Graphium (butterfly)

Graphium
Macleay's Swallowtail (Graphium macleayanus)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Papilionidae
Tribe:	Leptocircini
Genus:	Graphium Scopoli, 1777
Species
>100; see text
Synonyms
Zelima Fabricius, 1807 Arisbe Hübner, [1819] Idaides Hübner, [1819] Zetides Hübner, [1819] Ailus Billberg, 1820 Chlorisses Swainson, [1832] Semicudati Koch, 1860 Pathysa Reakirt, [1865] Dalchina Moore, [1881] Paranticopsis Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887 Pazala Moore, 1888 Deoris Moore, [1903] Klinzigia Niculescu, 1977 (nec Lehrer, 1970) Klinzigiana Niculescu, 1989 Eurypyleana Niculescu, 1989 Macfarlaneana Niculescu, 1989 Munroana Niculescu, 1989 Wallaceana Niculescu, 1989

Graphium is a genus of mostly tropical swallowtail butterflies commonly known as swordtails, kite swallowtails, or ladies. Native to Eurasia, Africa, and Oceania, the genus is represented by over 100 species. Their coloration is as variable as the habitats they frequent; from rainforest to savannah. Some possess tails which may be long and swordlike, while others lack any hindwing extensions. Graphium species are often sighted at mud puddles.

The more colourful species are popular with collectors and are commonly seen mounted in frames for sale. Well-known species include the Tailed Jay (Graphium agamemnon); Common Bluebottle (G. sarpedon); and the Purple-spotted Swallowtail (G. weiskei). One species, G. idaeoides, is notable for being a perfect mimic of the danainid Idea leuconoe.

Larvae feed variously on Annonaceae (most commonly), Magnoliaceae (commonly), Lauraceae (commonly), Rutaceae, Dioscoreaceae, Bombacaceae, Piperaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apocynaceae, Malpighiaceae, Hernandiaceae, Guttiferae, Monimiaceae, Pandanaceae, Winteraceae, Euphorbiaceae.

Species

Graphium caterpillar

File:Graphium agamemnon 2007-09-01 436.jpg

Graphium agamemnon

Listed alphabetically.

subgenus: Idaides

species group: codrus

• Graphium anthedon (C. & R. Felder, 1864) – Wallacea Bluebottle
• Graphium cloanthus (Westwood, 1841) – Glassy Bluebottle
• Graphium codrus (Cramer, [1777]) – Eastern Olive Triangle
• Graphium empedocles (Fabricius, 1787), originally Papilio empedocles Fabricius, 1787; Mantissa Insectorum 2: 10, no. 94 = homonym of Papilio empedocles Cramer, 1779; replaced by empedovana Corbet, 1941.
• Graphium empedovana (Corbet, 1941)
• Graphium gelon (Boisduval, 1859)
• Graphium macleayanus (Leach, 1814) – Macleay's Swallowtail
• Graphium mendana (Godman & Salvin, 1888)
• Graphium monticolus (Fruhstorfer, 1896) – Sulawesi Blue Triangle
•  ?Graphium protensor (Gistel,1857) Papilio protensor Gistel, J.,1857 Achthundert und zwanzig neue oder unbeschriebene wirbellose Theire charakterisirt von Doctor Johannes Gistel Vacuna 2(2):513-606. synonym of Graphium sarpedon
• Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) – Common Bluebottle or Blue Triangle
• Graphium stresemanni (Rothschild, 1916)
• Graphium weiskei (Ribbe, 1900) – Purple Spotted Swallowtail

species group: eurypylus

• Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) – Tailed Jay or Green-spotted Triangle
• Graphium arycles (Boisduval, 1836) – Spotted Jay
• Graphium bathycles (Zinken, 1831) – Veined Jay
• Graphium chironides (Honrath, 1884)
• Graphium doson (C. & R. Felder, 1864) – Common Jay
• Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus, 1758) – Great Jay or Pale Green Triangle
• Graphium evemon (Boisduval, 1836) – Lesser Jay
• Graphium leechi (Rothschild, 1895)
• Graphium macfarlanei (Butler, 1877) – Green Triangle Butterfly or Green Triangle
• Graphium meeki (Rothschild & Jordan, 1901) – Meek's Graphium
• Graphium meyeri (Hopffer, 1874)
• Graphium procles (Grose-Smith, 1887)

species group: wallacei

• Graphium browni (Godman & Salvin, 1879)
• Graphium hicetaon (Mathew, 1886)
• Graphium sandawanum Yamamoto, 1977 – Apo Swallowtail
• Graphium wallacei (Hewitson, 1858)

subgenus: Arisbe Hübner, [1819]

species group: antheus

• Graphium antheus (Cramer, [1779]) – Large Striped Swordtail
• Graphium evombar (Boisduval, 1836)

species group: policenes

• Graphium biokoensis Gauthier, 1984 – Gauthier's Striped Swordtail
• Graphium colonna (Ward, 1873) – Black Swordtail or Mamba Swordtail
• Graphium gudenusi (Rebel, 1911)
• Graphium illyris (Hewitson, 1872) - Cream-banded Swordtail
• Graphium junodi (Trimen, 1893) – Junod's Swordtail
• Graphium kirbyi (Hewitson, 1872) – Kirby's Swordtail
• Graphium liponesco (Suffert, 1904)
• Graphium policenes (Cramer, [1775]) – Small Striped Swortail or Common Swordtail
• Graphium policenoides (Holland, 1892)
• Graphium polistratus (Grose-Smith, 1889) – Dancing Swordtail
• Graphium porthaon (Hewitson, 1865) – Coastal Swordtail, Cream-striped Swordtail, or Dark swordtail

species group: angolanus

• Graphium angolanus (Goeze, 1779) – Angola White Lady (Swordtail)
• Graphium endochus (Boisduval, 1836)
• Graphium morania (Angas, 1849) – White Lady (Swallowtail) or Small White-lady Swordtail
• Graphium ridleyanus (White, 1843) - Acraea Swordtail
• Graphium schaffgotschi (Niepelt, 1927) – Schaffgotsch's Swordtail
• Graphium taboranus (Oberthür, 1886)

species group: leonidas

• Graphium cyrnus (Boisduval, 1836)
• Graphium leonidas (Fabricius, 1793) – Veined Swordtail, Veined Swallowtail, or Common Graphium
• Graphium levassori Oberthür, 1890

species group: tynderaeus

• Graphium tynderaeus (Fabricius, 1793) – Electric Green Swordtail or Green-spotted Swallowtail
• Graphium latreillianus (Godart, 1819) – Coppery Swordtail

species group: philonoe

• Graphium philonoe (Ward, 1873) – Eastern White-lady Swordtail, Eastern Graphium, White-dappled Swallowtail

species group: adamastor

• Graphium abri Smith & Vane-Wright, 2001
• Graphium adamastor (Boisduval, 1836) – Boisduval's White-lady
• Graphium agamedes (Westwood, 1842) – Westwood's White-lady or Glassy Graphium
• Graphium almansor (Honrath, 1884) – Almansor White-lady Swordtail, Honrath's White-lady
• Graphium auriger (Butler, 1876)
• Graphium aurivilliusi (Seeldrayers, 1896)
• Graphium fulleri (Grose-Smith, 1883)
• Graphium hachei (Dewitz, 1881)
• Graphium kigoma Carcasson, 1964
• Graphium olbrechtsi Berger, 1950
• Graphium poggianus (Honrath, 1884)
• Graphium rileyi Berger, 1950 - Riley's Graphium
• Graphium schubotzi (Schultze, 1913)
• Graphium simoni (Aurivillius, 1899)
• Graphium ucalegon (Hewitson, 1865) – Creamy Graphium
• Graphium ucalegonides (Staudinger, 1884)

subgenus: Pathysa

species group: antiphates

• Graphium agetes (Westwood, 1841) – Fourbar Swordtail
• Graphium androcles (Boisduval, 1836) – Lion Swordtail, Giant Swordtail
• Graphium antiphates (Cramer, [1775]) – Fivebar Swordtail
• Graphium aristeus (Stoll, [1780]) – Chain Swordtail
• Graphium decolor (Staudinger, 1888)
• Graphium dorcus (de Haan, 1840) – Tabitha's Swordtail
• Graphium epaminondas (Oberthür, 1879)
• Graphium euphrates (C. & R. Felder, 1862) – Euphrates Swordtail
• Graphium euphratoides (Eimer, 1889)
• Graphium nomius (Esper, 1799) – Spot Swordtail
• Graphium rhesus (Boisduval, 1836) – Monkey Swordtail
• Graphium stratiotes (Grose-Smith, 1887)

subgenus: Paranticopsis Wood-Mason & de Nicéville, 1887

species group: macareus

• Graphium delessertii (Guérin-Méneville, 1839) – Malayan Zebra
• Graphium deucalion (Boisduval, 1836) – Yellow Zebra
• Graphium encelades (Boisduval, 1836)
• Graphium idaeoides (Hewitson, 1853)
• Graphium macareus (Godart, 1819) – Lesser Zebra
• Graphium megaera (Staudinger, 1888)
• Graphium megarus (Westwood, 1844) – Spotted Zebra
• Graphium ramaceus (Westwood, 1872)
• Graphium phidias (Oberthür, 1906)
• Graphium stratocles (C. & R. Felder, 1861)
• Graphium thule (Wallace, 1865)
• Graphium xenocles (Doubleday, 1842) – Great Zebra

species group: eurous

• Graphium alebion (Gray, [1853])
• Graphium eurous (Leech, [1893]) – Sixbar Swordtail
• Graphium incerta Bang-Haas, 1927
• Graphium mandarinus (Oberthür, 1879) – Spectacle Swordtail
• Graphium tamerlana (Oberthür, 1876)
• Graphium timur (Ney, 1911) synonymised with Graphium mullah by Cotton and Racheli, T., 2007
• Graphium mullah (Alpheraky 1897)

subgenus: ?Pazala Moore, 1888

• Graphium glycerion (Gray, 1831) – Spectacle Swordtail

subgenus: unnamed

• Graphium kosii (Müller, 1999)

See also

• Protographium

References

• Smith, Campbell R. and Vane-Wright R.I., 2001 A review of the Afrotropical species of the genus Graphium (Lepidoptera: Rhopalocera: Papilionidae) Bulletin of The Natural History Museum Entomology Series Volume 70 :503-719 online
• Miller, L. D., and Miller, J. Y. (2004). The Butterfly Handbook, pp. 20–25, 52. Barron's Educational Series, Inc.; Hauppauge, New York. ISBN 0-7641-5714-0
• Smart, P. (1976). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Butterfly World. ISBN 0-600-31381-6

External links

External identifiers for Graphium
Encyclopedia of Life	14471
NCBI	76204
Also found in: Wikispecies

• NHM Afrotropical Kite Swallowtails (broadly Subgenera Pazala and Arisbe)
• Genus Graphium at Lepidoptera.proja:アオスジアゲハ#アオスジアゲハ属

• Graphium, funet.fi
• Woodhall, Steve. Field Guide to Butterflies of South Africa, Cape Town:Struik Publishers, 2005.
• Graphium mullah kooichii
• Cotton, A.M. & Racheli, T. [2007] Preliminary Annotated Checklist of the Papilionidae of Laos with Notes on Taxonomy, Phenology,Distribution and Variation (Lepidoptera, Papilionoidea).Fragmenta Entomologica, Roma, 38(2): 279-378.
• Global Names Index