Albert Rivaud

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Albert Rivaud
Born (1876-05-14)14 May 1876
Nice, France
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Era 20th century
Region Western philosophy
Influences
Minister of National Education
In office
16 June 1940 – 12 July 1940
Preceded by Yvon Delbos
Succeeded by Émile Mireaux

Albert Georges Emmanuel Rivaud (French: [ʁivo]; 14 May 1876 – 15 September 1955) was a French philosopher and classical scholar. In 1908 he was appointed professor of philosophy at the University of Poitiers. In 1927 he succeeded Léon Brunschvicg as professor of philosophy at the Sorbonne. In 1940 he served briefly as Minister of National Education in the government of Philippe Pétain.

Biography

Early life and education

Albert Rivaud was born in Nice.[1] His father, Georges Rivaud (born in 1844) was a sub-prefect in the Pyrenees (Hautes-Pyrénées then Pyrénées-Orientales), in the Charente department, later in Calvados, and finally in the Rhône. His paternal grandfather was head of division at the prefecture of Vienne.[1]

He followed his secondary studies in several high schools: from Angoulême, he went to Caen, Nantes, and finally Lyon. He obtained a degree in literature in 1895 at the University of Lyon, then a law degree in 1896, and a science degree in 1897.[1]

He was awarded first place in the agrégation of philosophy (1900).[2] He then obtained a doctorate in letters in 1906.[1]

Career overview

He began his teaching career as a professor of philosophy at the Lycée de Laval in 1900. He applied for and obtained a position as a lecturer at the Faculty of Letters at the University of Rennes in 1902, then at the University of Poitiers in 1907.[1] He taught at the École de guerre, where Philippe Pétain was one of his students.

In parallel with these years of teaching, he signed numerous editions of the classical philosophers, particularly of Plato. In 1927 he succeeded Léon Brunschvicg as chair of philosophy at the Sorbonne.

During the interwar period, he taught at the École libre des sciences politiques (from 1920), and became a member of the Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques in 1939.[1] He published numerous articles in the daily newspaper Le Journal des Débats, in La Revue des Deux Mondes, and in the financial weekly Le Capital. He actively collaborated in the Fustel de Coulanges circle against public schools and their republican ideology. He collaborated there until his death.

Civil service

Before the war, he was known for his studies on Germany, which he perceived very early on as an unstable country and a threat to France. He then advocated a rectification and a Franco-British alliance to face the Germans.[lower-alpha 1]

He accepted the position of Minister of National Education after the defeat of 1940. He took up his post on June 16, following the appointment of Philippe Pétain as President of the Council by Albert Lebrun. He spoke of a school reform, which was the result of his positions taken at the Fustel de Coulanges circle.[5] However, he was excluded from the government on July 12, at the request of the German authorities.[6]

He was dismissed from all his official functions at the end of 1944, but in 1946, the High Court dismissed his case and in 1947, he was given the title of "national indignity" "for having carried out acts of resistance".[7] His dismissal was due to his role in the training of intelligence officers with the aim of reconstituting a French army of national liberation during the war.[1]

He continued to contribute in La Revue des Deux Mondes, a stronghold of the academic right. He campaigned for the release of Charles Maurras[lower-alpha 2] and was a member in 1955–56 of the committee for the centenary of Marshal Pétain, set up by the Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain.

He died in Bourges at 80 years of age.

Private life

He married Gabrielle Solange Barilleau, daughter of Charles Barilleau, professor of law at the University of Poitiers. The couple had no children.[1]

Works

Major publications

  • Les notions d'essence et d'existence dans la philosophie de Spinoza (1905)
  • Le problème du devenir et la notion de la matière dans la philosophie grecque depuis les origines jusqu'à Théophraste (1906)
  • Plato, Timée; suivi de Critias (1925; translator)
  • Études platoniciennes (1928)
  • Les Grands courants de la pensée antique (1929; 1938; 1953)
  • Les crises allemandes (1919-1931) (1932)
  • L'obsession de la guerre en Allemagne (1933)
  • L'Éducation et l'idée de patrie (1936; preface by Abel Bonnard)[lower-alpha 3]
  • Le relèvement de l'Allemagne, 1918-1938 (1939; 1940)[lower-alpha 4]
  • La France De L'Esprit (1943)[lower-alpha 5]
  • Histoire de la philosophie (1948; 1960)

Miscellanea

  • Pétain, L'Éducation nationale (1941; with an introduction on The spirit of a new education by Albert Rivaud; foreword by Gabriel Louis-Jaray)
  • Albert Ehm, Éducation et culture: Problèmes actuels (1942; preface)
  • Henry Lémery, De la paix de Briand à la guerre de Hitler (1949; preface)

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Like the Maurrassians, he accused the French politicians, whom he didn't liked very much, of having been unable to foresee the "German renaissance" and to act in the face of the threat coming from across the Rhine. A review of his book, Le relèvement de l'Allemagne, in a left-wing magazine, treated the work harshly. Henri Mougin stated: "Hitler found support in the Sorbonne... and Gobineau an admirer Clermont-Ferrand".[3] Rivaud was even accused of Nazism, yet he denounced German pangermanism and despised the National Socialists, too plebeian for his taste.[4]
  2. ↑ On December 10, 1949, he was one of the speakers at a meeting organized by Pierre Boutang to demand his release, along with intellectuals from the Fustel de Coulanges circle such as Daniel Halévy and Henri Massis.[8]
  3. ↑ Contributions of Rivaud, H. Carteron, Olivier Pozzo di Borgo, Henri Boegner and Serge Jeanneret.
  4. ↑ Awarded the Antoine-Girard Prize by the Académie française.
  5. ↑ Contributions of Rivaud, Gustave Thibon, Daniel Halévy, Marcel Arland and Charles Maurras.

Citations

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Charle, Christophe (1986). "95. Rivaud (Georges, Emmanuel, Albert)," Publications de l'Institut national de recherche pédagogique, Vol. II, No. 2,‎ pp. 187–89.
  2. ↑ "Les agrégés de l'enseignement secondaire. Répertoire 1809-1960," Cnrs.fr.
  3. ↑ See La Pensée, No. 1 (1939), pp. 162–64.
  4. ↑ See Rivaud, "L'âme du nazi", La Revue des deux mondes, Vol. LVI, No. 2, March 1940.
  5. ↑ Journal des débats (7 juillet 1940).
  6. ↑ Yagil, Limor (1997). L'homme nouveau et la révolution nationale de Vichy (1940-1944). Villeneuve d'Ascq: Presses du Septentrion, p. 114.
  7. ↑ Le Monde (24 janvier 1947).
  8. ↑ Gros, Guillaume (2008). Philippe Ariès: un traditionaliste non-conformiste; de l'Action française à l'École des hautes études en sciences sociales, 1914-1984. Paris: Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, p. 106.

References

  • Barreau, Jean-Michel (1991). "Vichy, idéologue de l'école," Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine, Vol. XXXVIII, No. 4, pp. 590–616.
  • Epstein, Simon (2001). Les Dreyfusards sous l'Occupation. Paris: Albin Michel.

External links

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