Cropping (animal)

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A Guatemalan Dogo with cropped ears

Cropping is the removal of part or all of the pinnae or auricles, the external visible flap of the ear, of an animal. Most commonly performed on dogs, it is an ancient practice that was once done for perceived health, practical or cosmetic reasons. In modern times, it is banned in many nations, but is still legal in a limited number of countries. Where permitted, it is seen only in certain breeds of dog such as the Pit bull, Doberman Pinscher, Schnauzer, Great Dane, Boxer, Caucasian Shepherd Dog and Beauceron.

The veterinary procedure is known as cosmetic otoplasty. Current veterinary science provides no medical or physical advantage to the animal from the procedure,[1][2] leading to concerns over animal cruelty related to performing unnecessary surgery on the animals. In addition to the bans in place in countries around the world, it is described in some veterinary texts as "no longer considered ethical."[1]

Cropping of large portions of the pinnae of other animals is rare, although the clipping of identifying shapes in the pinnae of livestock, called earmarks, was common prior to the introduction of compulsory ear tags.[3] Removal of portions of the ear of laboratory mice for identification, i.e. ear-notching, is still used. The practice of cropping for cosmetic purposes is rare in non-canines, although some selectively bred animals have naturally small ears which can be mistaken for cropping.

History and purposes

File:Molossian hound BM GR2001.10-10.1 n03.jpg
The Duncombe Dog, a 2nd-century AD Roman copy of a Hellenistic bronze, probably of the 2nd century BC and from Epirus, showing cropped ears

Ear cropping has been performed on dogs since ancient times.[4]

Traditional cropping

Historically, cropping was performed on working dogs in order to decrease the risk of health complications, such as ear infections or hematomas. Crops were also performed on dogs that might need to fight, either while hunting animals that might fight back or while defending livestock herds from predators, or because they were used for pit-fighting sports such as dogfighting or bear-baiting.[5][6] The ears were an easy target for an opposing animal to grab or tear.[5]

Cropping the ears of livestock guardian dogs was, and may still be, traditional in some pastoral cultures. The ears of working flock-defense dogs such as the Caucasian Shepherd Dog (Kavkazskaïa Ovtcharka)[7] and the Pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese were traditionally cropped to reduce the possibility of wolves or aggressor dogs getting a hold on them.[8] According to one description, cropping was carried out when puppies were weaned, at about six weeks. It was performed by an older or expert shepherd, using the ordinary blade shears used for shearing, well sharpened. The ears were cut either to a point like those of a fox, or rounded like those of a bear. The removed auricles were given to the puppy to eat, in the belief that it would make him more "sour";[8] the ears were first grilled.[9] An alternative method was to remove the ears from newborn puppies by twisting them off; however, this left almost no external ear on the dog.[8] More than three hundred years ago, both ear-cropping and the use of spiked collars were described as a defense against wolves by Jean de la Fontaine in Fable 9 of Book X of the Fables, published in 1678.[10]

Dogs may have their ears cropped, legally or not, for participation in dogfights, themselves illegal in many jurisdictions.[11]

Health benefits

Historically, ear cropping has been advocated as a health benefit for certain breeds with long, hanging ears. There is some evidence that dogs with standing ears may suffer from fewer ear infections than dogs with hanging ears.[5][12] It has also been hypothesized that standing ears are less prone to damage and subsequent medical complications, especially in working dogs. Some claim that cropped ears enhance Boxer's hearing.[13] Long, hanging ears can not function the same way as erect ears which can swivel toward a sound source. The erect shape directs sound waves into the ear canal and additionally amplifies the sound slightly. Long, hanging pinnae also impose a physical barrier to sound waves entering the ear canal.[14]

Cosmetic cropping

Boxers with natural and cropped ears and docked tails

In the last 100 years or so, ear cropping has been performed more often for cosmetic purposes.[6][15] In nations and states where it remains legal, it is usually practiced because it is required as part of a breed standard for exhibition at dog shows.[15]

File:Doberman earstaped.jpg
A Doberman Pinscher puppy with its ears taped to train them into the desired shape and carriage after cropping

The veterinary procedure is known as "cosmetic otoplasty".[1] It is usually performed on puppies at 7 to 12 weeks of age.[16] After 16 weeks, the procedure is more painful and the animal has greater pain memory.[5] Up to 2/3 of the ear flap may be removed in a cropping operation, and the wound edges are closed with stitches. The ears are then bandaged and taped until they heal into the proper shape.[16] While opponents of cropping emphasize pain concerns, cropping procedures are done under full anesthesia.[17] Pain medications and antibiotics are often provided after surgery, and recovery is quick, particularly in young puppies.[18]

American veterinary schools do not generally teach cropping and docking, and thus veterinarians who perform the practice have to learn on the job.[4] There are also problems with amateurs performing ear-cropping, particularly at puppy mills.[4] Amateur cropping is not illegal in the United States, though it is highly frowned upon among prominent members of dog communities.

In the USA, although tail-docking, dewclaw removal, and neutering procedures remain common, ear-cropping is declining, save within the dog show industry.[15] However, many show ring competitors state they would discontinue the practice altogether if they could still "win in the ring."[19]

Animal welfare and law

The practice is illegal across most of Europe, including all countries that have ratified the European Convention for the Protection of Pet Animals, and most member countries of the Fédération Cynologique Internationale.[20] It is illegal in parts of Spain and in some Canadian provinces.[15] The situation in Italy is unclear; the ban effective 14 January 2007 may no longer be in force.[21]

Ear-cropping is still widely practiced in the United States and parts of Canada, with approximately 130,000 puppies in the United States thought to have their ears cropped each year[22] The American and Canadian Kennel Clubs both permit the practice.[15] The American Kennel Club (AKC) position is that ear cropping and tail docking are "acceptable practices integral to defining and preserving breed character and/or enhancing good health."[23] While some individual states have attempted to ban ear-cropping,[24] there is strong opposition from some dog breed organizations, who cite health concerns and tradition.[13]

The American Veterinary Medical Association "opposes ear cropping and tail docking of dogs when done solely for cosmetic purposes" and "encourages the elimination of ear cropping and tail docking from breed standards".[25] Specifically, the AVMA "has recommended to the American Kennel Club and appropriate breed associations that action be taken to delete mention of cropped or trimmed ears from breed standards for dogs and to prohibit the showing of dogs with cropped or trimmed ears if such animals were born after some reasonable date".[1] Some national chains of veterinary hospitals have voluntarily ceased to perform cosmetic surgeries on dogs.[19] The American Humane Association opposes ear-cropping "unless it is medically necessary, as determined by a licensed veterinarian".[26]

While it has been suggested the cropping may interfere with a dog's ability to communicate using ear signals, some also argue that cropping increases a dog's ability to communicate with ear signals. There has been no scientific comparative study of ear communication in cropped and uncropped dogs.[27]

Status by country

Country Status Ban/restriction date (if applicable)
Afghanistan Unrestricted[citation needed]
Argentina Unrestricted[citation needed]
Australia Banned [28]
Austria Banned 1 January 2005[29]
Belgium Banned[29]
Bolivia Unrestricted[citation needed]
Brazil Banned for cosmetic purposes[29]
Bulgaria Banned 2008[citation needed]
Canada Canada has no federal law banning pet cosmetic surgery. The Canadian Veterinary Medical Association opposes all cosmetic alterations.[30] Two provinces have provincial legislation prohibiting ear cropping, tail docking, and most cosmetic surgeries: Prince Edward Island (☨1) [31] and Newfoundland and Labrador (☨2).

Three province's veterinary associations ban all veterinarians from performing cosmetic surgeries on pets: New Brunswick (☨3),[29] Nova Scotia (☨4),[32] and Quebec[33] (☨5)

Three provincial veterinary associations have bans on ear cropping alone: Manitoba (☨6),[34] British Columbia,[35] and Saskatchewan (☨8).
☨1: 10 July 2015. ☨2: 1978


☨3: 15 October 2008. ☨4: 1 April 2010. ☨5: 1 January 2017


☨6: 3 February 2012. ☨7: 2015.[36] ☨8: 2013[37]
Chile Unrestricted[citation needed]
Colombia Unclear
Costa Rica Unrestricted[citation needed]
Croatia Banned[29]
Cyprus Banned[29] 1993
Czech Republic Banned[citation needed]
Denmark Banned[28] 1 June 1996
Egypt Unrestricted[citation needed]
England Banned 1899[38]
Estonia Banned[29] 2001
Finland Banned 1 July 1996 [39]
France Banned, except tail-docking 1 January 2010[40]
Germany Banned[41] 1 May 1992
Greece Banned[29] 1992
Hungary Banned[29]
Iceland Banned[29] 2001
India Previously restricted, currently unrestricted [42]
Indonesia Unrestricted[citation needed]
Ireland Banned[citation needed]
Israel Banned[41] 2000
Italy Banned or unclear[citation needed]
Kuwait Unrestricted[citation needed]
Latvia Banned[29]
Lebanon Unrestricted[citation needed]
Lithuania Banned[29]
Luxembourg Banned[29] 1991[43]
Malaysia Unrestricted[citation needed]
Morocco Unrestricted - Morocco has no animal protection laws[citation needed]
Mauritius Unrestricted[citation needed]
Mexico Unrestricted[citation needed]
Nepal Unrestricted[citation needed]
Netherlands Banned[29] 1 September 2001
New Zealand Banned[28] 2004
Northern Ireland Banned[29] 2011
Norway Banned[28] 1987
Panama Unrestricted[citation needed]
Peru Unrestricted[citation needed]
Philippines Unrestricted[citation needed]
Poland Banned[29] 1997
Portugal Banned[citation needed]
Romania Banned[29] 2008
Russia Restricted[citation needed]
Scotland Banned[29] 1899[38]
Slovakia Banned[29] 1 January 2003
Slovenia Banned[44] April 2007
South Africa Banned[29] June 2008
Spain Banned in autonomies of Catalonia and Andalucia[29]
Sri Lanka Unrestricted[citation needed]
Sweden Banned[29] 1989
Switzerland[29] Banned 1997
Taiwan Unrestricted[citation needed]
United States Unrestricted (some states, including New York[24] and Vermont, have considered bills to make the practice illegal) 2003
Virgin Islands Banned[29] 2005
Wales Banned[29] 1899[38]

Naturally small ears

Some animals, such as the Lamancha goat, have ears which are naturally small as the result of selective breeding, and some people mistakenly believe their ears to be cropped.[45][46]

In other animals, small ears may result from a genetic mutation or the emergence of a genetically recessive trait, such as in Highland cattle, where the appearance of small ears, appearing to have its pinnae cropped, is viewed as a defect.[47]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Slatter, Douglas H. (2002) Textbook of small animal surgery 3rd edition. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders (imprint of Elsevier Health Sciences), 2896 pages, ISBN 978-0-7216-8607-3, p.1746
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lexique Camarguais (in French) Manade Devaux. "Lexicon of Camargue terms" Accessed September 2011
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Broughton, Amy L. (2003) Cropping and Docking: A Discussion of the Controversy and the Role of Law in Preventing Unnecessary Cosmetic Surgery on Dogs Michigan State University - Detroit College of Law. Accessed September 2011.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Ear Cropping: Correct or Cruel? Briarlea Bouvier Kennel. Accessed September 2011.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Murgai, Major R.P. (1996) Handbook on Dogs New Delhi: New Age International, p.46
  7. ↑ Samsonova, Anna Caucasian Shepherd Dog (Kavkazskaïa Ovtcharka) Fédération Cynologique Internationale FCI-Standard N° 328, 2 February 2011. Accessed September 2011
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Breber, Paolo (1983) Il Cane da Pastore Maremmano-Abruzzese (in Italian) 2nd edition. Firenze: Olimpia "The Maremmano-Abruzzese shepherd dog" pp.98–99
  9. ↑ MacDonell, Anne, Amy Atkinson (ill.) (1907) In the Abruzzi New York: F.A. Stokes p. 18
  10. ↑ Wright, Elizur (trans.), Jean de la Fontaine (1862) The fables of La Fontaine, translated [in verse] from the French London: Miller p.74
  11. ↑ Curtis, Patricia (2002) City dog: choosing and living well with a dog in town New York: Lantern Books ISBN 978-1-59056-000-6 p.37
  12. ↑ Fossum TW. Surgery of the ear. In: Fossum TW, ed. Small Animal Surgery. 3rd ed. St.Louis; Mosby Elsevier, 2007;289-316.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Ear cropping and tail docking The Canadian Federation of Humane Societies/Fédération des sociétés canadiennes d'assistance aux animaux (CFHS/FSCAA). Accessed September 2011.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Practice of Dogs Ear cropping [sic] Doggie's Paradise. Accessed September 2011
  17. ↑ https://www.avma.org/KB/Resources/LiteratureReviews/Documents/dogs_ear_cropping_bgnd.pdf
  18. ↑ http://www.vcahospitals.com/main/news/article/ear-cropping-services/22928
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Weise, Elizabeth 'Banfield pet hospitals ban tail docking, ear cropping on dogs' USA Today, 30 July 2011. Accessed September 2011.
  20. ↑ Fogle, Bruce. K-I-S-S Guide to Living with a Dog Stop the Crops. Accessed September 2011
  21. ↑ Cani pericolosi, l'ordinanza della Turco "Stop al taglio di orecchie e coda" (in Italian) La Repubblica, 15 January 2007. Accessed September 2011. "Dangerous dogs, the ordinance of Turco: 'stop the cutting of ears and tails' "
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Ear Cropping, Tail Docking and Dewclaw Removal American Kennel Club Canine Legislation Position Statements
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Ear Cropping and Tail Docking of Dogs American Veterinary Medical Association, November 2008. Accessed September 2011
  26. ↑ Ear cropping The American Humane Association. Accessed September 2011.
  27. ↑ Coren, Stanley (2001) How to speak dog: mastering the art of dog-human communication New York: Simon & Schuster ISBN 978-0-7432-0297-8 chap. 9 [pages unnumbered]
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ 29.00 29.01 29.02 29.03 29.04 29.05 29.06 29.07 29.08 29.09 29.10 29.11 29.12 29.13 29.14 29.15 29.16 29.17 29.18 29.19 29.20 29.21 29.22 29.23 29.24 Δικτυακός Τόπος Διαβουλεύσεων (Website consultation) (mostly in English) Υπουργείο Αγροτικής Ανάπτυξης και Τροφίμων (Ministry of Rural Development and Food, Athens, Greece), April 2011. Accessed September 2011.
  30. ↑ https://www.canadianveterinarians.net/documents/cosmetic-alteration
  31. ↑ http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/prince-edward-island/animal-welfare-act-outlaws-animal-ear-cropping-and-tail-docking-1.3301418
  32. ↑ CBC News (March 25, 2010)N.S veterinarians ban tail docking Accessed February 10, 2012.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ CBC News (February 10, 2012)Ear cropping of dogs banned in Manitoba Accessed February 10, 2012.
  35. ↑ http://www.cvbc.ca/CVBC2/LatestNews/Veterinarians_Ban_Ear_Cropping.aspx
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ http://svma.sk.ca/uploads/pdf/BYLAWS%202015%20FINAL%20COPY%20FOR%20WEBSITE.pdf
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Johnston, Beatrice L. (1970) For those who cannot speak: a history of the Canadian Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 1869-1969 City of Laval, P.Q.: Dev-Sco Publications p.13
  39. ↑ Finnish Animal Protection Law (in Finnish)
  40. ↑ French Animal Protection Law (in French)
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 A review of the scientific aspects and veterinary opinions relating to tail docking in dogs
  42. ↑ [1] Now, you can dock dogs' tail
  43. ↑ WSAVA Tail Docking Position Statement
  44. ↑ [2] Slovene Animal Protection Act (in slovene language)
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ " What did we do to its ears?"Accessed September 19, 2011.
  47. ↑ Crop Ear. what does it look like? Cruachan Highland Cattle. Accessed September 2011.

External links

Pro-cropping organizations

Anti-cropping organizations

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