Fasting and Faith

Fasting in Judaism: From Atonement to Observance

Imagine a day where the entire community pauses, turns inward, and collectively seeks forgiveness. This is the essence of Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement, and the cornerstone of fasting in Judaism. But fasting in Judaism is much more than just abstaining from food; it’s a profound spiritual exercise interwoven with history, law, and a deep yearning for connection with the Divine.

In this chapter, we will embark on a journey through the evolution of fasting within Judaism, from its ancient roots to its diverse expressions in contemporary practice. We will explore the theological significance of fasting as a means of atonement, repentance, and spiritual purification, drawing upon scriptural references from the Torah and Talmud. Preparing to explore how the Day of Atonement exemplifies the central role of fasting in Jewish spiritual practice.

The Roots of Fasting: Yom Kippur in the Torah

The origins of fasting in Judaism are inextricably linked to Yom Kippur. The Torah, in Leviticus 16:29-31, mandates a day of affliction for the soul: And this shall be a statute forever unto you: that in the seventh month, on the tenth day of the month, ye shall afflict your souls, and do no work at all, whether it be one of your own country, or a stranger that sojourneth among you. For on that day shall the priest make an atonement for you, to cleanse you, that ye may be clean from all your sins before the Lord. It is a sabbath of rest unto you, and ye shall afflict your souls, by a statute forever.

The term afflict your souls (innu et nafshoteichem) is interpreted by rabbinic authorities as referring primarily to fasting, along with abstaining from other physical pleasures. This verse establishes Yom Kippur as a day of profound introspection and repentance, where physical denial serves as a catalyst for spiritual renewal. The primary goal is to cleanse oneself of sins committed during the preceding year, fostering a closer relationship with God.

Did You Know? The Torah explicitly states that even non-Jews residing in the community should observe the laws of Yom Kippur, demonstrating the universal appeal and impact of this day of atonement.

The choice to abstain from food and drink on Yom Kippur signifies a temporary detachment from the physical world, allowing individuals to focus entirely on prayer, reflection, and seeking forgiveness. It's a symbolic act of humility, acknowledging human dependence on God and a sincere desire to rectify past wrongdoings. By denying the body's basic needs, the soul is given space to breathe and confront its weaknesses.

Expanding Observance: The Evolution of Fasts

While Yom Kippur holds a unique and central position, Judaism also recognizes other fast days throughout the year, each commemorating specific historical events and tragedies. These fasts, though not mandated by the Torah in the same way as Yom Kippur, have evolved over centuries through rabbinic interpretation and communal acceptance, solidifying their place in Jewish practice.

Did You Know? The Talmud, a central text of Rabbinic Judaism, dedicates an entire tractate, Taanit (Fasts), to discussing the laws and customs surrounding public and private fast days.

Some of the most prominent communal fast days include:

Tisha B'Av (The Ninth of Av): This day commemorates the destruction of both the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem, as well as other significant tragedies in Jewish history. It is observed with a full 25-hour fast, similar to Yom Kippur, and is marked by mourning rituals, such as reading the Book of Lamentations.

Tzom Gedaliah (The Fast of Gedaliah): Observed on the third day of Tishrei, the day after Rosh Hashanah (the Jewish New Year), this fast commemorates the assassination of Gedaliah, the governor of Judea appointed by the Babylonians after the destruction of the First Temple. His death marked the end of Jewish autonomy in the land and led to further exile.

Asara B'Tevet (The Tenth of Tevet): This fast marks the beginning of the siege of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar, which eventually led to the destruction of the First Temple.

Ta'anit Esther (The Fast of Esther): Observed on the day before Purim, this fast commemorates Esther's plea to the Jewish people to fast and pray for deliverance from Haman's plot to annihilate them.

These fast days serve as collective reminders of past suffering and challenges, fostering a sense of community and shared history. They provide opportunities for communal repentance and reflection, encouraging individuals to learn from the past and work towards a better future.

Theological Significance: Repentance and Atonement

Fasting in Judaism is deeply intertwined with the concepts of teshuvah (repentance) and atonement. It is not simply about abstaining from food; it is about turning inward, examining one's actions, and seeking forgiveness from God and from others whom one may have wronged.

Fasting acts as a physical expression of remorse and a demonstration of sincere intent to change. By willingly denying oneself basic comforts, individuals demonstrate a commitment to prioritizing spiritual growth over physical gratification. This act of self-discipline can help break negative patterns and create space for positive change.

Did You Know? Maimonides, a prominent Jewish philosopher and legal scholar, emphasized that true repentance involves not only regret and confession, but also a firm resolution to avoid repeating the same mistakes in the future.

The Talmud teaches that teshuvah has the power to transform even intentional sins into merits. This transformative power highlights the immense potential for personal growth and spiritual renewal that lies within each individual. Fasting, when combined with sincere repentance, can be a powerful tool for achieving atonement and strengthening one's relationship with God.

Navigating the Laws: Who Fasts and When?

While fasting is considered a meritorious practice, Jewish law also recognizes that it may not be appropriate or safe for everyone. Certain individuals are exempt from fasting, particularly on days other than Yom Kippur, due to health concerns or other mitigating circumstances. These exemptions reflect the Jewish principle of pikuach nefesh, which prioritizes the preservation of human life above almost all other religious obligations.

Generally, the following individuals are exempt from fasting:

Children: Children are not required to fast until they reach the age of religious maturity (bar or bat mitzvah). However, some parents may encourage older children to participate in a partial fast as a form of training.

Pregnant and Nursing Women: Pregnant and nursing women are generally exempt from fasting, especially if they have concerns about their health or the well-being of their child.

Individuals with Medical Conditions: Individuals with medical conditions, such as diabetes or other illnesses that could be exacerbated by fasting, are typically exempt. It is always advisable to consult with a doctor or rabbi to determine whether fasting is safe and appropriate.

The Infirm: Those who feel weak or ill are exempt.

On Yom Kippur, the rules are stricter, but exceptions are still made for those whose health would be seriously compromised by fasting. The focus remains on the spiritual intention and effort, rather than the physical act of abstaining from food if it poses a genuine risk.

Beyond Abstinence: The Essence of a Meaningful Fast

Ultimately, fasting in Judaism is not merely about abstaining from food and drink. It is a holistic practice that encompasses prayer, reflection, repentance, and acts of charity. A truly meaningful fast involves engaging in these activities with sincerity and intention, using the physical denial as a catalyst for spiritual growth. Some engage in additional study and reflection while they fast.

Did You Know? Many Jewish communities have a tradition of giving extra charity on fast days, recognizing that those who are struggling with poverty may be fasting involuntarily every day.

By connecting with the historical narratives and theological principles underlying each fast day, individuals can gain a deeper appreciation for the significance of these observances. This understanding can transform a mere act of abstinence into a powerful expression of faith, repentance, and commitment to living a more meaningful life. It is the intention and the change in actions that follow a fast day that truly fulfill the purpose of this ancient and enduring practice.

Christian Fasting: Sacrifice, Lent, and Spiritual Renewal

Imagine a world where food, a source of comfort and sustenance, becomes a conscious offering, a deliberate denial. This is the essence of Christian fasting, a practice woven deeply into the fabric of the faith, resonating with themes of sacrifice, spiritual discipline, and the pursuit of divine connection. As we explored in previous chapters the role of fasting in other Abrahamic traditions, let’s now turn our attention to Christianity, where fasting takes on unique forms and meanings, particularly within the context of Lent and spiritual warfare.

The Teachings of Jesus on Fasting

Fasting in Christianity doesn't emerge in a vacuum. Its roots extend back to the Old Testament, where figures like Moses and David fasted to seek God's favor and guidance. However, it is in the New Testament, particularly in the teachings of Jesus, that we find a renewed emphasis and a specific understanding of its purpose. Jesus himself fasted for forty days and nights in the wilderness before beginning his public ministry, an act that immediately establishes fasting as a practice of profound spiritual significance.

But Jesus didn't just *do* fasting; he also *taught* about it. In the Sermon on the Mount, he addresses fasting directly, not as an option, but as an assumed practice among his followers. He cautions against performing it for outward praise, emphasizing instead the importance of sincerity and a focus on internal transformation. He says, When you fast, do not look somber as the hypocrites do, for they disfigure their faces to show others they are fasting. Truly I tell you, they have received their reward in full. But when you fast, put oil on your head and wash your face, so that your fasting will not be obvious to others, but only to your Father, who is unseen; and your Father, who sees what is done in secret, will reward you. This passage highlights a crucial aspect of