George Blake

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For other people named George Blake, see George Blake.
George Blake
File:George Blake spy.jpg
Born George Behar
(1922-11-11)11 November 1922
Rotterdam, Netherlands
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Moscow, Russia
Nationality British
Alma mater Downing College, Cambridge
Occupation Spy
Known for Double agent

George Blake (né Behar; 11 November 1922 – 26 December 2020) was a British spy who worked as a double agent for the Soviet Union. He became a Communist and decided to work for the KGB while a prisoner during the Korean War. Discovered in 1961 and sentenced to 42 years in prison, he escaped from Wormwood Scrubs prison in west London in 1966 and fled to the Soviet Union. He was not one of the Cambridge Five spies, although he associated with Donald Maclean and Kim Philby after reaching the Soviet Union.[1]

Early life

File:George Blake with mother.jpg
Blake with his mother upon his return to the UK in 1953

Blake, then family name Behar, was born in Rotterdam in the Netherlands in 1922, the son of a Protestant Dutch mother, and a Sephardi Jewish father who was a naturalised British subject.[2][3] He was named George after King George V of the United Kingdom.[4][5] His father, Albert Behar, served in the British Army during the First World War. While Albert received the Meritorious Service Medal, he embellished his war service when recounting it to his wife and children, and concealed his Jewish background until his death.[6] The Behars lived a comfortable existence in the Netherlands until Albert's death in 1936. The thirteen-year-old Behar was sent to live with a wealthy aunt in Egypt,[7] where he continued his education at the English School in Cairo. He later attended Downing College, Cambridge, to study Russian.[8]

While in Cairo, he was close to his cousin Henri Curiel, who was later to become a leader of the Communist Democratic Movement for National Liberation in Egypt. In 1991, Blake said that his encounter with Curiel, who was a decade older and already a Marxist, shaped his views in later life.[9]

When the Second World War broke out, Behar was back in the Netherlands. In 1940, Germany invaded and quickly defeated the Dutch military. Behar was interned but released because he was only 17. He joined the Dutch resistance as a courier. In 1942, he escaped from the Netherlands and travelled to Britain via Belgium, France, Spain, and Gibraltar, reaching London in January 1943. There, he was reunited with his mother and his sisters, who had fled at the start of the war. In 1943, his mother decided to change the family name from Behar to Blake.

Espionage activities

After he reached Britain, the now-Blake joined the Royal Navy as a sub-lieutenant before being recruited by the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) in 1944. For the rest of the war, Blake was employed in the Dutch Section.[10] He intended to marry an MI6 secretary, Iris Peake, but her family prevented the marriage because of Blake's Jewish background and the relationship ended. In 1946, he was posted to Hamburg and put in charge of the interrogation of German U-boat captains. In 1947, the Navy sent Blake to study languages, including Russian, at Downing College, Cambridge, where his fellow students included the future foreign policy analyst Michael MccGwire.[11][12] He was posted thereafter to the British Legation in Seoul, South Korea, under Vyvyan Holt, arriving on 6 November 1948. Under cover as a vice-consul, Blake's mission was to gather intelligence on Communist North Korea, Communist China, and the Soviet Far East.[13]

The Korean War broke out on 25 June 1950, and Seoul was quickly captured by the advancing Korean People's Army of the North. After British forces joined the United Nations Command defending the South, Blake and the other British diplomats were taken prisoner. As the tide of the war turned, Blake and the others were taken north, first to Pyongyang and then to the Yalu River. After seeing the bombing of North Korea, and after reading the works of Karl Marx and others during his three-year detention, he became a communist.[14]

At a secret meeting arranged with his guards, he volunteered to work for the Soviet Union's spy service, the KGB.[15] In an interview Blake was once asked: "Is there one incident that triggered your decision to effectively change sides?" Blake responded:

It was the relentless bombing of small Korean villages by enormous American Flying Fortresses. Women and children and old people, because the young men were in the army. We might have been victims ourselves. It made me feel ashamed of belonging to these overpowering, technically superior countries fighting against what seemed to me defenceless people. I felt I was on the wrong side ... that it would be better for humanity if the Communist system prevailed, that it would put an end to war.[9]

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File:George Blake 1953.jpg
Blake after returning from Korea in 1953

Following his release in 1953, Blake returned to Britain as a hero, landing at RAF Abingdon.[16] In October 1954, he married MI6 secretary Gillian Allan in St Mark's Church (North Audley Street) in London.[17] In 1955, he was sent by MI6 to work as a case officer in Berlin, where his task was to recruit Soviet officers as double agents. But he also informed his KGB contacts of the details of British and American operations, including Operation Gold, in which a tunnel into East Berlin was used to tap telephone lines used by the Soviet military. Russian capture of the tunnel did not occur until a year later, as a means of protecting Blake.[7]

In the course of nine years, Blake is said to have betrayed details of some forty MI6 agents to the KGB, destroying most of MI6's operations in Eastern Europe, although this remains unsubstantiated.[18] Blake later said of this: "I don't know what I handed over because it was so much."[19] In 1959 Blake became aware of a Central Intelligence Agency mole inside GRU, and was possibly instrumental in exposing P. S. Popov, who was executed in 1960.[20]

Discovery and conviction

In 1961, Blake fell under suspicion after revelations by Polish defector Michael Goleniewski and others. He was arrested when he arrived in London after being summoned from Lebanon, where he had been enrolled at the Middle East Centre for Arabic Studies (MECAS).[21] Three days into his interrogation,[7] Blake denied he was tortured or blackmailed by the North Koreans. Without thinking what he was saying, he stated that he had switched sides voluntarily. He then gave his MI6 interrogators a full confession.[22]

The maximum sentence for any one offence under section 1 of the Official Secrets Act 1911 is 14 years, but his activities were divided into five time periods charged as five offences and, in May 1961 after an in camera trial at the Old Bailey, he was sentenced to the maximum term of 14 years consecutively on each of three counts of spying for a potential enemy and 14 years concurrently on both the two remaining counts – a total of 42 years imprisonment – by the Lord Chief Justice, Lord Parker of Waddington. This sentence was reported by newspapers to represent one year for each of the agents who were killed when he betrayed them, although this is dubious.[18] It was the longest sentence (excluding life terms) ever handed down by a British court, until Nezar Hindawi was sentenced to 45 years for the attempted bombing of an El Al jet.[citation needed]

Escape from prison

File:Main gate to the HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs in spring 2013 (1).JPG
HM Prison Wormwood Scrubs in west London, which Blake escaped in 1966

Five years into his imprisonment in Wormwood Scrubs, Blake escaped with the help of three men he had met in jail: Sean Bourke and two anti-nuclear campaigners, Michael Randle and Pat Pottle. The escape was masterminded by Bourke, who first approached Randle only for financial help with the escape. Randle became more involved and suggested they bring Pottle in on the plan as well, as he had suggested springing Blake to Randle in 1962 when they were both still in prison. Their motives for helping Blake to escape were their belief that the 42-year sentence was "inhuman" and because of a personal liking of Blake.[23]

Bourke had smuggled a walkie-talkie to Blake to communicate with him while in jail. On 22 October 1966, Blake broke a window at the end of the corridor where his cell was located. Then between 6 and 7 pm, while most of the other inmates and guards were at the weekly film showing, Blake climbed through the window, slid down a porch and made his way to the perimeter wall. There, Bourke, who had been released from the jail earlier, threw a rope ladder over the wall. Blake then used it to climb over the wall and they drove off to a safe house. During the escape, Blake fractured his wrist jumping from the perimeter wall, but apart from that it all went according to plan.[citation needed]

After the escape, it became apparent that the safe house was not suitable, as it was a bedsit that was cleaned by the landlady once a week. Blake then spent several days moving between Randle and Pottle's friends' houses; after this, Blake and Bourke moved in with Pottle, staying with him while preparing to get out of the country. They smuggled Blake across the English Channel in a camper van,[24] then drove across northern Europe and through West Germany to the Helmstedt–Marienborn border crossing.[7] Having safely crossed the border without incident, Blake met his handlers in East Germany and completed his escape to the Soviet Union.[21]

Moscow

In November 1966, his wife Gillian, with whom he had three children, began divorce proceedings against him, and in March 1967 Mr Justice Orr granted a decree nisi in Blake's absence, on the grounds that the conviction of a spouse for treason can amount to cruelty or constructive desertion. Custody of their three sons, Anthony, James, and Patrick, was awarded to Gillian. This caused Blake a good deal of grief, though he knew that Gillian would have struggled to settle into life in the Soviet Union.[25]

In 1990, Blake published an autobiography No Other Choice.[26] The book's British publisher had paid him about £60,000 before the government intervened to stop him profiting from sales. He later filed a complaint charging the British government with human rights violation for taking nine years to decide on his case, and was awarded £5,000 in compensation by the European Court of Human Rights.[27] In 1991, Blake testified by video recording when Randle and Pottle were put on trial for aiding his escape. They were acquitted.[28] In an interview with NBC News in 1991, Blake said he regretted the deaths of the agents he had betrayed.

Blake later married again in the Soviet Union and had more children. He also reconciled with his other children.[7] In late 2007, Blake was awarded the Order of Friendship on his 85th birthday by Vladimir Putin.[29] Blake's later book, Transparent Walls (2006), as reported by the daily Vzglyad ("The View"). Sergei Lebedev, the director of the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR) of the Russian Federation, wrote in the book's foreword that despite the book being devoted to the past, it is about the present as well. He also wrote that Blake, the 85-year-old colonel of Foreign Intelligence, "still takes an active role in the affairs of the secret service."

In 2012, he celebrated his 90th birthday, still living in Moscow on a KGB pension. His eyesight was failing and he claimed to be "virtually blind". He remained a committed Marxist–Leninist. Blake denied being a traitor, insisting that he had never felt British: "To betray, you first have to belong. I never belonged."[30]

Five years later, Blake remained committed to Russia and to communism.[31] In a November 2017 statement, he claimed that its spies now have "the difficult and critical mission" of saving the world "in a situation when the danger of nuclear war and the resulting self-destruction of humankind again have been put on the agenda by irresponsible politicians. It's a true battle between good and evil."[32]

Death

Blake died on 26 December 2020, aged 98, in Moscow.[33][34] The RIA Novosti news agency first reported of Blake's death, citing Russia's SVR foreign intelligence agency. “We received some bitter news – the legendary George Blake passed away,” it said.[35] Russian President Vladimir Putin, himself an ex-KGB agent, expressed his "deep condolences" to Blake's family and friends. In a message published on the Kremlin website, the Russian leader noted Blake's "invaluable contribution to ensuring strategic parity and maintaining peace on the planet."[36] Putin also said of Blake, "Colonel Blake was a brilliant professional of special vitality and courage."[37]

In popular culture

  • The book Running Blind (1970), by Desmond Bagley, features a character named Slade, who is a double agent based on Blake. The Slade character re-appears in Bagley's follow-up novel The Freedom Trap (1971), which features a prison break that echos Blake's own escape from Wormwood Scrubs prison in 1966. In 1973, The Freedom Trap was made into a film entitled The Mackintosh Man.
  • Blake appears as a character in Ian McEwan's 1990 novel The Innocent.
  • The play Cell Mates (1995) by Simon Gray is about Blake and Sean Bourke. The original production starred Stephen Fry as Blake and Rik Mayall as Bourke. The production was thrown into turmoil when Fry walked out following a bad review.
  • After the Break (2002), a radio play by Ian Curteis, centred on the uncomfortable relationship between Blake and Bourke after they had both fled to Moscow.
  • Blake's story appears in the 1982 novel Shadow of Shadows by Ted Allbeury. Allbeury's depiction emphasises Blake's sincere Communist idealism: in one scene he is shown indignantly refusing a Soviet offer to give him a large monetary payment at a Swiss bank account. As depicted in the book, Blake did not escape to Russia but was secretly put to death in Britain by KGB agents, shortly after his escape from prison, in punishment for having betrayed in his confession the Soviet spy networks in Berlin. The book was published before the Soviets provided clear evidence of Blake being alive and well in their country.
  • Alfred Hitchcock planned to make a film, The Short Night, based on Blake, but died before doing so.[38]
  • In 2015, BBC Storyville made a documentary about Blake at the age of 92, which included interviews with Blake himself. The film was entitled Storyville: Masterspy of Moscow – George Blake.[7]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hermiston, pp. 324–328.
  2. ↑ RED FILES: Secret Victories of the KGB – George Blake Interview. Pbs.org. Retrieved on 15 July 2018.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Hyde, H Montgomery (1987) George Blake Superspy, Constable, ISBN 0-09-468140-6
  5. ↑ Hermiston, pp. 18–44, 47.
  6. ↑ Hermiston, pp. 2–5.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Hermiston, pp. 46–57.
  11. ↑ Phillip Knightley, "Double agent sentenced to 42 years for doing untold damage in the Cold War", The Daily Telegraph (27 September 2006). Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Hermiston, pp. 80, 84–85.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Hermiston, pp. 126, 129–134.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Hermiston, pp. 252–253.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ William Hood. Mole (New York: Ballantine, 1983), p.246-7.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Michael Randle and Pat Pottle (1989) The Blake Escape: How We Freed George Blake and Why, London, Harrap Books Ltd, ISBN 0-245-54781-9
  22. ↑ Hermiston, pp. 228–229.
  23. ↑ Obituary John Quine. Daily Telegraph (12 June 2013).
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Hermiston (2013), p. 237
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Hermiston, pp. 332–333, 339.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ 'Russian spies must save the world', urges former British double agent and defector George Blake. The Daily Telegraph (10 November 2017). Retrieved on 15 July 2018.
  32. ↑ Isachenkov, Vladimir (10 November 2017) Ex-British double agent says Russian spies must save world. Associated Press
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Former British agent and Soviet spy George Blake dies in Russia, Guardian, December 26, 2020.
  36. ↑ Condolences on the passing of George Blake, President of Russia, December 26, 2020.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Hermiston, p. 12.

Cited sources

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Further reading

  • William Durie, "The United States Garrison Berlin 1945–1994", (Mission Accomplished, Aug 2014 ISBN 978-1-63068-540-9 (English).
  • Nigel West, Seven Spies Who Changed the World. London: Secker & Warburg, 1991 (hard cover). London: Mandarin, 1992 (paperback).
  • Sean Bourke, The Springing of George Blake. London: Cassell, 1970. ISBN 0-304-93590-5
  • Kevin O'Connor, Blake, Bourke, and the End of Empires. London: Prendeville Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-9535697-3-X
  • David Stafford, Spies Beneath Berlin. London: John Murray, 2002. ISBN 0-7195-6323-2
  • W. Durie, British Garrison Berlin 1945 -1994, No where to go", ISBN 978-3-86408-068-5
  • Oleg Kalugin, The First Directorate, St. Martins' Press, 1994.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • BBC World Service radio. George Blake Escapes 24 October 2011 [1]

External links

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