Old Tagalog

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Old Tagalog
Lumang Tagalog
Region Philippines
Particularly Tagalog Region
Era 10th century AD (evolved into Classical Tagalog c. 16th century)
Baybayin
Language codes
ISO 639-3 –
Glottolog None

Old Tagalog (Filipino: Lumang Tagalog), also known as Classical Tagalog, was the language of Central and Southern Luzon during the Classical period in Luzon. It is the language of the Mai State and Maynila, and other regions of the northern Philippines. The language originated from the Proto-Philippine language and evolved to Classical Tagalog, which was the basis for Modern Tagalog.

Etymology

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Main article: Tagalog language

The word Tagalog is derived from the endonym ᜆᜄ ᜁᜎᜓᜄ᜔ taga-ilog ("river dweller"), composed of ᜆᜄ (tagá-) ("native of" or "from") and ᜁᜎᜓᜄ᜔' (ílog) ("river"). Very little is known about the ancient history of the language; linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups had originated in Northeastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas.[1][2]

The Language

The Tagalog Baybayin script.

Old Tagalog is one of the Central Philippine languages, which evolved from the Proto-Philippine language, which comes from the Austronesian peoples who settled in the Philippines 2000 years ago. This is the Language of the Mai State, the Tondo Dynasty and Maynila, and other regions of the northern Philippines.

The early history of the Tagalog language remains relatively obscure, and a number of theories exist as to the exact origins of the Tagalog peoples and their language. Most scholars suggest that the Tagalog people originated in North-eastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas. The first written record of Tagalog is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription which dates to 900 CE, and exhibits fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Malay, Javanese and Old Tagalog.[3] The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593.[4]

Writing System

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Main article: Baybayin

Old Tagalog was written in Baybayin, which belongs to the Brahmic family of scripts. Loanwords from Malay and Sanskrit were written in the Kawi script because these words could not be represented in Baybayin.

vowels

᜔
a ᜀ
i
e		 ᜁ
u
o		 ᜂ

b

b ᜊ᜔
ba ᜊ
bi
be		 ᜊᜒ
bu
bo		 ᜊᜓ

k

k ᜃ᜔
ka ᜃ
ki
ke		 ᜃᜒ
ku
ko		 ᜃᜓᜓ

d/r

d/r ᜇ᜔
da/ra ᜇ
di/ri
de/re		 ᜇᜒ
du/ru
do/ro		 ᜇᜓ

g

g ᜄ᜔
ga ᜄ
gi
ge		 ᜄᜒ
gu
go		 ᜄᜓ

h

h ᜑ᜔
ha ᜑ
hi
he		 ᜑᜒ
hu
ho		 ᜑᜓ

l

l ᜎ᜔
la ᜎ
li
le		 ᜎᜒ
lu
lo		 ᜎᜓ

m

m ᜋ᜔
ma ᜋ
mi
me		 ᜋᜒ
mu
mo		 ᜋᜓ

n

n ᜈ᜔
na ᜈ
ni
ne		 ᜈᜒ
nu
no		 ᜈᜓ

ng

ng ᜅ᜔
nga ᜅ
ngi
nge		 ᜅᜒ
ngu
ngo		 ᜅᜓ

p

p ᜉ᜔
pa ᜉ
pi
pe		 ᜉᜒ
pu
po		 ᜉᜓ

s

s ᜐ᜔
sa ᜐ
si
se		 ᜐᜒ
su
so		 ᜐᜓ

t

t ᜆ᜔
ta ᜆ
ti
te		 ᜆᜒ
tu
to		 ᜆᜓ

w

w ᜏ᜔
wa ᜏ
wi
we		 ᜏᜒ
wu
wo		 ᜏᜓ

y

y ᜌ᜔
ya ᜌ
yi
ye		 ᜌᜒ
yu
yo		 ᜌᜓ

Phonology

Old Tagalog Vowels
Height Front Central Back
Close i /i/ u /u/
Mid ə /ə/
Open a /a/
Table of consonant phonemes of Old Tagalog
Labial Dental/
Alveolar		 Postalveolar/
Palatal		 Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop p b t d tʃ dʒ k ɡ ʔ
Fricative s ʃ h
Tap ɾ
Approximant l j w

Examples of words

  • The words and sentences of Old Tagalog are the roots of the Modern Tagalog language. Some of the words and sentences have evolved over time (like the word Babuy or Pig, which became Baboy in modern Tagalog), but some of the words in Old Tagalog (like Hari or King), have survived and are in common use in Modern Tagalog.
Words in Old Tagalog IPA / Pronunciation Translation in Modern Tagalog
ᜀᜍᜂ *arãɜ (araw) Araw (Sun / Days)
ᜄᜓᜎᜓᜆ᜔ *ɠUlu̯t (golot') Kabundukan (Mountain Ranges)
ᜊᜓᜎᜏᜈ᜔ *bUlɐ̯ɜn̩ (Bulawan) Ginto (gold)
ᜊᜓᜎᜅᜌ᜔ *bɒlɐ̯ɲAj (Balangay) Barangay
ᜊᜓᜈ᜔ᜏ *bɐ̃n̪wɛ (Banua) Pook / Vanua (village)
ᜀᜐᜓᜏᜅ᜔ *aʂũɐ̯n̩ Aswang (Ghoul / Monster)
ᜊᜓᜎᜀᜈ᜔ *bũLɑ̯n (Bulan) Buwan (Moon / Months)
ᜊᜆ᜔ᜑᜎ *bɐtʜãʟ̩a Bathala (God / Deity)
ᜊᜊᜌ᜔ᜎᜈ᜔ *bãɓɜjaɲ̩ Babaylan (Priestess)
ᜊᜌᜒ *bãjɜ̯ (Bayi) Babae (Woman/ Girl/ lady)
ᜊᜎᜌ᜔ *ba̯Lãj (Balay) Bahay (House /Structure/Buildings)
ᜊᜊᜓᜌ᜔ *babə̃j (Babuy) Baboy (Pig)
ᜇᜌᜅ᜔ *dãjãɳ (Dayang) Reyna,(Queen) or Prinsesa (Princess)
ᜇᜒᜃᜒ *dəkət Dikit (adhesive/stick)
ᜇᜓᜍᜓ / ᜇᜓᜄᜓ *zuRuʔ Dugo (Blood)
ᜑᜍᜒ *ʜãRi (Hari) Hari (King, Emperor)
ᜑᜎᜒᜃ᜔ *hajək Halik (Kiss)
ᜎᜓᜈᜆᜒᜀᜈ᜔ *jɜnTiãn (luntian) Luntian (Lush)/ Berde (Green)
ᜃᜏᜎ᜔ *kão̯ɐL Kaual Kawal (Knight)
ᜋᜓᜆᜒᜌ *ɱuʈɪa (mutiya) Mutya or Perlas (Pearl)
ᜋᜅ᜔ᜋᜅ᜔ *Mɐnɠ-Mɑŋɠ Mang mang (fool) / bobo (stupid)
ᜉᜈ᜔ᜆᜐ᜔ *pãɳ̩ta̯ʂ Pantas (genius/ wise / gifted)
ᜉᜓᜂᜇ᜔ *pũɜd (Puod) Bayan (Town)
ᜉᜉᜄᜌᜓ *papɐgAyɔ (Papagayo) Karpintero (Carpenter)
ᜅᜎᜒᜈ᜔ *ŋɡajan (Ngalan) Pangalan (Name)
ᜐᜈ᜔ᜇᜒᜄ᜔ *sɑ̃n̩dĩg) (Sandig) Sundalo (Soldier)
ᜆᜓᜊᜒᜍ᜔ *tubiR Tubig (Water)
ᜆᜍᜅ᜔ᜃᜑᜈ᜔ *taRãŋkaħɐ̃ɳ Tarangkahan (Gate)
ᜆᜒᜋᜋᜈᜓᜃ *TěGmāmənùKən Tigmamanukan (eagle, bird , Omen)

Pronouns

Old Tagalog Translation Translation in Modern Tagalog Translation in English
ᜊᜎᜑᜎ ‖ balahala Kataas-Taasan Highest (Authority).
ᜈᜊᜓᜃ ᜈ ᜊ ‖ Nabuká na ba? Nag-bukás na ba? Is it open now?
ᜋ ᜈ ᜎ| ᜇᜃᜒᜆ᜔‖ Labâ ma na lâ, dakit Dalhín mo ang pag-kakataóng itó, sa Dakit (punò). Take this opportunity to the Dakit (tree).
ᜋ ᜈᜒᜌ| ᜋᜀᜈᜄ᜔ᜄ‖ Nínu ma niya mangga Iyán ay napagkámaláng manggá. That was mistaken for a mango.
ᜑᜒᜌ| ᜎᜀ| ᜅᜌ᜔ ᜀᜈ᜔ Gakatkat hiya lâ ngay-an Iyán ba ay nakararamdám ng hiyâ? Has that (person) ever felt shame?
ᜊᜌ ᜑ ᜇᜃᜒᜆ᜔ ᜈ ᜈᜓ‖ Bayâ ha dakit na, nu? Pakiusap, lisanin mo na ang punò ng Dakit. Leave the dakit tree now, will you?
ᜇ ᜃᜎᜄ᜔ ᜊᜒᜈᜄᜆ᜔ ᜑ‖ Da kalág binagat, ha? Pakibalík mo ang kaluluwáng iyóng kinuhà, ha? Return the soul that you took away, will you?

See also

References

  1. ↑ Zorc, David. 1977. The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Pacific Linguistics C.44. Canberra: The Australian National University
  2. ↑ Blust, Robert. 1991. The Greater Central Philippines hypothesis. Oceanic Linguistics 30:73–129
  3. ↑ Postma, Antoon. (1992). The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary. Philippine Studies vol. 40, no. 2:183-203
  4. ↑ Zorc, David. 1977. The Bisayan Dialects of the Philippines: Subgrouping and Reconstruction. Pacific Linguistics C.44. Canberra: The Australian National University

External links

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