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    What Gandhi Says
    What Gandhi Says
    What Gandhi Says
    Ebook102 pages1 hour

    What Gandhi Says

    By Norman G Finkelstein

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    What Gandhi says about nonviolence, resistance and courage.There has been widespread recognition of the contribution of the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi to the tactics underpinning the revolutionary upsurges in the Middle East and the burgeoning Occupy movements in Europe and the United States. But few have examined what Gandhi actually said about the relationship between nonviolence, resistance and courage. In these pages Norman G. Finkelstein draws on extensive readings of Gandhi' s oeuvre in order to set out in clear and concise language the basic principles of Gandhi' s approach as well as to pinpoint its contradictions and limitations.There is much that will surprise here: Gandhi was not a pacifist; he believed in the right of those being attacked to strike back and regarded inaction as a result of cowardice to be a greater sin than even the most ill-considered aggression. Gandhi' s calls for the sacrifice of lives in order to shame the oppressor into concessions can easily seem chilling and ruthless. But Gandhi' s insistence that, in the end, peaceful resistance will always be less costly in human lives than armed opposition, and his understanding that the role of a protest movement is not primarily to persuade people of something new, but rather to get them to act on behalf of what they already accept as right— these principles have profound resonance in the movement for justice and democracy that began to sweep the world in 2011.

    LanguageEnglish
    PublisherFingerprint Publishing
    Release dateMay 1, 2015
    ISBN9789358566260
    What Gandhi Says

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      What Gandhi Says - Norman G Finkelstein

      Published by

      An imprint of Prakash Books India Pvt. Ltd.

      113/A, Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110 002,

      Tel: (011) 2324 7062 – 65, Fax: (011) 2324 6975

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      Copyright © Norman G. Finkelstein 2015

      First U.S. publication by OR Books, LLC, New York,

      First Indian Publication by Fingerprint!

      All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise (except for mentions in reviews or edited excerpts in the media) without the written permission of the publisher.

      ISBN: 978 93 5856 626 0

      Processed & printed in India

      To the Occupy movement

      CONTENTS

      Acknowledgments

      Introduction

      Inner Voice

      Death Pillow

      Quickened Conscience

      People’s Man

      Conclusion

      Notes

      ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

      I am grateful for the Unz Foundation’s support, and for the comments on earlier drafts from Samir Chopra, Antony Copley, Meghna Kumar, Sanjeev Mahajan, Karuna Mantena, Allan Nairn, Abid Qureshi, Marco Rosaire Rossi, Feroze Sidhwa and Doug Tarnopol. As always, my biggest debt is to my editor, Maren Hackmann-Mahajan.

      INTRODUCTION

      Although Mahatma Gandhi’s name is frequently invoked, he is seldom read.

      While checking out his collected works from the library of a solid American research university, I noticed that of the nearly 100 volumes in the Gandhi corpus, each of which runs to some 500 pages, only one volume had previously been borrowed.

      Gandhi has been reduced to a mantra equating his name with nonviolence.

      But his thought and practice are much more complex, and contradictory, than this formula suggests.

      The Gandhi bequeathed by history is a watered-down, saccharine version of the original. He is the saintly, other-worldly eccentric who would not hurt a fly, and looked as if he could not even if he were so inclined.

      The real Gandhi was indeed saintly, other-worldly and eccentric, but he was also the shrewdest of political tacticians who could gauge better than any of his contemporaries the reserves and limits of his people and of his adversaries.

      The real Gandhi did loathe violence but he loathed cowardice more than violence. If his constituents could not find the inner wherewithal to resist nonviolently, then he exhorted them to find the courage to hit back those who assaulted or demeaned them.

      If Gandhi preached simultaneously the virtues of nonviolence and courage, it was because he believed that nonviolence required more courage than violence.

      The violent combatant faced enemy gunfire with weapon in hand, whereas the nonviolent resister was expected to march headlong into enemy fire smilingly and cheerfully as he was blown to bits.

      Those who used nonviolence not to resist but instead as a pretext to flee an assailant were, according to Gandhi, the most contemptible of human creatures, undeserving of life.

      The controversial Gandhi who valued courage above nonviolence, who valued nonviolence because it required the maximum reserves of courage, and who advocated violence if one could not muster this courage, has been largely forgotten, or effaced.

      But even the Gandhi who is remembered perplexes.

      The doctrine of satyagraha that Gandhi propagated was deceptively simple.

      It denoted nonviolent resistance to evil, didn’t it?

      But Gandhi equated violence with any form of coercive force.

      Still, he counseled the impoverished Indian workers and peasants to mobilize their latent power in order to break the will of the exploiting classes.

      It was also never quite clear whom Gandhi was trying to reach with his nonviolent resistance.

      Sometimes he spoke about wanting to melt even Hitler’s heart.

      But at other times Gandhi directed his fasts at the broadly sympathetic public. He undertook to quicken its conscience and get it to act on what it already knew was wrong in order to isolate the handful of diehards.

      This little book attempts to distill the essence of Gandhi’s doctrine of nonviolent resistance.

      Although Gandhi’s preachments are replete with blatant contradictions, and are informed by a religious faith not always amenable to rational analysis, it is still possible to tease out a coherent doctrine from the record he left behind.

      But mine is not just, or even primarily, an academic exercise.

      Bringing to bear a keen mind on a rich life experience of public service, Gandhi extracted valuable practical insights into the nature of politics, which it would be imprudent to ignore.

      I first began to read Gandhi a few years ago in order to think through a nonviolent strategy for ending the Israeli occupation of Palestinian lands.

      But the field for the application of Gandhi’s ideas has now been vastly expanded by the emergence of the Arab Spring and nonviolent resistance movements around the world.

      Gandhi’s name is everywhere on the lips of those challenging a political system that shuts out the overwhelming majority of people and an economic system that leaves them futureless.

      In my own city of New York, the idea of nonviolent civil disobedience has seized the imagination of young people and energized them with the hope that they can bring even the ramparts of Wall Street tumbling down.

      Gandhi devoted the whole of his adult life to organizing the powerless 99 percent against the greedy 1 percent. He aspired in the first place to end the British occupation of India, but he also recoiled at the prospect of a corrupt clique of native Indians replacing the foreign occupiers.

      Gandhi sought to lay the foundations for a political system in which not just nominal but also actual power was transferred to the Indian masses, and in which wealth was equitably distributed but the chase after wealth ceased to be life’s purpose.

      He was convinced not only that the old world could be extirpated and a new world be brought into being nonviolently, but also that unless it was done nonviolently, the new world would hardly differ from the old world it superseded.

      A new generation is now experimenting with and envisioning novel ways of living, and pondering how to redistribute power and eliminate privilege. The life experience and reflections of Gandhi provide a rich trove to help guide these idealistic but disciplined, courageous but cautious, youth as they venture forth to create a brighter future.

      1

      INNER VOICE

      It is not easy to present a comprehensive or coherent picture of Gandhi’s doctrine of nonviolent resistance or satyagraha.¹

      As noted in the introduction, Gandhi’s collected works come to some 100 hefty volumes. I have read about half this corpus,² as well as several anthologies,³ biographies and scholarly studies. My remarks will therefore be partial in a single and perhaps double sense. They will not encompass the full breadth of Gandhi’s reflections. My reading focused on the period 1930–1947, when Gandhi’s doctrine was put to its severest tests. But this was also the period when his thinking had fully ripened.

      Because of my incomplete reading, I arguably missed crucial transitions and ruptures in Gandhi’s thought, and consequently I will have presented a snapshot of a mind at work rather than the moving picture. But, although he lived a long, rich life, and one relentlessly subjected to self-scrutiny, Gandhi stayed steadfast in his bedrock beliefs. Whenever I have been obliged to compare my writing even of fifty years ago with the latest, he

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