cannot be measured.

I wish to thank Thomas Kailbourn for his hours and hours of research. I have known Tom for more than 20 years and through all that time, I have had nothing but the very highest regard for his scholarship, thoroughness and professionalism. I count him among my closest friends, in addition to being a fine colleague.

The accumulation of information included in this book has occurred over nearly 40 years, so an accurate listing of those who aided is nearly impossible. Indeed, many who have contributed to this work are no longer around to see the results. This saddens me. However, I do want to thank the following: Alya Alberico, Jeff Anderson, Bill Brewster, Weldon Brudlos, William K. Combs, Joseph S. Covais, David Doyle, Jason Devine, David Fagan, Paul Goodwin, Larry Hicklin, Patrick F. Hogan, Randy Jackson, James D. Julia, Turner Kirkland, H. Michael Madaus, Anna McCoy, Denise Moss, John M. Murphy, Steve Osman, Patrick Quinn, Robert M. Reilly, Celine Robertson, Frank Reile, Harold St. Mary, Thomas Shaw, Jefferson Shrader, Perk Steffen, Donald L. Ware, Bill Weber, and Jaime M. Wood.

I want to take this opportunity to acknowledge the strength I receive from my family. First, and foremost, I must thank my parents, John Milton and Helen Graf. Without their accepting my fascination with the Civil War as a young boy, and then helping me to discover the possibilities that scholarship, study, and perseverance provide, I could never have followed my passion for history and the Civil War. When I was 12, they gave me my first gun: A reproduction Model 1863 Remington rifle.

I am blessed with the finest brothers and sister: Tom, Joe, Jim, and Celine. Even though I am now old and gray-haired, I will always be their baby brother. The number of times they let me tag along to go shooting, borrow books, or explain history to me are countless. All I can say is, Thank you.

And finally, there are two women who stand out: My partner, Diane Adams-Graf, and my daughter, Trisha Lynn Graf. You were both so patient and supportive as I worked on this book. I am, indeed, a fortunate man.

INTRODUCTION

Between the bombardment of Fort Sumter on April 12, 1861, and the final surrender of Confederate troops on May 26, 1865, the way wars were fought and the tools soldiers used changed irrevocably. When troops first formed lines of battle to face each other near Bull Run Creek in Virginia on June 21, 1861, they were dressed in a widely disparate assemblage of uniforms. They carried state-issued, federally-supplied, or brought-from-home weapons, some of which dated back to before the War of 1812. They marched to the orders and rhythms of tactics that had served land forces for at least the previous 100 years. Four short years later, the generals and soldiers had perfected the art of warfare on the North American continent, having developed such leaps as the use of the repeating rifle and widely dispersed infantry formations.

This change levied a toll on the nation, however, in the form of more than one million casualties (over 620,000 war-related deaths). At that rate, nearly one in four soldiers experienced the pains of war firsthand. It was impossible for the war to not impact every one of the 34.3 million residents of the United States and former Confederate States. Over the ensuing years, the pain—for most—subsided, but the memory remained strong. Families still pay homage to their veteran ancestors, grade school students memorize the Gettysburg address, we bow our heads on Memorial Day, and many hold dear the original sentiments represented by the Confederate battle flag.

THE CIVIL WAR EXPERIENCE

Many Americans satisfy their desire to feel connected with the Civil War by exploring battlefields or cemeteries or researching their own family ancestors who served. Some people even read countless biographies, regimental histories, or battle accounts, even joining Civil War study groups or Round Tables. For many, these very private explorations are enough to satiate their need to learn about the conflict and the lives of its participants.

For some though, simply memorializing the war isn’t sufficient to satisfy that need to remain connected to the events of 1861-1865. Some will painstakingly recreate uniforms and equipment to don on weekend campaigns and refight battles, this time firing at their fellow countrymen with muskets and cannons charged with powder and paper instead of canisters of grape shot or loads of buckshot. For these reenactors, such events help them come close to experiencing the daily work, inconveniences, and feelings of Civil War soldiers. Of course, at the end of the weekend, these modern Sessesh and Billy Yanks, return to their twenty-first-century lives, leaving the recreated image of maimed fellow soldiers, dysentery, and lice-infested clothing behind.

And finally, for another group of Civil War enthusiasts, the best medium for understanding the heritage and role of thousands who served is by collecting war firearms. For these collectors, holding an 1861 Taunton-produced Springfield rifled musket, studying the detail of a Tarpley carbine, or feeling the heft of a Spiller & Burr revolver are connectors to the Civil War. The pistols, revolvers, rifles, muskets, and carbines represent direct links to a comprehensive understanding of the depth of commitment, sacrifice, and engagement that the soldiers felt.

COLLECTORS AND ACCUMULATORS

Collecting firearms from the Civil War is not a new hobby. Even before the war ended, people were already picking up weapons dropped on the battlefield. The first collectors, as with any period of warfare, were the participants themselves. Soldiers sent home captured or liberated guns. When the war ended, many were given the opportunity to buy their weapon upon mustering out of the service.

After the war, the passion for owning a piece of it did not subside; early collectors gathered representative weapons. Simultaneously, and not unlike the time following any major conflict, a grand scale of surplus sales emerged. This was the heyday of Civil War collecting. Dealers such as Francis Bannerman made hundreds of Civil War weapons available to the general public. For as little as $3.50, a person could buy a Springfield musket. Ten dollars would secure a Confederate Richmond-made version. Though a lot of sales were made to early collectors, much of the surplus was sold in bulk to other governments, outdoors enthusiasts, and a lot was sold simply for its scrap value.

Following World War II, a new wave of collecting emerged. Reveling in the victories in Japan and in Europe, Americans were charged with a renewed sense of patriotism and heritage. At the same time, the newspapers started to track the passing of the last few veterans of Civil War. As the nation paid tribute to the few survivors of the Rebellion, it acknowledged that the 100-year anniversary of the war was fast upon them. In an effort to capture a sense of the heritage, Civil War buffs began to collect in earnest. With the high profile of the Civil War Centennial in the 1960s, thousands of outstanding relics seemingly emerged from closets, attics, and long-forgotten chests. Collectors eagerly bought and sold firearms, swords, and uniforms.

By the end of the twentieth century, Civil War collecting had peaked. Some thought, all the good stuff is gone! Little did these skeptics realize, collectors are not the end user. Rather, a collector is merely the caretaker who provides a good home for an object until that time when they choose, or no longer are able, to care for the item. Then, these relics, thought to be gone, suddenly reemerge on the market. And it is this era of Civil War relic reemergence in which we currently live.

The fabulous collections of firearms that were assembled in the late 1940s and early 1950s are reappearing. Granted, the prices have increased considerably. Nevertheless, Civil War firearms (and relics in general!) like no one has seen available for fifty years are suddenly appearing at auctions, shows, and on private dealer’s lists.

Today, we benefit from the many years of research that has resulted from the earlier collecting frenzies. Books that the first generation of collectors could only have dreamed of are now available on specialized topics such as Gwyn & Campbell carbines, Sharps carbine and rifles, or the weapons of the Palmetto Armory. At no moment in time since the Civil War has so much information and material been available at a single instant.

As we enter this glory period of Civil War collecting, though, many lessons need to be relearned. Whereas an old-time collector could look at a saber and recognize off handedly that it was the product of the Griswold factory or quantify the variations of percussion conversion done to flintlock muskets at Federal arsenals, many of these outstanding artifacts have not been available for study for years. Collectors are learning many of the nuances that affect desirability and value for the first time (often at the expense of the old-timer’s patience!).

USING THIS BOOK

This book is organized into nine chapters representing different types of Civil War firearms. Today, so many weapons are sold as Civil War that never saw the American continent until at least a hundred years after the war concluded. The weapons represented in this book are those can be documented as having been purchased and carried between 1860 and 1865 by Union or Confederate troops. Though many indiduals carried exotic weapons during the war, some collectors may be disappointed to not see them listed in this book. Generally, production and issue of a weapon had to exceed 75 to be included in this work.

To make the best use of this book, it is important to understand just a few basic terms:

MUSKET: A muzzle-loading, smooth bore long arm that is equipped to support a bayonet.

RIFLED MUSKET: A musket originally built as a smoothbore but later rifled and fitted with long range sights.

RIFLE-MUSKET: A muzzle-loading long arm that was originally built with a rifled barrel in approximately .58 caliber and was equipped to support an triangular bayonet.

RIFLE: A two-banded, rifled weapon (or of similar length to a two-banded weapon) equipped to support a saber bayonet.

CARBINE: A breech or muzzle-loading shoulder arm having a smooth or rifled bore, using externally primed ammunition. Originally designed for horse-mounted troops.

MUSKETOON: A muzzle-loading shoulder arm having a smooth or rifled bore and a maximum barrel length of 26.5 inches.

PRICING

Pricing in this book follows the standard set forth by Norm Flaydermann in his groundbreaking and essential Guide to Antique American Firearms. Only two ratings are listed for each weapon that most represents what is available. These ratings are part of the 7-step system adopted by the National Rifle Association.

The values printed within this work are simply representative of the prices paid at auction during the past eight years. As all collectors know, price values are just a guide and are never intended to be the final word on the price of a particular piece. Many factors, foremost of which is condition followed by provenance, will drastically change the value of a weapon. The values here are for a weapon assumed to be as issued with no known provenance, alterations. or additional markings

Comparing prices of similar items, the reader will discover that known provenance will almost always dramatically affect the price of a Civil War firearm. Both dealers and collectors like to refer to such items as identified, meaning that the name of the original Civil War soldier who owned the firearm t is still known. Although it has always been important to collectors to know who carried or used what items during the war, now, more than ever, premium prices are being paid today for an item with a proven history. Not only are guns being touted as to who originally used them during the war, dealers are attempting to add value by making claims as to what prominent collectors have previously owned the artifacts as well! Pieces that once sat in a prominent collection have gained a degree of legitimacy (and value) greater than an identical object with no known history.

Provenance has probably affected price more than any other factor in recent years, so it stands to reason that many items have acquired a provenance. When you are paying for an item and its history, be careful. It is easy for a seller to tell a story when handing over an object, but it is a lot more difficult to verify or prove it. The best provenance will be in the form of period inscriptions or written notes attributing an object to a particular soldier.

THE WEAPON’S PLACE IN HISTORY

Finally, it is the goal of this book to help the collector understand the context of the firearm. Depending on how it is viewed, the context can be varied. For example, a Model 1861 Springfield rifle in average condition is, in the most base of contexts, an item worth about $900. Stepping up the ladder, it represents the strides in rifled firearms development made in a few short years of the Civil War. Even higher up the ladder of consciousness, it might represent the need of a modern society to feel connected with its past.

Context is, obviously, a very personal consideration. Feelings and emotions aside, however, it is factually correct that these firearms represent a time in the United States’s history when a pervasive feeling of states rights and isolation from its government caused a people to sever themselves from the nation. What ensued was the overwhelming willingness of the masses to die to protect that right or to protect the integrity of the Union. This is the context that we, as collectors of firearms of this great struggle, can never forget.

CHAPTER 1

MUSKETS

In terms of Civil War weaponry, a musket is any smoothbore, muzzle-loading shoulder arm of a minimum length of 50? that was made to support a bayonet. That is to say, the standard weapon carried by the world’s infantry in the 17th, 18th and early 19th centuries.

By 1861, the musket was an antiquated weapon. In the decade prior, many of the major world armies, including that of the United States, had adopted rifled weapons. Rifled muskets, rifle-muskets, rifles, and rifled carbines were changing the way war was fought.

As rifled weapons reached the troops, hundreds of thousands of smoothbore muskets were relegated to arsenal gun racks. When buyers for the Union and Confederacy searched, the world’s governments were eager to sell the obsolete muskets. With few alternatives, the buyers reluctantly snatched up the stocks hoping that armories back in the States (whether United or Confederate) would be able to rifle the weapons before issuing them to the troops. Whereas this did happen, it was the exception more than the rule.

The same process occurred in the United States. Government and state armories were full of obsolete muskets, some dating back to the War of 1812. On November 12, 1859, Colonel of Ordnance H.K. Craig stated that 23,894 flintlock muskets were still unaltered and in the possession of the United States armories and arsenals. Two months later, he reported 499,554 .69-caliber percussion muskets and muskets altered to percussion were on hand and suitable for service. However, of that number, 60,878 muskets and rifles were in arsenals in South Carolina, Alabama, and Louisiana, and would be lost if the southern states decided to seize them. At that time, the U.S. arsenals reported little more than 35,000 rifled weapons on hand.

Work had been in progress to convert the smoothbores to rifled weapons and flintlock ignitions to percussion, but that work had proceeded rather slowly. Desperate for arms, many states sent their troops off to war armed with whatever weapons they had.

However, by 1863, manufacturing in the north was closing in on meeting demand. Troops who had entered the war with old, state-provided smoothbores or received sub-standard European arms began to receive new issues of rifle-muskets. In the South, where demand out-paced supply, this transition took a bit longer. Nevertheless, the smoothbore musket is best quantified as an early war weapon.

AUSTRIAN MODEL 1842, .70 CALIBER, PAPER CARTRIDGE, PERCUSSION

Made by Austrian National Armory and private gun manufactories, ca. 1842-1849 Total imported: Unknown, but more than 135,000.

Overall length: 58".

Muzzleloader, single shot.

Markings are uncommon. Each lock plate was stamped with a small Austrian eagle and the year of manufacture (with the first digit omitted, e.g., 843). A few examples have the year of manufacture stamped on the barrel near the breech in addition to IB in an oval. Some arms bear the mark of a private manufacturer, RS Heretta.

Originally fitted with a tube-lock ignition system developed in Austria, the three-band, Model 1842 muskets were produced as smoothbores. All iron furniture was left bright. Later, many were rifled to fire a conical bullet. The U.S. Ordnance Department purchased approximately 68,500 Model 1842 muskets in various configurations. Conversions from the original tube-lock include a U.S. cone seated in the barrel, bolster or cone seat brazed on the breech, patent breech with forged bolster, or a U.S. Maynard conversion style. The firm of Kruse, Drexel and Schmidt supplied 25,000 in the original tube-lock configuration to General John Frémont. Herman Boker imported two shorter versions: A cadet model that was 52-1/2 overall and an engineer model measuring 48-1/2. It is unknown how many Model 1842 muskets the Confederate government purchased, though it was, most likely, a weapon utilized by southern troops.

Amoskeag Auction Company, Inc.

BRITISH PATTERN 1839 MUSKET, .75 CALIBER, PAPER CARTRIDGE, PERCUSSION

Rock Island Auction Company

Made by various English manufactures, London, England, 1839-1851 Total imported: Unknown, but likely more than 10,000.

Overall length: 55".

Muzzleloader, single shot.

Lock plates vary dependant on year of manufacture. Generally, the lock plate will be stamped with a crown over VR, the British broad arrow and the year of manufacture in addition to Enfield or Tower, depending on place of manufacture. Barrels are stamped with either the Enfield proof mark, a crown over VR or MR above a set of crowned scepters or the London and Birmingham mark consisting of a crown over TP over a broad arrow in addition to a crown over B surmounting a 7 over a crowned broad arrow.

Originally designed as a flintlock musket, the P39 musket can be recognized by the three round pins and upper swivel screw that retain the barrel to the stock. The P39 was produced without a rear sight, though several examples clearly have had sights added. Though records do not specifically indicate pattern models, it is very likely that both Confederate and U.S. Ordnance purchasing agents obtained P39 muskets.

BRITISH PATTERN 1842 MUSKET, .76 CALIBER, PAPER CARTRIDGE, PERCUSSION

Made by various English manufactures, London, England, 1842-1855. Total imported: Unknown, but likely several thousand.

Overall length: 55".

Muzzleloader, single shot.

Lock plates vary depending on year of manufacture. Generally, the lock plate will be stamped with a crown over VR, the British broad arrow and the year of manufacture in addition to Enfield or Tower, depending on place of manufacture. Barrels are stamped with either the Enfield proof mark, a crown over VR or MR above a set of crowned scepters or the London and Birmingham mark consisting of a crown over TP over a broad arrow in addition to a crown over B surmounting a 7 over a crowned broad arrow.

The P42 musket can be recognized by the three flat keys and upper swivel screw that retain the barrel to the stock. The P42 was produced with a notched rear sight. The ramrod head is slightly concave. Rather than a side plate like that found on the P39, the lock plate screws pass through two brass washers with rectangular extensions on opposite sides. Though records do not specifically indicate pattern models, it is very likely that both Confederate and U.S. Ordnance purchasing agents obtained P39 muskets.

CONFEDERATE CONTRACT PERCUSSION CONVERSIONS

Converted by various gunsmiths, Richmond, Virginia, 1861. Total production: 50,000.

Muzzleloader, single shot.

In 1861, the Commonwealth of Virginia contracted six Richmond gunsmiths to convert approximately 50,000 flintlock muskets: S.B. Cocke, Thomas Addams Jr., Francis Perpignon, Samuel C. Robinson, Samuel Sutherland, and the Union Manufacturing Company. The contractors all employed the brazed bolster configuration.

James D. Julia Auctioneers, Fairfield, Maine

James D. Julia Auctioneers, Fairfield, Maine

Confederate Brazed Bolster, Type I. Percussion bolster brazed over the flintlock vent. An iron plug blocks the hole drilled through the bolster to connect the cone hole to the old vent hole.

James D. Julia Auctioneers, Fairfield, Maine

Confederate Brazed Bolster, Type II. Percussion bolster brazed over the flintlock vent. A screw blocks the hole drilled through the bolster connect the cone hole to the old vent hole.

The Confederate brazed bolsters do not add significantly to the value of the particular converted musket. For values, refer to the particular type of weapon.

U.S. MUSKET, .69 CALIBER, CONTRACT CONVERSIONSTO PERCUSSION IGNITION

When the U.S. Ordnance Department determined to convert its firearms from flintlock to percussion ignition systems in the 1840s, it had 600,000 muskets deemed suitable for altering to percussion. Many of those muskets were converted from the late 1840s until the beginning of the Civil War, using three basic systems:

James D. Julia Auctioneers, Fairfield, Maine

The French-style (or side-lug, or drum-and-nipple).

This was the earliest type of conversion and was performed by