Bago, Myanmar

"Pegu" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see Pegu, Iran.

Bago ပဲခူးမြို့
Skyline of Bago
Bago Location of Bago, Burma
Coordinates:
Country	Burma (Myanmar)
Division	Bago Division
Founded	?825
Elevation	13 ft (4 m)
Population (2012)
• City	284,179
• Metro	5,739,344
• Ethnicities	Bamar, Burmese Chinese, Burmese Indians, Kayin
• Religions	Buddhism
Time zone	MST (UTC+6.30)

Bago (formerly spelt Pegu; Burmese: ပဲခူးမြို့; MLCTS: pai: khu: mrui., IPA: [bəɡó mjo̰]; Mon: ဗဂေါ, [həkɜ̀]; Thai: พะโค, rtgs: Pha-kho), formerly known as Hanthawaddy (Burmese: ဟံသာဝတီ ; Mon: ဟံသာဝတဳ Hongsawatoi; Thai: หงสาวดี, rtgs: Hongsawadi; meaning "She Who Has Swans"), is a city and the capital of the Bago Region in Burma. It is located 50 miles (80 km) north-east of Yangon.

History

File:Shwethalyaungbuddhabago.jpg

The 177 ft (54 m) Shwethalyaung Buddha, constructed in 994 A.D. by King Migadepa

Main article: Hanthawaddy Kingdom

The Gulf of Martaban was colonized by Mon people from the Thaton Kingdom, who established Bago. In 825, the twin brothers Samala and Vimala founded Pegu.

The earliest mention of Bago in history is by the Arab geographer ibn Khordadbeh around 850 AD. At the time, the Mon capital had shifted to Thaton. The area came under rule of the Burmese from Bagan in 1056. After the collapse of Bagan to the Mongols in 1287, the Mon regained their independence.

In Lower Burma, a Mon dynasty established itself first at Mottama and then at Bago. During the reign of King Razadarit, Bago and Ava Kingdom were engaged in the Forty Years' War. The peaceful reign of Queen Shin Sawbu came to an end when she chose the Buddhist monk Dhammazedi (1472–1492) to succeed her. Under Dhammazedi, Bago became a centre of commerce and Theravada Buddhism.

From 1353–1539, Binnya U, descendant of the Thai chief Wareru, established Hanthawaddy as the capital of the Mon Hanthawaddy Kingdom, which covered all of what is now Lower Burma. The area came under Burman control again in 1539, when it was annexed by King Tabinshwehti of the Taungoo Dynasty. The kings of Taungoo made Bago their royal capital from 1539–1599 and again in 1613–1635, and used it as a base for repeated invasions of the Ayutthaya Kingdom.

In 1519, António Correia, then a merchant from the Portuguese casados settlement at Cochin landed in Bago, then known to the Portuguese as Pegu, looking for new markets for pepper from Cochin. A year later, Portuguese India Governor Diogo Lopes de Sequeira sent an ambassador to Pegu.

As a major seaport, the city was frequently visited by Europeans, among these, Gasparo Balbi in the late 1500s. The Europeans often commented on its magnificence.

The Portuguese conquest of Pegu, following the destruction caused by the kings of Tangot and Arrakan in 1599, was described by Manuel de Abreu Mousinho in "Breve discurso em que se conta a conquista do Reino do Pegú na India oriental feita pelos portugueses em tempo do vice-rei Aires de Saldanha, sendo capitão Salvador Ribeiro de Sousa, chamado Massinga, natural de Guimarães, a quem os naturais do Pegú elegeram por seu rei no ano de 1600" (Brief narrative telling the conquest of Pegu in eastern India made by the Portuguese in the time of the viceroy Aires de Saldanha, being captain Salvador Ribeiro de Sousa, called Massinga, born in Guimarães, elected as their king by the natives in the year 1600), published from 1711 to 1829 with "Peregrinaçam" of Fernão Mendes Pinto.

The capital was looted by the viceroy of Toungoo, Minye Thihathu II of Toungoo, and then burned by the viceroy of Arakin during the Burmese–Siamese War (1594–1605). Anaukpetlun wanted to rebuild Hongsawadi, which had been deserted since Nanda Bayin had abandoned it. He was only able to build a temporary palace, however.

The Burmese capital relocated to Ava in 1634. In 1740, the Mon revolted and founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. However, a Bamar king, Alaungpaya, captured the city in May 1757.

Bago was rebuilt by King Bodawpaya (r. 1782-1819), but by then the river had shifted course, cutting the city off from the sea. It never regained its previous importance. After the Second Anglo-Burmese War, the British annexed Bago in 1852. In 1862, the province of British Burma was formed, and the capital moved to Yangon. The substantial differences between the colloquial and literary pronunciations, as with Burmese words, was a reason of the British corruption "Pegu".

In 1911, Hanthawaddy was described as a district in the Bago (or Pegu) division of Lower Burma. It lay in the home district of Yangon, from which the town was detached to make a separate district in 1880. It had an area of 3,023 square miles (7,830 km²), with a population of 48,411 in 1901, showing an increase of 22% in the past decade. Hanthawaddy and Hinthada were the two most densely populated districts in the province.

Hanthawaddy, as it was constituted in 1911, consisted of a vast plain stretching up from the sea between the To (or China Bakir) mouth of the Irrawaddy River and the Pegu Range. Except the tract of land lying between the Pegu Range on the east and the Yangon River, the country was intersected by numerous tidal creeks, many of which were navigable by large boats and some by steamers. The headquarters of the district was in Rangoon, which was also the sub-divisional headquarters. The second sub-division had its headquarters at Insein, where there were large railway works. Cultivation was almost wholly confined to rice, but there were many vegetable and fruit gardens.

Today, Hanthawaddy is one of the wards of Bago city.

Places of interest

File:Bago-Blick von Mahazedi Paya.JPG

View from Mahazedi Pagoda

• Shwethalyaung Buddha (Reclining Buddha)
• Shwemawdaw Pagoda
• Kyaikpun Buddha
• Kanbawzathadi Palace site and museum
• Maha Kalyani Sima
• Mahazedi Pagoda
• Shwegugale Pagoda
• Bago Degree College
• Bago Sittaung Canal

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: 

Further reading

• International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania

Bago, Myanmar
Preceded by Donwun	Capital of Hanthawaddy Kingdom 1369 – January 1539	Succeeded by End of Kingdom
Preceded by Toungoo	Capital of Burma January 1539 – 30 April 1550	Succeeded by Ava
Preceded by Founded	Capital of Hanthawaddy Kingdom June 1550 – 12 March 1552	Succeeded by End of Kingdom
Preceded by Toungoo	Capital of Burma 12 March 1552 – 19 December 1599	Succeeded by Ava
Preceded by Ava	Capital of Burma 14 May 1613 – 25 January 1635	Succeeded by Ava
Preceded by Founded	Capital of Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom November 1740 – 6 May 1757	Succeeded by End of Kingdom