Bermondsey Abbey

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File:Bermondsey Abbey.jpg
Illustration of Bermondsey Abbey.
File:Bermondsey Abbey 1.jpg
Bermondsey Abbey archaeological dig, viewed from Tower Bridge Road, 5 March 2006.
Another view of the archaeological dig from Tower Bridge Road.
File:Bermondsey Abbey 3.jpg
Details of the finds at the archaeological dig.
File:Bermondsey Abbey 4.jpg
Photographs of finds made available by the archeologists at the dig.
File:Bermondsey Abbey 5.jpg
Bermondsey Abbey archaeological dig detailed view.

Bermondsey Abbey was an English Benedictine monastery. Most widely known as an 11th-century foundation, it had a precursor mentioned in the early 8th century, and was centred on what is now Bermondsey Square, the site of Bermondsey Market, Bermondsey, in the London Borough of Southwark, southeast London, England.

Foundation

A monastery is known to have existed at Bermondsey before 715 AD, when it was a Surrey colony of the important Mercian monastery of Medeshamstede, later known as Peterborough. Though surviving only in a copy written at Peterborough in the 12th century, a letter of Pope Constantine (708-715) grants privileges to a monastery at Vermundesei.[1] It is likely that this monastery continued, probably as a secular minster, at least until the 9th-century Viking invasions.[2]

Nothing more is heard of any church at Bermondsey until 1082, when, according to the "Annales Monasterii de Bermundeseia", a monastery was founded there by one Alwinus Child, with royal licence.[3] It is highly likely, given the trend to continuity of sacred sites, that this church was founded on the site of the earlier monastery. It is also possible that this foundation was a direct successor to the church last mentioned in the early 8th century.[4]

Alwinus Child's new monastery, dedicated to St Saviour, is presumably identical with the 'new and handsome church' which appears in the Domesday Book record for Bermondsey, in 1086. In effect, Domesday Book clarifies the "Annales"' mention of royal licence, since it records that the estate of Bermondsey was then held by King William the Conqueror, a small part being also in the hands of Robert, Count of Mortain, the king's half brother, and younger brother of Odo of Bayeux, then earl of Kent. Royal support for the new foundation continued with King William Rufus' gift of the royal estate at Bermondsey, in either 1089 or 1090, and through further grants made, for example, by King Henry I in the 1120s and 1130s.[5] It may be that the counts of Mortain also maintained an interest in the new monastery, since Count William of Mortain became a monk there in 1140. Alwinus Child's only recorded gift to the new monastery was 'various rents in the city of London', and these may be represented in Domesday Book by mention of 13 burgesses there paying 44d (£0.18) annually to the estate at Bermondsey.

The new monastery was established as an alien, Cluniac priory through the arrival in 1089 of four monks from St Mary's of La Charité-sur-Loire, apparently at the invitation of Archbishop Lanfranc of Canterbury.[6] These were Peter, Richard, Osbert and Umbald, Peter becoming the first prior. The church remained a Cluniac priory until the late 14th century. In 1380 Richard Dunton, the first English prior, paid a fine of 200 marks (£133.33) to have Bermondsey's establishment naturalised: this protected it from actions taken against alien properties in time of war, but it also set the priory on the path to independent status as an abbey, divorced from both La Charité and Cluny, which it achieved in 1390.

Royal Connections

At Christmas 1154, the newly crowned King Henry II and his Queen, Eleanor of Aquitaine, held court at Bermondsey Priory.[7] A few weeks later, on 28 February 1155, the royal couple's second child, Prince Henry was born there.[8]

Elizabeth Woodville, the widow of Edward IV, registered as a boarder at the Abbey on 12 February 1487, after retiring from the court of Henry VII, receiving free hospitality as the widow of Edward IV. She died there on 8 June 1492. Her two sons, Edward V and Richard of Shrewsbury, 4th Duke of York, had disappeared in the Tower of London in 1483, and her daughter, Elizabeth of York, had married Henry VII, the first Tudor monarch, in 1486. Mathewe Baker,[9] lifelong Liegeman to Henry Tudor, the formerly-exiled Earl of Richmond - (later King Henry VII of England), - and served as his Lord's "chief of security" at Vannes and Sarzeau during the Breton Exile;[10] - the King's longest-serving "Squire For The Bodie" from 1486 to 1509 [11] - (he was there at the secret Royal deathbed on 21 April 1509 in Sheen Palace, according to the near-contemporary sketch by Garter King of Arms, Sir Thomas Wriothesley[12] ); - 2nd Governor of the Isle of Jersey from 1486 to 1494 with almost Vice-Regal Powers;[13] - "security chief" for the old Palace of Westminster; - several times Ambassador for King Henry; - Companion of the French Ordre de St. Michel (elevated by King Louis XII personally); - Master of Bethlem Hospital, and also Squire For The Bodie to King Henry VIII, - died at Bermondsey Abbey in May of 1513, and was buried there "before the Image of St. Saviour in the Chancel" as his Will requests. His Will is on file in the National Archives, dated 26 May 1513, seemingly only a few days prior to his Death.

"King John's Palace"

Possibly because of the royal events at Bermondsey, a legend asserted that King John had built a palace there. The 17th-century antiquarian, John Aubrey, gave credence to this story. However, Richard Rawlinson, editing his Natural History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey in 1719 said: "Mr Aubrey tells us, that he was assured by one Mr Hawkins, that this Abbey of Bermondsey was King John's Palace, and converted into an abbey; but upon what Authority this information was grounded I cannot find."[14] This is a confusion with another royal residence which was much nearer the Thames, but within the manor of Bermondsey owned by the Abbey.

Land and estates

Bermondsey rapidly acquired a valuable estate, both temporal and spiritual.

In 1103 and 1104 it acquired from Henry I his interest in Southwark to the west of Borough High Street (Stane Street) just to the south of the ancient borough, stretching over to Lambeth and to the south to Walworth. This became known as the King's Manor, Southwark, after its acquisition by the City of London in 1550. In 1122 it was given the church of St George the Martyr; Long Lane led from the Abbey to the High Street by the church to connect the two estates.[15]

In 1291, temporalities (such as landed estates) were valued at almost £229, and spiritualities (such as advowsons) at just over £50. The Valor Ecclesiasticus of 1535 put the abbey's clear annual value at a little over £474.[6]

The estate ranged widely, including properties in Surrey, Leicestershire, Hertfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Gloucestershire, Somerset and Kent.
The manor of Charlton, then in Kent, was given by Bishop Robert Bloet of Lincoln in 1093. In 1268, Bermondsey was granted a Monday market at Charlton, as well as an annual fair of three days, centred on Trinity Sunday, the eighth Sunday after Easter.
Land in Dulwich and elsewhere was given by Henry I in 1127.

Dissolution

After the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII, the abbey was handed over by the last abbot to the king. Henry granted the property and its lands to Sir Robert Southwell. Southwell sold the buildings to Sir Thomas Pope, founder of Trinity College, Oxford. Sir Thomas broke up the abbey, pulling down a number of buildings and erecting a house on the property. He then sold it back to Southwell who later sold it on to a London goldsmith.

The house at Bermondsey is in Southwark across the Thames from London, and had been erected by Sir Thomas Pope on the site of the dissolved Bermondsey Abbey (taken by Henry VIII in 1536), and had incorporated several of the abbey buildings. Pope died of plague in 1558. The house had been in Thomas Radclyffe, the Third Earl of Sussex’s hands as a residence by 1570 when Queen Elizabeth visited him there, and some of the buildings on the site were used as a hospital and for general relief during his time. Sussex took treatment there himself in 1575 (age 50).

Remains

Neither the house nor the Abbey still stand. By 1822, The Morning Post reported that all that remained was 'a solitary fragment or two of stone wall, in what is called King John's Court, together with a few old buildings'.[16] Houses on nearby Grange Walk also incorporate some of the Abbey’s remains. Within the structure of the late 17th century Grade II-listed houses numbered 5, 6 and 7 is part of one side of the late medieval stone gatehouse.[17] At number 7 is the chamfered south jamb of the gateway with two wrought-iron gate-hooks projecting from the wall and a ‘Gatehouse’ sign. The remains of the south-western tower of the abbey church can be seen below the glass floor of the Del'Aziz restaurant and bar on Bermondsey Square.

In 1904, during construction in Abbey Street, two stone coffins with human remains were found ten feet below the ground with six more burials, without coffins, above them and close by. Parts of the Abbey's foundations were also unearthed.[18] In 1932, the consecration stone of the Abbey was discovered by a workman at a petrol station in Tower Bridge Road where it had been placed in the foundations of a later building.[19]

Archaeology

The site at Bermondsey Square has been extensively redeveloped with archaeological excavations undertaken in 2005–6 by English Heritage. It provided PCA an opportunity to undertake a number of excavations on the site along Abbey Street, most recently in early 2006. Another part of the site is to be excavated along Tower Bridge Road.

Reports

The report for the current dig is not online as of March 2006 but should be published here.

  • TQ 3370 7936 Bermondsey Square, SE1; (David Divers & Kevin Wooldridge); evaluation; September – November 1998; London Borough of Southwark; BYQ98
  • TQ 3330 7936 Bermondsey Square, SE1; (Chris Mayo); evaluation; 15 July – 16 August 2002; BYQ98

See also

References

  1. ↑ The letter is held to be an authentic copy. The identification with Bermondsey is both strong and undisputed. See e.g. Stenton, F.M., 'Medeshamstede and its Colonies', in Stenton, D.M. (ed.), Preparatory to Anglo-Saxon England Being the Collected Papers of Frank Merry Stenton, Oxford University Press, 1970, and Blair, J., 'Frithuwold's kingdom and the origins of Surrey', in Bassett, S. (ed.), The Origins of Anglo-Saxon Kingdoms, Leicester University Press, 1989.
  2. ↑ For the nature of an Anglo-Saxon 'secular minster', see Blair, J. & Sharpe, R. (eds.), Pastoral Care Before the Parish, Leicester Univ., 1992, e.g. p. 140.
  3. ↑ This and most subsequent detail is from Annales Monastici, Luard, H.R. (ed., 5 vols., Rolls Series), 3, 1866. "Alwinus" is a Latinisation of presumably either "Ælfwine", meaning "elf friend", or "Æthelwine", meaning "noble friend": both are common Old English personal names. "Child" was a common Old English epithet, and would signify "the Young".
  4. ↑ While not inherently unlikely, despite more than three centuries of silence, two details in particular are suggestive of this: the fact that the estate was held directly by the king in 1066 ('Earl Harold', i.e., King Harold) and 1086; and the reported delay of seven years between the 'foundation' in 1082 and the arrival of Cluniac monks in 1089.
  5. ↑ For William Rufus, see also Barlow, F., William Rufus, Methuen, 1983, p. 96.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 2, Malden, H.E. (ed.), 1967. British History Online. Retrieved on May 14, 2008.
  7. ↑ Austin Lane Poole, The Oxford History of England: From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216, Oxford University Press, 1955 (p. 321)
  8. ↑ Marion Meade, Eleanor of Aquitaine, Phoenix Press 1977 (re-issued 2002) (pp. 203-4)
  9. ↑ spelling - Baker's own Will, National Archives
  10. ↑ Poloydore Vergil "Anglica historica"; also B.A. Pocquet de Haut-Jusse "François II Duc de Bretagne et d'Angleterre", & Jean Allanic,"Le Prisonnier de la Tour d'Elven ou la Jeunesse du Roy Henry VII d'Angleterre", (Vannes, 1909); & H. Marsille, "Vannes au Moyen Age" (Vannes, 1982)
  11. ↑ "Materials for History of the Reign of Henry VII, Vols I & II (see indexes for specific page ref.s under Baker's name),Ed. Rev. Wm Campbell,M.A. pub. 1873-7 by The Treasury in Rolls Series
  12. ↑ see www.bl.uk/.../henryviii/birthaccdeath/deathbed/index.html
  13. ↑ for terms of his Powers see "Materials....", Vol.I, pg.320,28th Feb,1486
  14. ↑ The Natural History and Antiquities of the County of Surrey: Begun in the year 1673 by John Aubrey Esq. F.R.S. and continued to the present time, Volume V (1719) (p. 35)
  15. ↑ H.E. Malden (editor), The borough of Southwark: Introduction, A History of the County of Surrey: Volume 4 (1912), pp. 125–135.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ 5,6 and 7 Grange Walk, Southwark[1] British Listed Buildings
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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