Edward Forbes

Edward Forbes
Edward Forbes
Born	12 February 1815 Douglas, Isle of Man
Died	Wardie, Edinburgh
Residence	United Kingdom
Nationality	Manx
Fields	Natural history
Institutions	Geological Society of London King's College London Geological Survey of Great Britain Royal School of Mines University of Edinburgh
Alma mater	University of Edinburgh
Known for	Azoic hypothesis
Influences	Robert Jameson
Author abbrev. (botany)	E.Forbes

Prof Edward Forbes by Sir John Steell

Drawing by Forbes of geologist Gideon Mantell engaged in battle with flying dinosaurs on the English coastline, c. 1830s

Edward Forbes' grave Dean Cemetery

Professor Edward Forbes FRS, FGS (12 February 1815 – 18 November 1854) was a Manx naturalist.

Early years

Forbes was born at Douglas, in the Isle of Man. While still a child, when not engaged in reading, or in the writing of verses and drawing of caricatures, he occupied himself with the collecting of insects, shells, minerals, fossils, plants and other natural history objects. From his fifth to his eleventh year, delicacy of health precluded his attendance at any school, but in 1828 he became a day scholar at Athole House Academy in Douglas. In June 1831 he left the Isle of Man for London, where he studied drawing. In October, however, having given up the idea of making painting his profession, he returned home; and in the following month he matriculated as a medical student in the University of Edinburgh. In 1832, he pursued studies in the natural history of the Isle of Man. His brother David was a notable mineralogist.

Travels

In 1833 he made a tour in Norway, the botanical results of which were published in Loudon's Magazine of Natural History for 1835–1836. In the summer of 1834 he devoted much time to dredging in the Irish Sea; and in the succeeding year he travelled in France, Switzerland and Germany.

Born a naturalist; and having no relish for the practical duties of a surgeon, Forbes in the spring of 1836 abandoned the idea of taking a medical degree, resolving to devote himself to science and literature. The winter of 1836–1837 found him at Paris, where he attended the lectures at the Jardin des Plantes on natural history, comparative anatomy, geology and mineralogy.

Leaving Paris in April 1837, he went to Algiers, and there obtained materials for a paper on land and freshwater Mollusca, published in the Annals of Natural History, vol. ii. p. 250. In the autumn of the same year he registered at Edinburgh as a student of literature; and in 1838 appeared his first volume, Malacologia Monensis, a synopsis of the species of Manx Mollusca. During the summer of 1838 he visited Styria and Carniola, and made extensive botanical collections.

Scholarly years

Frontispiece to Forbes's Natural History of the European Seas (Forbes's initials are in the lower right of this cartoon depicting deep sea dredging for marine fauna)

Marine biology

In the autumn of 1838 he read before the British Association at Newcastle a paper on the distribution of terrestrial Pulmonata in Europe, and was commissioned to prepare a similar report with reference to the British Isles. In 1841 was published his History of British star-fishes, embodying extensive observations and containing 120 illustrations, inclusive of humorous tail-pieces, all designed by the author. On 17 April of the same year Forbes, accompanied by his friend William Thompson, joined at Malta H.M. surveying ship "Beacon," to which he had been appointed naturalist by her commander Captain Thomas Graves (1802–1856). From April 1841 until October 1842 he was employed in investigating the botany, zoology and geology of the Mediterranean region.

The results of these researches were made known in his Report on the Mollusca and Radiata of the Aegean Sea, presented to the British Association in 1843, and in Travels in Lycia, published in conjunction with Lieut. (afterwards Admiral) T.A.B. Spratt in 1847. In the former treatise he discussed the influence of climate and of the nature and depth of the sea bottom upon marine life, and divided the Aegean into eight biological zones; his conclusions with respect to bathymetrical distribution, however – namely his azoic hypothesis, stating that the realms beyond 300 fathom are entirely devoid of life – have naturally been modified to a considerable extent by the more recent explorations of the deep seas.

Posts in London

Towards the end of the year 1842 Forbes, whom family misfortunes had now thrown upon his own resources, sought and obtained the curatorship of the museum of the Geological Society of London. To the duties of that post he added in 1843 those of the professorship of botany at King's College London. In November 1844 he resigned the curatorship of the Geological Society, and became palaeontologist to the Geological Survey of Great Britain.

Geological studies

In 1846, he published in the Memoirs of the Geological Survey, i. 336, his important essay On the Connection between the distribution of the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles, and the Geological Changes which have affected their Area, especially during the epoch of the Northern Drift. It is therein pointed out that, in accordance with the theory of their origin from various specific centres, the plants of Great Britain may be divided into five well-marked groups: the W and SW Irish, represented in the N of Spain, the SE Irish and SW English, related to the flora of the Channel Islands and the neighbouring part of France; the SE English, characterized by species occurring on the opposite French coast; a group peculiar to mountain summits, Scandinavian in type; and, lastly, a general or Germanic flora. From, a variety of arguments the conclusion is drawn that the greater part of the terrestrial animals and flowering plants of the British Islands migrated thitherward, over continuous land, at three distinct periods, before, during and after the glacial epoch.

On this subject Forbes's brilliant generalizations are now regarded as only partially true (see C Reid's Origin of the British Flora, 1899). In the autumn of 1848 Forbes married the daughter of General Sir Charles Ashworth, the same year as publication of his monograph, the British Naked-eyed Medusae (Ray Society). The year 1851 witnessed the removal of the collections of the Geological Survey from Craig's Court to the museum in Jermyn Street, and the appointment of Forbes as professor of natural history to the Royal School of Mines just established in conjunction therewith. In 1852 was published the fourth and concluding volume of Forbes and S. Hanley's History of British Mollusca; also his Monograph of the Echinodermata of the British Tertiaries (Palaeontographical Soc.).

T. H. Huxley

One of Forbes' achievements was to have advised and helped the young Thomas Henry Huxley before, during and after the latter's voyage on HMS Rattlesnake. During the voyage Huxley sent details of his discoveries back to Forbes, who arranged for their publication. These publications were instrumental in Huxley's early election to the Royal Society (FRS) at the age of 25.

Final years

In 1853 Forbes held the presidency of the Geological Society of London, and in the following year he obtained the fulfilment of a long-cherished wish in his appointment to the professorship of natural history in the University of Edinburgh, vacant by the death of Robert Jameson, his former teacher. Since his return from the East in 1842, the determination and arrangement of fossils, frequent lectures, and incessant literary work, including the preparation of his palaeontological memoirs, had precluded Forbes from giving that attention to the natural history pursuits of his earlier life which he had earnestly desired. It seemed that at length he was to find leisure to reduce to order his stores of biological information. He lectured at Edinburgh, in the summer session of 1854, and in September of that year he occupied the post of president of the geological section at the Liverpool meeting of the British Association. But he was taken ill just after he had commenced his winters course of lectures in Edinburgh, and after not many days illness he died at Wardie, near Edinburgh, on 18 November 1854. He is interred at the Dean Cemetery, Edinburgh alongside one of the central paths.

In 1859, a former student of Forbes; James Hector dedicated Mount Forbes, Alberta, Canada to his memory. See summitpost

The following works were issued posthumously: On the Tertiary Fluviomarine Formation of the Isle of Wight (Geol. Survey), edited by RAC Godwin-Austen (1856); The Natural History of the European Seas, edited and continued by RAC Godwin-Austen (1859).

See also

• European and American voyages of scientific exploration

References

Attribution

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:  Endnotes:
  • Literary Gazette (25 November 1854);
  • Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal (New Ser.), (1855);
  • Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. (May 1855);
  • G. Wilson and A. Geikie, Memoir of Edward Forbes (1861), in which, pp. 575–583, is given a list of Forbes's writings.
  • Literary Papers, edited by Lovell Reeve (1855).

External links

• Memoir of Edward Forbes, by George Wilson and Archibald Geikie (MacMillan and Edmonston co., 1861); Google Book Search
• Edward Forbes obituary, by Thomas Huxley (Journal of Science and Literary Gazette, 1854); Clarke College
• Manx Worthies: Professor Edward Forbes (and part 2), by A.W. Moore (The Manx Note Book, Vol. iii, 1887)
• Chrono-biographical sketch; Western Kentucky University