These characteristics maximise the success of establishment under conditions of high turbidity, wave action, avifaunal grazing and rapid water level fluctuations which can cause high plant mortality rates, particularly for plants planted in the shallow and deep marsh zones.
It was showed that the volume of woody vegetation is one of the determining parameters of total birds' abundance [20] and that the vegetation height can structure the avifaunal stands [3].
Avifaunal species such as heron, otter, black stork, egret and warbler and plants such as lady's slipper orchid capitalised on the reprieve from farming's occupation; from their perspective, the non-militarised territory beyond the zone was the ominous brown belt and troubled earth.
The docks and their surrounding canals created artificial fish-ponds and sheltered habitats for aquatic birds; nightingales, 'well known for their indifference to gunfire', carried on singing in the suburbs during bombing raids; and London's back gardens were 'now as definite an avifaunal community as that associated with heathland or sea-cliffs'.
THE 8TH Philippine Bird Festival, the country's largest celebration of avifaunal diversity and bird lore awareness, takes wing today in Manila and will bring attention to Manila Bay and the important role it plays in the East Asian Flyway.