2009 in paleontology
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Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2009.
Contents
Arthropods
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Cephalopods
Three new species of extinct Octopoda discovered in 2009. The species – Keuppia hyperbolaris, Keuppia levante, and Styletoctopus annae – lived about 95 million years ago, and bear a strong resemblance to modern octopuses, suggesting that the Octopoda order has remained relatively unchanged for tens of millions of years. The fossils included evidence of arms, muscles, rows of suckers, ink, and internal gills. The discovery was made by a team led by Dirk Fuchs of the Freie University, which is located at Berlin, Germany.[2] The fossils were found at Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon.[3] Various new ammonoid taxa were named, including Ivoites.
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Fuchs, Bracchi, & Weis |
Upper Cenomanian |
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gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Fuchs, Bracchi, & Weis |
Upper Cenomanian |
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gen nov |
Valid |
De Baets, Klug, & Korn |
Lower Emsian |
Bony fish
Newly named Tetrapodomoprhs | |||||||
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Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
Aphanius yerevanicus[6] |
Valid |
|
Late Miocene |
A pupfish, a species of Aphanius. | |||
Eophryne[7] |
Valid |
|
Eocene (late Ypresian) |
Monte Bolca locality |
A frogfish. The type species is Eophryne barbutii. | ||
Heddleichthys[8] |
Valid |
|
Famennian (Late Devonian) |
Dura Den Formation |
|||
Hendrixella[9] |
Valid |
|
Eocene (late Ypresian) |
Monte Bolca locality |
A member of Percoidei of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Hendrixella grandei. | ||
Langlieria[10] |
Valid |
|
Famennian (Late Devonian) |
Evieux Formation |
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A new species of late Maastrichtian bony fish (Ichthyodectiformes: Saurocephalus) from Jordan, Saurocephalus longicorpus described by Kaddumi (2009)
A new species of late Maastrichtian bony fish (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from Jordan, Enchodus harranaensis described by Kaddumi (2009)
Reference: Kaddumi, H. F. 2009. Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas. Publications of the Etrnal Rive Museum of Natural History, Amman. 324 pp.
Amphibians
Newly named amphibians
Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid |
|
Lower Cretaceous |
Possible stem neobatrachian |
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Valid |
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Lower Cretaceous |
A hyloid |
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Valid |
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Early Permian |
The smallest known ostodolepid microsaur |
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Valid |
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Turonian |
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Valid |
|
Early Cretaceous |
A cryptobranchoid salamander |
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Valid |
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Early Permian |
Basal reptiles
Newly named basal reptiles
Name | Status | Authors | Discovery year | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid |
|
Middle Permian |
A basal parareptile |
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Valid |
|
early Late Olenekian |
Turtles
Newly named basal turtles
Name | Status | Authors | Discovery year | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid |
|
Turonian (Late Cretaceous) |
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Valid |
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Late Cretaceous |
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Valid |
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Late Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous |
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Valid |
|
Paleocene |
USA |
New genus for "Plesiobaena" putorius Gaffney, 1972 |
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Junior synonym |
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Early Paleocene |
USA |
Junior synonym of Hutchemys.[23] |
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Valid |
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Middle Jurassic |
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Valid |
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Paleocene |
USA |
A plastomenine softshell turtles |
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Valid |
Late Cretaceous |
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Valid |
|
Maastrichtian |
USA |
A baenid |
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Valid |
|
Late Cretaceous |
USA |
A baenid |
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Junior synonym |
|
Early Paleocene |
USA |
Junior synonym of Hutchemys.[23] |
Archosauromorphs
Basal archosauromorphs
Newly named basal archosauromorphs | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
Valid |
|
earliest Late Olenekian |
A long−necked archosauromorph |
Archosaurs
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Lepidosauromorphs
Basal lepidosauromorphs
Newly named basal lepidosauromorphs | |||||||
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Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
Valid |
Early Olenekian |
A basal kuehneosaurid |
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Valid |
|
earliest Late Olenekian |
A basal lepidosauromorph |
Plesiosaurs
- In 2009, in Svalbard, Norway a new pliosaur was found by Jorn Hurum. It currently is codenamed as "Predator X."
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Newly named plesiosaurs | |||||||
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Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
Valid |
|
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
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Valid |
|
Early Cretaceous (Albian) |
Replacement name for Nichollsia Druckenmiller & Russell, 2008, preoccupied by an isopod genus Nichollsia Chopra & Tiwari, 1950 |
Squamates
Newly named squamates | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Name | Status | Authors | Notes | Images | |
Titanoboa[33] | Valid |
In February, the fossils of 28 individual T. cerrejonensis (Titanoboas) were announced to have been found in the coal mines of Cerrejón, La Guajira, Colombia.[34] |
Synapsids
Non-mammalian
Name | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Valid |
|
Middle Triassic (Ladinian) |
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Valid |
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Middle Permian (Roadian) |
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Valid |
|
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
Mammals
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Plants
Angiosperms
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gen et sp nov |
Valid |
Coiffard et al. |
uppermost Albian-lowermost Cenomanian |
Charente-Maritimes |
Relevant research in other sciences
Evolutionary biology
- A study is published that proposes that females from certain taxa use ornaments as a criterion for mate choice because other dimorphic structures, like biological "weaponry" could be used to coerce or force them to mate.[39]
- A study concludes that biotic factors have more pronounced local and short term evolutionary impacts than abiotic factors, which in turn have a more pronounced effect through time and on biodiversity as a whole.[40]
Extinction
A study noting the effects of the KT mass extinction on Earth's modern biota is published.[41]
Geology
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Ichnology
- Bedatou, E., Melchor, R.N., and Genise, J.F. 2009. Complex palaeosol ichnofabrics from Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcaniclastic successions of central Patagonia, Argentina. Sedimentary Geology. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.04.005
Paleobiogeography
- Pereda-Suberbiola, X. 2009. Biogeographical affinities of Late Cretaceous
continental tetrapods of Europe: a review. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 180(1):57-71. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.180.1.57.
Paleoecology
- Nicolas, M., and Rubidge, B.S. 2009. Changes in Permo-Triassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa. Lethaia. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00171.x.
Footnotes
Complete author list
As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.
References
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- ↑ Rare fossil octopuses found, MSNBC, March 18, 2009
- ↑ New Octopus from the late Cretaceous of Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon, Palaeontology, Volume 52, Issue 1, Pages 65-81
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- ↑ Tong, H.; Claude, J.; Naksri, W.; Suteethorn, V.; Buffetaut, E.; Khansubha, S.; Wongko, K. & Yuangdetkla, P. (2009). "Basilochelys macrobios n. gen. and n. sp., a large cryptodiran turtle from the Phu Kradung Formation (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) of the Khorat Plateau, NE Thailand". In: Buffetaut, E.; Cuny, G.; Le Loeuff, J. & Suteethorn, V. (eds.). Late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic Ecosystems in SE Asia. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 315: 229-243.
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