galled

A galled fastener may not be able to achieve the necessary pre-load -- especially in case of dynamic loading.

The chlorophyll/carotenoids ratio was higher in non-galled than galled tissues (AV = 9.6 [+ or -] SE = 1.2 and AV = 6.3 [+ or -] SE = 0.4, respectively) (Table 1).

Most galls are glabrous (97%), 87% were one-chambered, and 87% presented the same color of the galled organ, with four exceptions: the leaf galls of Clinodiplosis sp.

Increased photosynthesis and water potentials in Silphium integrifolium galled by cynipid wasps.

Therefore, we tested whether galled space was associated with endophyte space at two spatial scales: (1) between leaves, and (2) within leaves.

The leaf flushing was considered from the time the buds reached 0.5cm until unfolding of the leaves (Pedroni et al., 2002).The infestation index was calculated as: (G x 100)/T, where G=number of galled leaves and T=total number of leaves.

All leaves were bagged, numbered and taken to the laboratory where their length, weight, number of galls, and galled leaves were recorded.

All galled stems encountered within 0.5 m of the transect line were collected and brought to the laboratory.

High densities of parasites were obtained by removing 100 galled stems from other islands weekly and planting them in pots adjacent to our experimental plants.

This results in alternating bands of galled and ungalled leaves on willow shoots.

brasiliense trees on the university campus might be due to these trees having more leaves galled by Eurytoma sp.

There seems to be a remarkable capacity for host shifting across families and genera, resulting in a wide range of galled plants and adaptive radiation within some families/genera can then proceed (Price 2005).

In this study, we compared the photosynthetic capacity of galled and healthy leaf tissue of Clusia arrudae Planchon and Tirana (Clusiaceae), measuring chlorophyll-a fluorescence parameters, on site, in the field.

herbaceous, we conducted field studies of plant growth characteristics in burned, galled and browsed plants in natural populations.

The frequency of galled stem terminals on native plants on these islands, referred to as TS2, CW6, CW7, and UTB, were 23.0, 11.5, 8.1, and 5.7%, respectively.