Acts of Union 1707

"Union of England and Scotland" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Union of England and Scotland Act 1603 or Treaty of Union.

Union with Scotland Act 1706

Parliament of England
Long title	An Act for a Union of the Two Kingdoms of England and Scotland
Citation	6 Anne c. 11
Territorial extent	Kingdom of England (inc. Wales)
Status: Current legislation
Revised text of statute as amended

Union with England Act 1707

Parliament of Scotland
Long title	Act Ratifying and Approving the Treaty of Union of the Two Kingdoms of Scotland and England
Citation	Anne c. 7
Territorial extent	Kingdom of Scotland
Status: Current legislation
Revised text of statute as amended

Documents relevant to personal
and legislative unions of the
countries of the United Kingdom

Treaty of Windsor	1175
Treaty of York	1237
Treaty of Perth	1266
Treaty of Montgomery	1267
Treaty of Aberconwy	1277
Statute of Rhuddlan	1284
Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton	1328
Treaty of Berwick	1357
Poynings' Law	1495
Laws in Wales Acts	1535–42
Crown of Ireland Act	1542
Treaty of Edinburgh	1560
Union of the Crowns	1603
Union of England and Scotland Act	1603
Act of Settlement	1701
Act of Security	1704
Alien Act	1705
Treaty of Union	1706
Acts of Union	1707
Personal Union of 1714	1714
Wales and Berwick Act	1746
Irish Constitution	1782
Acts of Union	1800
Government of Ireland Act	1920
Anglo-Irish Treaty	1921
Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act	1927
N. Ireland (Temporary Provisions) Act	1972
Northern Ireland Assembly	1973
N. Ireland Constitution Act	1973
Northern Ireland Act	1998
Government of Wales Act	1998
Scotland Act	1998
Government of Wales Act	2006
Scotland Act	2012
Edinburgh Agreement	2012
Scotland Act	2016

The Acts of Union were two Acts of Parliament: the Union with Scotland Act 1706 passed by the Parliament of England, and the Union with England Act passed in 1707 by the Parliament of Scotland. They put into effect the terms of the Treaty of Union that had been agreed on 22 July 1706, following negotiation between commissioners representing the parliaments of the two countries. The Acts joined the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland (previously separate states with separate legislatures, but with the same monarch) into a single, united kingdom named "Great Britain".

The two countries had shared a monarch since the Union of the Crowns in 1603, when King James VI of Scotland inherited the English throne from his double first cousin twice removed, Queen Elizabeth I. Although described as a Union of Crowns, until 1707 there were in fact two separate Crowns resting on the same head (as opposed to the implied creation of a single Crown and a single Kingdom, exemplified by the later Kingdom of Great Britain). There had been three attempts in 1606, 1667, and 1689 to unite the two countries by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early 18th century that both political establishments came to support the idea, albeit for different reasons.

The Acts took effect on 1 May 1707. On this date, the Scottish Parliament and the English Parliament united to form the Parliament of Great Britain, based in the Palace of Westminster in London, the home of the English Parliament. Hence, the Acts are referred to as the Union of the Parliaments. On the Union, the historian Simon Schama said "What began as a hostile merger, would end in a full partnership in the most powerful going concern in the world ... it was one of the most astonishing transformations in European history."

Historical background

Previous attempts at union

England and Scotland were separate states for several centuries before eventual union, and English attempts to take over Scotland by military force in the late 13th and early 14th centuries were ultimately unsuccessful (see the Wars of Scottish Independence). The first attempts at Union surrounded the foreseen unification of the Royal lines of Scotland and England. In pursuing the Scottish throne in the 1560s, Mary, Queen of Scots pledged herself to a peaceful union between the two kingdoms.

England and Scotland were ruled by the same king for the first time in 1603 when James VI of Scotland also became the king of England. However they remained two separate states until 1 May 1707.

Early Stuart union

The first Union flag, created by James VI and I, symbolising the uniting of England and Scotland under one Crown

The first attempt to unite the parliaments of England and Scotland was by Mary's son, King James VI and I. On his accession to the English throne in 1603 King James announced his intention to unite his two realms so that he would not be "guilty of bigamy". James used his Royal prerogative powers to take the style of 'King of Great Britain' and to give an explicitly British character to his court and person. Whilst James assumed the creation of a full union was a foregone conclusion, the Parliament of England was concerned that the formation of a new state would deprive England of its ancient liberties, taking on the more absolutist monarchical structure James had previously enjoyed in Scotland. In the meantime, James declared that Great Britain be viewed 'as presently united, and as one realm and kingdom, and the subjects of both realms as one people'.

The Scottish and English parliaments established a commission to negotiate a union, formulating an instrument of union between the two countries. However, the idea of political union was unpopular, and when James dropped his policy of a speedy union, the topic quietly disappeared from the legislative agenda. When the House of Commons attempted to revive the proposal in 1610, it was met with a more open hostility.

Union during the interregnum

Main article: Scotland under the Commonwealth

Flag showing the 'perfected' union between England and Scotland

The Solemn League and Covenant 1643 sought a forced union of the Church of England into the Church of Scotland, and although the covenant referred repeatedly to union between the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, a political union was not spelled out.

In the aftermath of the Civil War, in which the Covenanters had fought for the King, Oliver Cromwell occupied Scotland and began a process of creating a 'Godly Britannic' Union between the former Kingdoms. In 1651, the Parliament of England issued the Tender of Union declaration supporting Scotland's incorporation into the Commonwealth and sent Commissioners to Scotland with the express purpose of securing support for Union, which was assented to by the Commissioners (Members of Parliament) in Scotland. On 12 April 1654, Cromwell – styling himself Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland – enacted An Ordinance by the Protector for the Union of England and Scotland, which created 'one Commonwealth and under one Government' to be known as the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland. The ordinance was ratified by the Second Protectorate Parliament, as an Act of Union, on 26 June 1657. One united Parliament sat in Westminster, with 30 representatives from Scotland and 30 from Ireland joining the existing members from England. Whilst free trade was brought about amongst the new Commonwealth, the economic benefits were generally not felt as a result of heavy taxation used to fund Cromwell's New Model Army.

This republican union was dissolved automatically with the restoration of King Charles II to the thrones of England and Scotland. Scottish members expelled from the Commonwealth Parliament petitioned unsuccessfully for a continuance of the union. Cromwell's union had simultaneously raised interest in and suspicion of the concept of union and when Charles II attempted to recreate the union and fulfil the work of his grandfather in 1669, negotiations between Commissioners ground to a halt.

Later attempts

An abortive scheme for union occurred in Scotland in 1670.

Following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, the records of the Parliament of Scotland show much discussion of possible union. William and Mary, whilst supportive of the idea, had no interest in allowing it to delay their enthronement. Impetus for this incorporating union came almost entirely from King William, who feared leaving Scotland open to a French invasion. In the 1690s, the economic position of Scotland worsened, and relations between Scotland and England became strained. In the following decade, however, union again became a significant topic of political debate.

Treaty and passage of the Acts of 1707

"Articles of Union with Scotland", 1707

Deeper political integration had been a key policy of Queen Anne from the time she acceded to the throne in 1702. Under the aegis of the Queen and her ministers in both kingdoms, the parliaments of England and Scotland agreed to participate in fresh negotiations for a union treaty in 1705.

Both countries appointed 31 commissioners to conduct the negotiations. Most of the Scottish commissioners favoured union, and about half were government ministers and other officials. At the head of the list was Queensberry, and the Lord Chancellor of Scotland, the Earl of Seafield. The English commissioners included the Lord High Treasurer, the Earl of Godolphin, the Lord Keeper, Baron Cowper, and a large number of Whigs who supported union. Tories were not in favour of union and only one was represented among the commissioners.

Negotiations between the English and Scottish commissioners took place between 16 April and 22 July 1706 at the Cockpit in London. Each side had its own particular concerns. Within a few days, England gained a guarantee that the Hanoverian dynasty would succeed Queen Anne to the Scottish crown, and Scotland received a guarantee of access to colonial markets, in the hope that they would be placed on an equal footing in terms of trade.

After negotiations ended in July 1706, the acts had to be ratified by both Parliaments. In Scotland, about 100 of the 227 members of the Parliament of Scotland were supportive of the Court Party. For extra votes the pro-court side could rely on about 25 members of the Squadrone Volante, led by the Marquess of Montrose and the Duke of Roxburghe. Opponents of the court were generally known as the Country party, and included various factions and individuals such as the Duke of Hamilton, Lord Belhaven and Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, who spoke forcefully and passionately against the union. The Court party enjoyed significant funding from England and the Treasury and included many who had accumulated debts following the Darien Disaster.

In Scotland, the Duke of Queensberry was largely responsible for the successful passage of the Union act by the Scottish Parliament. In Scotland, he received much criticism from local residents, but in England he was cheered for his action. He had received around half of the funding awarded by the Westminster treasury for himself. In April 1707, he travelled to London to attend celebrations at the royal court, and was greeted by groups of noblemen and gentry lined along the road. From Barnet, the route was lined with crowds of cheering people, and once he reached London a huge crowd had formed. On 17 April, the Duke was gratefully received by the Queen at Kensington Palace.

Political motivations

Portrait of Queen Anne in 1702, the year she became queen, from the school of John Closterman

English perspective

The English purpose was to ensure that Scotland would not choose a monarch different from the one on the English throne. The two countries had shared a king for much of the previous century, but the English were concerned that an independent Scotland with a different king, even if he were a Protestant, might make alliances against England. The English succession was provided for by the English Act of Settlement 1701, which ensured that the monarch of England would be a Protestant member of the House of Hanover. Until the Union of Parliaments, the Scottish throne might be inherited by a different successor after Queen Anne: the Scottish Act of Security 1704 granted parliament the right to choose a successor and explicitly required a choice different from the English monarch unless the English were to grant free trade and navigation. Many people in England were unhappy about the prospect, however. English overseas possessions made England very wealthy in comparison to Scotland, a poor country with few roads, very little industry and almost no Navy. This made some view unification as a markedly unequal relationship.

Scottish perspective

In Scotland, some claimed that union would enable Scotland to recover from the financial disaster wrought by the Darien scheme through English assistance and the lifting of measures put in place through the Alien Act to force the Scottish Parliament into compliance with the Act of Settlement.

The combined votes of the Court party with a majority of the Squadrone Volante were sufficient to ensure the final passage of the treaty through the House.

Personal financial interests were also allegedly involved. Many Commissioners had invested heavily in the Darien Scheme and they believed that they would receive compensation for their losses; Article 15 granted £398,085 10s sterling to Scotland, a sum known as The Equivalent, to offset future liability towards the English national debt. In essence it was also used as a means of compensation for investors in the Company of Scotland's Darien Scheme, as 58.6% was allocated to its shareholders and creditors.

18thC French illustration of an opening of the Scottish Parliament

Even more direct bribery was also said to be a factor. £20,000 (£240,000 Scots) was dispatched to Scotland for distribution by the Earl of Glasgow. James Douglas, 2nd Duke of Queensberry, the Queen's Commissioner in Parliament, received £12,325, more than 60% of the funding. (Some contend that all of this money was properly accounted for as compensation for loss of office, pensions and so forth not outwith the usual run of government. It is perhaps a debate that will never be set to rest. However, modern research has shown that payments were made to supporters of union that appear not to have been overdue salaries. At least four payments were made to people who were not even members of the Scottish Parliament.) Robert Burns referred to this:

We're bought and sold for English Gold,
Such a Parcel of Rogues in a Nation.

Some of the money was used to hire spies, such as Daniel Defoe; his first reports were of vivid descriptions of violent demonstrations against the Union. "A Scots rabble is the worst of its kind," he reported, "for every Scot in favour there is 99 against". Years later Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, originally a leading Unionist, wrote in his memoirs that,

(Defoe) was a spy among us, but not known as such, otherwise the Mob of Edinburgh would pull him to pieces.

Defoe recalls that he was hired by Robert Harley.

The Treaty could be considered unpopular in Scotland: Sir George Lockhart of Carnwath, the only member of the Scottish negotiating team against union, noted that "The whole nation appears against the Union" and even Sir John Clerk of Penicuik, an ardent pro-unionist and Union negotiator, observed that the treaty was "contrary to the inclinations of at least three-fourths of the Kingdom". Public opinion against the Treaty as it passed through the Scottish Parliament was voiced through petitions from shires, burghs, presbyteries and parishes. The Convention of Royal Burghs also petitioned against the Union as proposed:

That it is our indispensable duty to signify to your grace that, as we are not against an honourable and safe union with England far less can we expect to have the condition of the people of Scotland, with relation to these great concerns, made better and improved without a Scots Parliament.

Not one petition in favour of an incorporating union was received by Parliament. On the day the treaty was signed, the carilloner in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh, rang the bells in the tune Why should I be so sad on my wedding day? Threats of widespread civil unrest resulted in Parliament imposing martial law.

Irish perspective

Ireland, the third of the "sister kingdoms", was not included in the union. The effective government of Ireland was in the hands of the 'Protestant Ascendancy', a minority elite (about 10% of the population). The Roman Catholic majority were systematically excluded from political and military discourse through a series of post-Cromwellian Penal Laws, limiting their rights to property, education, and the franchise.

In July 1707 each House of the Parliament of Ireland passed a congratulatory address to Queen Anne, praying that "May God put it in your royal heart to add greater strength and lustre to your crown, by a still more comprehensive Union". The British government did not respond to the invitation and an equal union between Great Britain and Ireland was out of consideration until the 1790s.

Ireland's benefits from the Union of 1707 were therefore few. Its preferential status in trade with England now extended to Scotland. However, Ireland was left unequal and unrepresented in the Parliament of Great Britain. The Kingdom of Ireland was to remain separate, and legally subordinate to Great Britain until 1784. The union with Ireland finally came about on 1 January 1801.

Provisions of the Acts

Royal heraldic badge of Queen Anne, depicting the Tudor rose and the Scottish thistle growing out of the same stem.

Main article: Treaty of Union

The Treaty of Union, agreed between representatives of the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland in 1706, consisted of 25 articles, 15 of which were economic in nature. In Scotland, each article was voted on separately and several clauses in articles were delegated to specialised subcommittees. Article 1 of the treaty was based on the political principle of an incorporating union and this was secured by a majority of 116 votes to 83 on 4 November 1706. To minimise the opposition of the Church of Scotland, an Act was also passed to secure the Presbyterian establishment of the Church, after which the Church stopped its open opposition, although hostility remained at lower levels of the clergy. The treaty as a whole was finally ratified on 16 January 1707 by a majority of 110 votes to 69.

The two Acts incorporated provisions for Scotland to send representative peers from the Peerage of Scotland to sit in the House of Lords. It guaranteed that the Church of Scotland would remain the established church in Scotland, that the Court of Session would "remain in all time coming within Scotland", and that Scots law would "remain in the same force as before". Other provisions included the restatement of the Act of Settlement 1701 and the ban on Roman Catholics from taking the throne. It also created a customs union and monetary union.

The Act provided that any "laws and statutes" that were "contrary to or inconsistent with the terms" of the Act would "cease and become void."

Soon after the Union, the Act 6 Anne c.40 (later infelicitously named the Union with Scotland (Amendment) Act 1707) united the English and Scottish Privy Councils and decentralised Scottish administration by appointing justices of the peace in each shire to carry out administration. In effect it took the day-to-day government of Scotland out of the hands of politicians and into those of the College of Justice.

Criticisms

The English and Scottish parliaments had evolved along different lines; especially, the Parliament of Scotland had been unicameral while that of England had been bicameral. Following Union, the parliament at Westminster followed the English model.

Defoe drew upon his Scottish experience to write his Tour thro' the whole Island of Great Britain, published in 1726, where he admitted that the increase of trade and population in Scotland, which he had predicted as a consequence of the Union, was "not the case, but rather the contrary".

However, by the time Samuel Johnson and James Boswell made their tour in 1773, recorded in A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland, Johnson noted that Scotland was "a nation of which the commerce is hourly extending, and the wealth increasing" and in particular that Glasgow had become one of the greatest cities of Britain.

300th anniversary

The £2 coin issued in the United Kingdom in 2007 to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the Acts of Union

A commemorative two-pound coin was issued to mark the tercentennial—300th anniversary—of the Union, which occurred two days before the Scottish Parliament general election on 3 May 2007.

The Scottish Executive held a number of commemorative events through the year including an education project led by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Scotland, an exhibition of Union-related objects and documents at the National Museums of Scotland and an exhibition of portraits of people associated with the Union at the National Galleries of Scotland.

Scottish voting records

Map of commissioner voting on the ratification of the Treaty of Union.

 Voting Records for 16 January 1707 ratification of the Treaty of Union

Commissioner		Constituency/Position	Party	Vote
	James Graham, 1st Duke of Montrose	Lord President of the Council of Scotland/Stirlingshire	Court Party	Yes
	John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll		Court Party	Yes
	John Hay, 2nd Marquess of Tweeddale		Squadrone Volante	Yes
	William Kerr, 2nd Marquess of Lothian		Court Party	Yes
	John Erskine, 22nd Earl of Mar		Court Party	Yes
	John Gordon, 16th Earl of Sutherland		Court Party	Yes
	John Hamilton-Leslie, 9th Earl of Rothes		Squadrone Volante	Yes
	James Douglas, 11th Earl of Morton			Yes
	William Cunningham, 12th Earl of Glencairn			Yes
	James Hamilton, 6th Earl of Abercorn			Yes
	John Ker, 1st Duke of Roxburghe		Squadrone Volante	Yes
	Thomas Hamilton, 6th Earl of Haddington			Yes
	John Maitland, 5th Earl of Lauderdale			Yes
	David Wemyss, 4th Earl of Wemyss			Yes
	William Ramsay, 5th Earl of Dalhousie			Yes
	James Ogilvy, 4th Earl of Findlater	Banffshire		Yes
	David Leslie, 3rd Earl of Leven			Yes
	David Carnegie, 4th Earl of Northesk			Yes
	Earl of Belcarras			Yes
	Archibald Douglas, 1st Earl of Forfar			Yes
	William Boyd, 3rd Earl of Kilmarnock			Yes
	John Keith, 1st Earl of Kintore			Yes
	Patrick Hume, 1st Earl of Marchmont		Squadrone Volante	Yes
	George Mackenzie, 1st Earl of Cromartie			Yes
	Archibald Primrose, 1st Earl of Rosebery			Yes
	David Boyle, 1st Earl of Glasgow			Yes
	Charles Hope, 1st Earl of Hopetoun	LIKELY Linlithgowshire		Yes
	Henry Scott, 1st Earl of Deloraine			Yes
	Archibald Campbell, Earl of Illay			Yes
	William Hay, Viscount Dupplin			Yes
	William Forbes, 12th Lord Forbes			Yes
	John Elphinstone, 8th Lord Elphinstone			Yes
	William Ross, 12th Lord Ross			Yes
	James Sandilands, 7th Lord Torphichen			Yes
	Lord Fraser			Yes
	George Ogilvy, 3rd Lord Banff			Yes
	Alexander Murray, 4th Lord Elibank			Yes
	Kenneth Sutherland, 3rd Lord Duffus			Yes
	Robert Rollo, 4th Lord Rollo	Stirlingshire		Yes
	James Murray, Lord Philiphaugh	Lord Clerk Register/Selkirkshire		Yes
	Adam Cockburn, Lord Ormiston	Lord Justice Clerk		Yes
	Sir Robert Dickson of Inverask	Edinburghshire		Yes
	William Nisbet of Dirletoun	Haddingtonshire	Squadrone Volante	Yes
	John Cockburn, younger, of Ormestoun	Haddingtonshire	Squadrone Volante	Yes
	Sir John Swintoun of that ilk	Berwickshire	Court Party	Yes
	Sir Alexander Campbell of Cessnock	Berwickshire		Yes
	Sir William Kerr of Greenhead	Roxburghshire	Squadrone Volante	Yes
	Archibald Douglas of Cavers	Roxburghshire	Court Party	Yes
	William Bennet of Grubbet	Roxburghshire	Court Party	Yes
	Mr John Murray of Bowhill	Selkirkshire	Court Party	Yes
	Mr John Pringle of Haining	Selkirkshire	Court Party	Yes
	William Morison of Prestongrange	Peeblesshire	Court Party	Yes
	Alexander Horseburgh of that ilk	Peeblesshire		Yes
	George Baylie of Jerviswood	Lanarkshire	Squadrone Volante	Yes
	Sir John Johnstoun of Westerhall	Dumfriesshire	Court Party	Yes
	William Dowglass of Dornock	Dumfriesshire		Yes
	Mr William Stewart of Castlestewart	Wigtownshire		Yes
	Mr John Stewart of Sorbie	Wigtownshire	Court Party	Yes
	Mr Francis Montgomery of Giffan	Ayrshire	Court Party	Yes
	Mr William Dalrymple of Glenmuir	Ayrshire	Court Party	Yes
	Mr Robert Stewart of Tillicultrie	Buteshire		Yes
	Sir Robert Pollock of that ilk	Renfrewshire	Court Party	Yes
	Mr John Montgomery of Wrae	Linlithgowshire		Yes
	John Halden of Glenagies	Perthshire	Squadrone Volante	Yes
	Mongo Graham of Gorthie	Perthshire	Squadrone Volante	Yes
	Sir Thomas Burnet of Leyes	Kincardineshire	Court Party	Yes
	William Seton, younger, of Pitmedden	Aberdeenshire	Squadrone Volante	Yes
	Alexander Grant, younger, of that ilk	Inverness-shire	Court Party	Yes
	Sir William Mackenzie			Yes
	Mr Aeneas McLeod of Cadboll	Cromartyshire		Yes
	Mr John Campbell of Mammore	Argyllshire	Court Party	Yes
	Sir James Campbell of Auchinbreck	Argyllshire	Court Party	Yes
	James Campbell, younger, of Ardkinglass	Argyllshire	Court Party	Yes
	Sir William Anstruther of that ilk	Fife		Yes
	James Halyburton of Pitcurr	Forfarshire	Squadrone Volante	Yes
	Alexander Abercrombie of Glassoch	Banffshire	Court Party	Yes
	Mr James Dunbarr, younger, of Hemprigs	Caithness		Yes
	Alexander Douglas of Eagleshay	Orkney and Shetland	Court Party	Yes
	Sir John Bruce, 2nd Baronet	Kinross-shire	Squadrone Volante	Yes
	John Scrimsour	Dundee		Yes
	Lieutenant Colonel John Areskine			Yes
	John Mure	Likely Ayr		Yes
	James Scott	Montrose	Court Party	Yes
	Sir John Anstruther, 1st Baronet, of Anstruther	Anstruther Easter		Yes
	James Spittle	Inverkeithing		Yes
	Mr Patrick Moncrieff	Kinghorn	Court Party	Yes
	Sir Andrew Home	Kirkcudbright	Squadrone Volante	Yes
	Sir Peter Halket	Dunfermline	Squadrone Volante	Yes
	Sir James Smollet	Dumbarton	Court Party	Yes
	Mr William Carmichell	Lanark		Yes
	Mr William Sutherland	Elgin		Yes
	Captain Daniel McLeod	Tain		Yes
	Sir David Dalrymple, 1st Baronet	Culross	Court Party	Yes
	Sir Alexander Ogilvie	Banff		Yes
	Mr John Clerk	Whithorn	Court Party	Yes
	John Ross			Yes
	Hew Dalrymple, Lord North Berwick	North Berwick		Yes
	Mr Patrick Ogilvie	Cullen	Court Party	Yes
	George Allardyce	Kintore	Court Party	Yes
	William Avis			Yes
	Mr James Bethun	Kilrenny		Yes
	Mr Roderick McKenzie	Fortrose		Yes
	John Urquhart	Dornoch		Yes
	Daniel Campbell	Inveraray	Court Party	Yes
	Sir Robert Forbes	Inverurie		Yes
	Mr Robert Dowglass	Kirkwall		Yes
	Mr Alexander Maitland	Inverbervie	Court Party	Yes
	Mr George Dalrymple	Stranraer		Yes
	Mr Charles Campbell	Campbeltown		Yes
Total Ayes				106
	James Hamilton, 4th Duke of Hamilton			No
	William Johnstone, 1st Marquess of Annandale	Annan		No
	Charles Hay, 13th Earl of Erroll			No
	William Keith, 9th Earl Marischal			No
	David Erskine, 9th Earl of Buchan			No
	Alexander Sinclair, 9th Earl of Caithness			No
	John Fleming, 6th Earl of Wigtown			No
	James Stewart, 5th Earl of Galloway			No
	David Murray, 5th Viscount of Stormont			No
	William Livingston, 3rd Viscount of Kilsyth			No
	Alexander Fraser, 13th Lord Saltoun			No
	Francis Sempill, 10th Lord Sempill			No
	Charles Oliphant, 7th Lord Oliphant			No
	John Elphinstone, 4th Lord Balmerino			No
	Walter Stuart, 6th Lord Blantyre	Linlithgow		No
	William Hamilton, 3rd Lord Bargany	Queensferry		No
	John Hamilton, 2nd Lord Belhaven and Stenton			No
	Lord Colvill			No
	Patrick Kinnaird, 3rd Lord Kinnaird			No
	Sir John Lawder of Fountainhall	Haddingtonshire		No
	Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun	Haddingtonshire		No
	Sir Robert Sinclair, 3rd Baronet	Berwickshire		No
	Sir Patrick Home of Rentoun	Berwickshire		No
	Sir Gilbert Elliot of Minto	Roxburghshire		No
	William Bayllie of Lamingtoun	Lanarkshire		No
	John Sinclair, younger, of Stevensone	Lanarkshire		No
	James Hamilton of Aikenhead	Lanarkshire		No
	Mr Alexander Fergusson of Isle	Dumfriesshire		No
	Sir Hugh Cathcart of Carletoun	Ayrshire		No
	John Brisbane, younger, of Bishoptoun	Ayrshire		No
	Mr William Cochrane of Kilmaronock	Dumbartonshire		No
	Sir Humphray Colquhoun of Luss	Dumbartonshire		No
	Sir John Houstoun of that ilk	Renfrewshire		No
	Robert Rollo of Powhouse			No
	Thomas Sharp of Houstoun	Linlithgowshire		No
	John Murray of Strowan			No
	Alexander Gordon of Pitlurg	Aberdeenshire		No
	John Forbes of Colloden	Nairnshire		No
	David Bethun of Balfour	Fife		No
	Major Henry Balfour of Dunboog	Fife		No
	Mr Thomas Hope of Rankeillor			No
	Mr Patrick Lyon of Auchterhouse	Forfarshire		No
	Mr James Carnagie of Phinhaven	Forfarshire		No
	David Graham, younger, of Fintrie	Forfarshire		No
	William Maxwell of Cardines	Kirkcudbrightshire		No
	Alexander McKye of Palgown	Kirkcudbrightshire		No
	James Sinclair of Stempster	Caithness		No
	Sir Henry Innes, younger, of that ilk	Elginshire		No
	Mr George McKenzie of Inchcoulter	Ross-shire		No
	Robert Inglis	Edinburgh		No
	Alexander Robertson	Perth		No
	Walter Stewart			No
	Hugh Montgomery	Glasgow	Court Party	No
	Alexander Edgar	Haddington		No
	Alexander Duff	Banffshire		No
	Francis Molison	Brechin		No
	Walter Scott	Jedburgh		No
	Robert Scott	Selkirk		No
	Robert Kellie	Dunbar		No
	John Hutchesone	Arbroath		No
	Archibald Scheills	Peebles		No
	Mr John Lyon	Forfar		No
	George Brodie	Forres		No
	George Spens	Rutherglen		No
	Sir David Cuningham	Lauder		No
	Mr John Carruthers	Lochmaben		No
	George Home	New Galloway		No
	John Bayne	Dingwall		No
	Mr Robert Fraser	Wick		No
Total Noes				69
Total Votes				175
Sources: Records of the Parliament of Scotland, Parliamentary Register, p.598

See also

• Andrew Fletcher
• Daniel Defoe
• History of democracy
• List of treaties
• MacCormick v Lord Advocate
• Parliament of the United Kingdom
• Political union
• Real union
• English independence
• Scottish independence
• Scottish Parliament
• Unionism in Scotland
• Welsh independence

References

• Defoe, Daniel. A tour thro' the Whole Island of Great Britain, 1724–27
• Defoe, Daniel. The Letters of Daniel Defoe, GH Healey editor. Oxford: 1955.
• Fletcher, Andrew (Saltoun). An Account of a Conversation
• Herman, Arthur. How the Scots Invented the Modern World. Three Rivers Press, 2001. ISBN 0-609-80999-7
• Lockhart, George, "The Lockhart Papers", 1702–1728

External links

• Union with England Act and Union with Scotland Act – Full original text
• Treaty of Union and the Darien Experiment, University of Guelph, McLaughlin Library, Library and Archives Canada
• Text of the Union with Scotland Act 1706 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database
• Text of the Union with England Act 1707 as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from the UK Statute Law Database