1857 in science
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
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The year 1857 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.
Contents
Astronomy
- Peter Andreas Hansen's Tables of the Moon are published in London.[1]
Biology
- Rev. M. J. Berkeley publishes Introduction to Cryptogamic Botany.
- Galen Clark discovers the Mariposa Grove of Giant Sequoias in California.
Chemistry
- Robert Bunsen invents apparatus for measuring effusion.
- Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz proposes that carbon is tetravalent, or forms exactly four chemical bonds.[2]
Earth sciences
- January 9 – Fort Tejon earthquake on the San Andreas Fault with a moment magnitude of 7.9.[3]
Exploration
- May 16 – The British North American Exploring Expedition, led by Irish geographer Capt. John Palliser, sets off for a three-year exploration of Western Canada.
Mathematics
- William Rowan Hamilton invents the Icosian game.[4]
Medicine
- March 12 – Elizabeth Blackwell opens the New York Infirmary for Indigent Women and Children.
- Bénédict Morel publishes Traité des dégénérescences physiques, intellectuelles et morales de l'espèce humaine et des causes qui produisent ces variétés maladives.
Technology
- March 23 – Elisha Otis' first elevator is installed (at 488 Broadway).
Publications
- Naturalist P. H. Gosse's creationist text Omphalos: An Attempt to Untie the Geological Knot is published in England.
Awards
- Copley Medal: Michel Eugène Chevreul
- Wollaston Medal for geology: Joachim Barrande
Births
- January 20 – Vladimir Bekhterev (died 1927), Russian psychologist.
- February 3 – Wilhelm Johannsen (died 1927), Danish plant physiologist and geneticist.
- March 27 – Carl Pearson (died 1936), English mathematician.
- April 30 – Eugen Bleuler (died 1939), Swiss psychiatrist.
- May 13 – Ronald Ross (died 1932), Indian-born British physiologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1902.
- May 15 – Williamina Fleming (died 1911), Scottish-born American astronomer
- August 8 – Henry Fairfield Osborn (died 1935), American paleontologist.
- October 2 – John Macintyre (died 1928), Scottish laryngologist and pioneer radiographer.
- November 1 – John Joly (died 1933), Anglo-Irish physicist.
- November 27 – Charles Sherrington (died 1952), English neurophysiologist and bacteriologist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932.
Deaths
- January 2 – Andrew Ure (born 1778), Scottish industrial chemist and encyclopaedist
- May 23 – Augustin Louis Cauchy (born 1789), French mathematician.
- June 21 – Louis Jacques Thénard (born 1777), French chemist.
- July 13 – Karl Wilhelm Gottlob Kastner (born 1783), German chemist.
- July 29 – Charles Lucien Bonaparte (born 1803), French naturalist.
- August 12 – William Conybeare (born 1787), English geologist.
- December 15 – George Cayley (born 1773), English aviation pioneer.
- December 17 – Francis Beaufort (born 1774) British hydrographer.
- Elizabeth Philpot (born 1780), English paleontologist.
