Dieppe

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For other uses, see Dieppe (disambiguation).
Dieppe
Subprefecture and commune
A view of the centre of Dieppe, in July 2022.
A view of the centre of Dieppe, in July 2022.
Coat of arms of Dieppe
Coat of arms
Country France
Region Normandy
Department Seine-Maritime
Arrondissement Dieppe
Canton Dieppe-1 and 2
Intercommunality CA Région Dieppoise
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Nicolas Langlois[1] (PCF)
Area1 11.67 km2 (4.51 sq mi)
Population (Jan. 2018)2 Lua error in Module:Wd at line 405: invalid escape sequence near '"^'.
INSEE/Postal code 76217 / 76200
Elevation 5–70 m (16–230 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km² (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. 2 Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Dieppe (French pronunciation: ​[djɛp]; Norman: Dgieppe) is a coastal commune in the Seine-Maritime department, Normandy, northern France.

Dieppe is a seaport on the English Channel at the mouth of the river Arques. A regular ferry service runs to Newhaven in England.

Famous for its scallops, Dieppe also has a popular pebbled beach, a 15th-century castle and the churches of Saint-Jacques and Saint-Remi. The mouth of the river Scie lies at Hautot-sur-Mer, directly to the west of Dieppe.

The inhabitants of the town of Dieppe are called Dieppois (m) and Dieppoise (f) in French.

History

First recorded as a small fishing settlement in 1030, Dieppe was an important prize fought over during the Hundred Years' War. Dieppe housed the most advanced French school of cartography in the 16th century. Two of France's best navigators, Michel le Vasseur and his brother Thomas le Vasseur, lived in Dieppe when they were recruited to join the expedition of René Goulaine de Laudonnière which departed Le Havre for Florida on April 20, 1564. The expedition resulted in the construction of Fort Caroline, the first French colony in the New World.[2] Another expedition two years before where Goulaine de Laudonnière was under command of Jean Ribault, a local Huguenot captain, had resulted in the foundation of Charlesfort, now in South Carolina. Dieppe was the premier port of the kingdom in the 17th century.

After King Edward VI died, putting an end to a Protestant country in England on July 6, 1553, John Knox left England to evade the Catholic-fist of Mary I. First, under the permission of his friends, he went back to his home country of Scotland. Then after he stayed in Dieppe for a few months, he continued on his tracks and stayed in Geneva. There he met one of his influences, John Calvin.

On July 23, 1632, 300 colonists heading to New France departed from Dieppe. At the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, Dieppe lost 3,000 of its Huguenot citizens, who fled abroad.

Dieppe was an important target in wartime; the town was largely destroyed by an Anglo-Dutch naval bombardment in 1694. It was rebuilt after 1696 in a typical French classical style by Ventabren, an architect, who gave it its unique feature for a sea port. It was popularised as a seaside resort following the 1824 visit of the widowed Duchess of Berry, daughter-in-law of Charles X. She encouraged the building of the recently renovated municipal theatre, the Petit-Théâtre (1825), associated particularly with Camille Saint-Saëns.

During the later 19th century, Dieppe became popular with English artists as a beach resort. Prominent literary figures such as Arthur Symons loved to keep up with the latest fads of avant-garde France here, and during "the season" sometimes stayed for weeks on end.

Second World War

Dieppe Dawn 19 August 1942 memorial stained glass Royal Military College of Canada

During the Second World War Dieppe was occupied by German naval and army forces after the fall of France in 1940. In order to allow a better defence of the coast against a possible Allied landing, the Germans destroyed the mauresque casino that was located near the beach area. The destruction of the casino had only begun at the time of the Dieppe Raid.

The raid proved a costly lesson for the Allies. On August 19, 1942, Allied soldiers, mainly drawn from the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division, landed at Dieppe in the hope of occupying the town for a short time, gaining intelligence and drawing the Luftwaffe into open battle. The Allies suffered more than 1,400 deaths, 907 Canadian, and 1,946 Canadian soldiers were captured – more prisoners than the army lost in the 11 months of the 1944–45 NW Europe campaign.[3] However, no major objectives were achieved. More recent research suggests the raid was a massive cover for an intelligence operation to capture German code machine components.[4]

French soldiers from the region, captured in the fighting of 1940, were returned to the area after the Dieppe Raid as a reward by the German occupation authorities, who felt that the conduct of the French civilians in Dieppe had been correct and had not hindered the defence of the port during the battle.

The port remained garrisoned by German forces until the conclusion of the Battle of Normandy. When the First Canadian Army approached at the end of August, the garrison withdrew, not desiring to enter into battle for the port.

Dieppe was liberated on September 1, 1944, by soldiers from the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division. On September 3, the entire division paused for reorganization, and a victory parade was held; contingents representing all major units of the 2nd Division marched 10 abreast behind the massed pipes and drums of the division's highland regiments. A memorial service was held in the nearby Canadian military cemetery to honour those killed in the Dieppe Raid.[5]

Post-war

Dieppe, a city in New Brunswick, Canada, received its present name in 1946, in honour of the commemoration of the 913 Canadian soldiers killed in the Dieppe Raid. The majority of its inhabitants are of Acadian descent.[6]

Panoramic view of Dieppe (taken from a hill close to the castle Château de Dieppe)

Notable people

File:Jean Ribault.jpg
Jean Ribault
Abraham Duquesne
Albert Réville
Louis de Broglie, 1929
File:Emmanuel Petit.jpg
Emmanuel Petit, 2005

Sport


Geography

Dieppe belongs to the Pays de Caux, lying along the Alabaster Coast in the region of Normandy. It is located on the Channel coast, north of Rouen at the mouth of the river Arques and lies east of the mouth of the river Scie.

Climate

Climate data for Dieppe (1981–2010 averages)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.4
(61.5)		 19.4
(66.9)		 23.8
(74.8)		 27.6
(81.7)		 31.9
(89.4)		 35.4
(95.7)		 40.1
(104.2)		 36.1
(97)		 32.7
(90.9)		 27.4
(81.3)		 21.0
(69.8)		 16.9
(62.4)		 40.1
(104.2)
Average high °C (°F) 7.5
(45.5)		 7.9
(46.2)		 10.3
(50.5)		 12.3
(54.1)		 15.4
(59.7)		 17.9
(64.2)		 20.1
(68.2)		 20.7
(69.3)		 18.9
(66)		 15.6
(60.1)		 11.1
(52)		 7.9
(46.2)		 13.8
(56.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.2
(41.4)		 5.2
(41.4)		 7.4
(45.3)		 9.1
(48.4)		 12.2
(54)		 14.9
(58.8)		 17.0
(62.6)		 17.4
(63.3)		 15.4
(59.7)		 12.5
(54.5)		 8.5
(47.3)		 5.6
(42.1)		 10.9
(51.6)
Average low °C (°F) 2.8
(37)		 2.6
(36.7)		 4.5
(40.1)		 5.8
(42.4)		 9.0
(48.2)		 11.8
(53.2)		 13.9
(57)		 14.0
(57.2)		 11.9
(53.4)		 9.4
(48.9)		 6.0
(42.8)		 3.4
(38.1)		 8.0
(46.4)
Record low °C (°F) −16.4
(2.5)		 −16.6
(2.1)		 −9.4
(15.1)		 −3
(27)		 0.0
(32)		 1.8
(35.2)		 5.8
(42.4)		 4.6
(40.3)		 1.2
(34.2)		 −3.3
(26.1)		 −8
(18)		 −11
(12)		 −16.6
(2.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 65.8
(2.591)		 51.5
(2.028)		 56.7
(2.232)		 56.6
(2.228)		 60.6
(2.386)		 58.6
(2.307)		 54.7
(2.154)		 57.0
(2.244)		 69.9
(2.752)		 89.8
(3.535)		 89.2
(3.512)		 87.8
(3.457)		 798.2
(31.425)
Average precipitation days 12.3 10.1 11.3 10.1 10.1 9.3 8.8 8.7 10.3 12.4 13.6 13.4 130.5
Average snowy days 2.1 2.4 1.5 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 1.4 8.3
Average relative humidity (%) 85 84 82 82 83 84 83 82 82 83 85 85 83.3
Source #1: Météo France[11][12]
Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990)[13]

Toponymy

Mentioned as Deppae in 1015–1029, Dieppa in 1030, then in the 12th century: Deppa, Deupa and Diopa.[14]

From Old English dēop or Old Norse djúpr "deep", same meaning.[15] The Nominalization from an Old English or Norse adjective, being unusual, dēop / djúpr could be followed by the Old English word ǣ / ea or Old Norse á "stream, river" (cf. Djúpá, river in Iceland).[16]

The same adjective can be recognized in other place-names like Dieppedalle (f. e. Saint-Vaast-Dieppedalle) and Dipdal in Normandy, which is the same as Deepdale in Great Britain.

The stream running through Dieppe was called Tella in Merovingian and Carolingian documents, before being called Dieppe in the 10th century. The name has stuck to the town, although the name of the stream changed again, to Béthune.[15]

Heraldry

Arms of Dieppe
 The arms of Dieppe are blazoned:
Per pale azure and gules, a 3-masted ship sails furled argent.



Historical images of Dieppe

  • View of Dieppe's Grand quai

  • J. M. W. Turner, The Harbor of Dieppe, 1826

  • The Basket Shop, Rue St Jean, Dieppe - Walter Richard Sickert - ABDAG000288.jpg

    Walter Sickert, The Basket Shop, Rue St Jean, Dieppe, c. 1911 - 1912, Aberdeen Art Gallery

  • Georges Boillot winning the 1912 French Grand Prix in Dieppe

  • Carl Spitzweg's painting Frauenbad in Dieppe III

  • Frits Thaulow's Fra Dieppe med elven Arques (From Dieppe with the river Arques)

  • Ernst Oppler At the beach (c. 1912)

  • Nicolae Vermont's painting View of Dieppe's beach (1929)

  • Flickr - …trialsanderrors - Old castle, Dieppe, France. ca. 1895.jpg

    The castle in the 1890s

  • Dieppe 18 June 1945 RG373 AERIALFILM A6720 DN5852 OBL 067 01.jpg

    Aerial photograph taken in June, 1945

  • Au Val Saint-Nicolas près Dieppe by Claude Monet.jpg

    Au Val Saint-Nicolas près Dieppe by Claude Monet. Painted 1897. Private collection.

Population

Historical population
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1793 25,000 —    
1800 20,000 −3.14%
1806 18,248 −1.52%
1821 16,664 −0.60%
1831 16,016 −0.40%
1836 16,820 +0.98%
1841 16,443 −0.45%
1846 16,844 +0.48%
1851 17,669 +0.96%
1856 19,231 +1.71%
1861 20,187 +0.98%
1866 19,946 −0.24%
1872 19,002 −0.80%
1876 20,333 +1.71%
1881 22,003 +1.59%
1886 23,050 +0.93%
1891 22,771 −0.24%
1896 22,439 −0.29%
Year Pop. ±% p.a.
1901 22,839 +0.35%
1906 23,629 +0.68%
1911 23,973 +0.29%
1921 24,402 +0.18%
1926 24,945 +0.44%
1931 25,117 +0.14%
1936 25,560 +0.35%
1946 21,770 −1.59%
1954 26,427 +2.45%
1962 30,013 +1.60%
1968 30,016 +0.00%
1975 39,466 +3.99%
1982 35,957 −1.32%
1990 35,894 −0.02%
1999 34,653 −0.39%
2007 33,375 −0.47%
2012 30,632 −1.70%
2017 29,080 −1.03%
Source: EHESS[17] and INSEE (1968-2017)[18]

Sights

The castle, Château de Dieppe, which survived the 1694 bombardment, is now a museum and exhibition space, with a strong maritime collection. A rich collection of 17th- and 18th-century ivory carvings, including lacy folding fans, for which Dieppe was known, and the furnishings and papers of Camille Saint-Saëns. The castle's interior courtyard is picturesque.

At the Square du Canada, near the castle in a park at the western end of the Esplanade, there is a monument erected by the town commemorating the long relationship between Dieppe and Canada. The events recorded begin with the early 16th century, and culminate with the Dieppe Raid and the liberation of Dieppe by Canadians on September 1, 1944. The base of the monument is inscribed with the words "nous nous souvenons" ("we remember"). Above the monument, the Canadian Maple Leaf flag is flown side by side with that of France.

The Notre-Dame-de-Bon-Secours Chapel of Dieppe stands on the coast.

Some of the Canadian soldiers who were killed are buried in the Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery, in the commune of Saint-Aubin-sur-Scie south-west of Dieppe.

  • Château-musée de Dieppe

  • Château-musée

  • The harbour

  • The waterfront

Various buildings and sights

  • The small municipal theatre, reopened in 2002 : the small municipal theater (1900) has been listed in the supplementary inventory of historic monuments since 1990. It has a Louis XV rockery with gilding style. Its Italian-style theatre, built by the engineer Frissard, was donated by the Duchess of Berry to the municipality in 1826. Rebuilt in 190 and enlarged with a foyer facing the sea, it is contemporary with the Moorish casino and is one of the last vestiges of the time when Dieppe attracted the European aristocracy and upper middle class. Damaged during the Second World War, its facades were covered in cement in the 1960s. The theater was closed in 1961. Canadian in Dieppe. The theater has been a source of political controversy, especially in 2007 when a rehabilitation project was proposed by the municipal majority at the time but fought by the local opposition.
  • The casino, inaugurated in 1961 in the presence of Robert Buron, Minister of Public Works, Transport and Tourism, succeeds the Moorish casino and the Art Deco casino of the 1930s. It is mainly located on the site of the former Villa Rachel which was demolished to allow its construction. It has a remarkable architecture.
  • L'Estran Cité de la mer, an associative center for scientific and technical culture on the theme of the Upper Normandy coast, presents, over 1,600 m2 of exhibition space, shipbuilding, fishing techniques, the coastal environment and fauna of the English Channel.
  • The underground aqueduct, also called the aqueduct of the blue source, is a gravity aqueduct which was drilled in the 16th century by the engineer Toustain under the plateau of Janval. Over 6.7 km, it once brought water from an abundant source located in Petit-Appeville to the city, and is still used in 2022 for the electricity and telecommunications networks.
  • The water tower, in the Vertus district at the entrance to the city of Dieppe, was built in 1971 by the architect Herbelin. It has been decorated since 1973 with a polychrome fresco by Victor Vasarely, made up of orange and black diamonds on a blue background.
  • A new seaside resort inaugurated on May 15, 2007, contains an outdoor seawater swimming pool, several indoor leisure pools and a thalassotherapy center.
  • A Canadian military cemetery is present in Dieppe.

Transport

Dieppe railway station, operated by SNCF, has frequent departures for Rouen-Rive-Droite. SNCF operates also buses to Gisors-Embranchement through Serqueux.

Dieppe has a ferry port with direct services to the English town of Newhaven, situated at the mouth of the River Ouse in East Sussex. The twice-daily service to the Port of Newhaven is operated by DFDS Seaways, under a concession subsidised by the French government. Services are normally operated using the MS Côte D'Albâtre.[19]

Current services

Former services

  • Hoverspeed (Newhaven: three sailings daily). Withdrawn in 2004.
  • P&O Stena Line (Newhaven: three sailings daily). Withdrawn in 1999.

Administration

The current mayor of Dieppe is Nicolas Langlois. Member of the French Communist Party, he was elected in 2017, and re-elected in 2020.

Economy

Historically a major fishing hub, it is still home to a large ferry port and one of the busiest ports in Europe; in the 17th century the Dieppe Company operated from the port. Until the mid-19th century the Ave Maria lace, a hand-made lace manufacturer was largely based in Dieppe. Currently the town is now home to the Alpine Automobiles global headquarters.

Sport

The town is home to FC Dieppe, one of the oldest football clubs in the country having been founded in 1896.

International relations

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See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Dieppe is twinned with

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ "Dieppe Raid" Archived 2008-05-10 at the Wayback Machine from The Canadian Encyclopedia.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Stacey C.P., Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War, Volume III The Victory Campaign
  6. ↑ fr:Dieppe (Nouveau-Brunswick)
  7. ↑ Wikisource-logo.svg Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑  Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ François de Beaurepaire, Les noms des communes et anciennes paroisses de la Seine-Maritime, éditions Picard 1979. p. 67.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Beaurepaire 67
  16. ↑ Jean Renaud, Vikings et noms de lieux de Normandie, OREP éditions, Cully, 2009, p. 40.
  17. ↑ Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet Dieppe, EHESS. Script error: No such module "In lang".
  18. ↑ Population en historique depuis 1968 Archived 2022-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, INSEE
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

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External links

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