Classical Armenian

"Grabar" redirects here. For other uses, see Grabar (disambiguation).

Classical Armenian
Region	Armenian Highlands
Era	developed into Middle Armenian
Language family	Indo-European Classical Armenian
Early forms	Proto-Armenian Classical Armenian
Writing system	Armenian alphabet (Classical orthography)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	xcl
Linguist list	xcl
Glottolog	clas1249
Linguasphere	57-AAA-aa

Epitaph in Classical Armenian for Jakub and Marianna Minasowicz at St. Hyacinth's Church in Warsaw

Classical Armenian (Armenian: գրաբար, grabar; krapar in Western Armenian, meaning "literary [language]"; also Old Armenian or Liturgical Armenian) is the oldest attested form of the Armenian language. It was first written down at the beginning of the 5th century, and all Armenian literature from then through the 18th century is in the Grabar Armenian language. Many ancient Greek, Persian, Hebrew, Syriac, and Latin manuscripts survive only in their Armenian translation. Classical Armenian continues to be the liturgical language of the Armenian Apostolic Church and is often learned by Biblical, Intertestamental, and Patristic scholars dedicated to textual studies. Classical Armenian is also important for the reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European language, since it preserves many archaic features.

Phonology

Vowels

Classical Armenian has seven monophthong vowels:

• /a/ (ա), /i/ (ի), /ə/ or schwa (ը), /ɛ/ or open e (ե), /e/ or closed e (է), /o/ (ո), and /u/ (ու)(transcribed as a, i, ə, e, ē, o, and u respectively). The vowel transcribed u is spelled using the Armenian letters for ow (ու), but is not actually a diphthong.

There are also traditionally six diphthongs:

• ay (այ), aw (աւ, later օ), ea (եա), ew (եւ), iw (իւ), oy (ոյ).

Consonants

In the following table there is listed the Classical Armenian consonantal system. The occlusives and affricates have in addition to the more common voiced and unvoiced series also a separate aspirated series (transcribed with a spiritus asper after the letter): p῾, t῾, c῾, č῾, k῾. For each phoneme there are three symbols in the table. The leftmost indicates the pronunciation in International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA); in the middle there is the corresponding symbol in the Armenian alphabet; and the rightmost is its transliteration in Latin alphabet (following ISO 9985).

		Labial	Alveolar	Post- alveolar / Palatal	Velar / Uvular	Glottal
Nasals		/m/   մ   m	/n/   ն   n
Plosives	voiced	/b/   բ   b	/d/   դ   d		/ɡ/   գ   g
	unvoiced	/p/   պ   p	/t/   տ   t		/k/   կ   k
	aspirated	/pʰ/   փ   p’	/tʰ/   թ   t’		/kʰ/   ք   k’
Affricates	voiced		/dz/   ձ   j	/dʒ/   ջ   ǰ
	unvoiced		/ts/   ծ   ç	/tʃ/   ճ   č̣
	aspirated		/tsʰ/   ց   c’	/tʃʰ/   չ   č
Fricatives	voiced	/v/   վ   v	/z/   զ   z	/ʒ/   ժ   ž	/ɫ/   ղ   ł
	unvoiced	/f/   ֆ   f	/s/   ս   s	/ʃ/   շ   š	/χ/   խ   x	/h/   հ   h
Approximants	lateral		/l/   լ   l
	central		/ɹ/   ր   r	/j/   յ   y
Trill			/r/   ռ   ṙ

The letter f (or ֆ) was introduced in the Medieval Period to represent the foreign sound /f/, or the voiceless labiodental fricative, and was not originally a letter in the Armenian Alphabet.

See also

• List of Classical Armenian writers
• Proto-Armenian
• Armenian Alphabet

Reference books

• Acharian, Hrachia. (1971-9) Etymological Root Dictionary of the Armenian Language. Vol. I – IV. Yerevan: Yerevan State University.
• Meillet, Antoine. (1903) Esquisse d’une grammaire comparée de l’arménien classique.
• Thomson, Robert W. (1989) An Introduction to Classical Armenian. Caravan Books. (ISBN 0-88206-072-4)
• Robert Godel. "An Introduction to the Study of Classical Armenian". Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1975

External links

• Classical Armenian Online (The University of Texas at Austin)
• New Dictionary of the Armenian Language (Nor Bargirk Haekazian Lezvi, Նոր Բառգիրք Հայկազեան Լեզուի), Venice 1836-1837. The seminal dictionary of Classical Armenian. Includes Armenian to Latin, and Armenian to Greek.
• Pocket Dictionary of the Armenian Language (Arrdzern Barraran Haekazian Lezvi, Առձեռն Բառարան Հայկազնեան Լեզուի), Venice 1865 (second edition).
• New Dictionary Armenian-English (Նոր Բառգիրք Հայ-Անգլիարէն), Venice, 1875-9.
• Grabar Dictionary (Գրաբարի Բառարան), Ruben Ghazarian, Yerevan, 2000.
• Grabar Thesaurus (Գրաբարի Հոմանիշների Բառարան), Ruben Ghazarian, Yerevan, 2006.
• A grammar, Armenian and English by Paschal Aucher and Lord Byron. Venice 1873