The aim of the present research work was to synthesize some new hybrid molecules bearing 2-furoyl-1-piperazine,
sulfonamide and ether functionalities to explore their anti-diabetic potential and toxicity level.
Of these, antibiotics and
sulfonamides are major chemicals that are directly administered to livestock as a routine practice during the production cycle.
The FT-IR spectrum showed stretching frequencies at 3421, 3031, 1621, 1321 and 1115 cm-1 provided the clues for the presence of N-H of
sulfonamide, C-H and C=C of aromatic ring, -SO2 of sulfonyl group and C-O-C of ether functionalities respectively.
Because of the potential risk for birth defects, including anencephaly, heart defects, and orofacial clefts, associated with use of
sulfonamides and nitrofurantoin during pregnancy (3), a 2011 committee opinion from the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) recommended that
sulfonamides and nitrofurantoin may be prescribed in the first trimester of pregnancy only when other antimicrobial therapies are deemed clinically inappropriate (4).
Sulfonamide (SAs) standards: sulfadiazine (SDZ), sulfadoxine (SDX), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ), and sulfathiazole (STZ) were all 99.9% (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany); acetonitrile and methanol for LC-MS and dichloromethane for HPLC (Merck Germany); 98-100% formic acid (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany); trichloroacetic acid, p.a., and sodium hydroxide (Penta, Czech Republic); argon (Linde Gas, Germany).
37/2010 [7], for the muscle of fin fish, the MRL value for individual
sulfonamides, or the combined total residues of all substances belonging to the
sulfonamide group, is 100 [micro]g*[kg.sup.-1].
Positive Negative of samples SNAPduo[TM] [beta]-lactam 100 * 17 83 ST Test and tetracyclic Charm ROSA Quinolone 99 ** 4 95 Test Charm ROSA
Sulfonamide 99 ** 6 93 Test * Pasteurized milk samples; ** Unpasteurized milk samples.
Similarly, the other ortho-coupled doublets at [delta] 7.13 (2H, H-3'' & H-5'') and [delta] 7.05 (2H, H-2'' & H-6'') along with a benzylic methylene signal at 4.77 (s, 2H, C[H.sub.2]-7'') were helpful to ascertain the substitution of 4-chlorobenzyl moiety on nitrogen atom of the targeted
sulfonamide. The 6-substituted 1,4-benzodioxane nucleus in the molecule was clearly demonstrated by its three typical signals in aromatic region at [delta] 6.67 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H, H-8), 6.61 (d, J=2.4 Hz, 1H, H-5) and 6.52 (d, J=2.4, 8.8 Hz, 1H, H-7) along with a broad singlet in aliphatic region at [delta] 4.10 (4H, C[H.sub.2]-2 & C[H.sub.2]-3).
Chemically, for its anticancer activity,
sulfonamide exists in a variety of pharmacological targets.
Ardell C et al., "Determination of
sulfonamide and macrolide antibiotics in sewage sludge using accelerated solvent extraction and LC-MS/MS," in Proceeddings of the Poseidon Symposium, Braunschweig, Germany, 2003.
Figure 6 compares the cost-per-patient for treating uUTI with a fluoroquinolone,
sulfonamide, nitrofurantoin, or fosfomycin with various probabilities of progression to pyelonephritis.
"Other research has suggested that
sulfonamide resistance genes are associated with human activities and could be a base for measurement," Durso says.
Daraprim (pyrimethamine) is an antiparasitic indicated for the treatment of toxoplasmosis when used conjointly with a
sulfonamide. It is indicated for the treatment of acute malaria in certain patients and for the treatment of chemoprophylaxis of malaria due to susceptible strains of plasmodia, concluded Impax.
Allergies to
sulfonamide antibiotics occur in about 3% of patients who are prescribed the drugs.
Pilar Tornero and colleagues used patch testing and control oral challenge in patients with previous fixed drug eruptions to trimethoprim-sulfame-thoxazole or an unknown
sulfonamide (Contact Dermatitis 2004;51:5762).
