Hieronymus von Colloredo

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For the general, see Hieronymus von Colloredo-Mansfeld.
His Grace
Hieronymus von Colloredo
Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg
File:Hieronymus Graf von Colloredo 01.jpg
Portrait by Johann M. Greiter, ca. 1780
Church Roman Catholic Church
Archdiocese Salzburg
See Cathedral of Saints Rupert and Vergilius
Installed 22 June 1772
Term ended Archbishopric abolished in 1803
20 May 1812
Predecessor Siegmund Christoph von Schrattenbach
Successor Augustin Johann Joseph Gruber
Other posts Prince-Bishop of Gurk
Personal details
Born (1732-05-31)31 May 1732
Vienna, Austria, Holy Roman Empire
Died Script error: The function "death_date_and_age" does not exist.
Vienna, Austrian Empire
Nationality Austrian
Education Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum
University of Vienna
Theresianum Academy
File:COA Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg 01 AT Colloredo Hieronymus Joseph.png
Coat of arms of Hieronymus von Colloredo, as Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg.

Hieronymus Joseph Franz de Paula Graf Colloredo von Wallsee und Melz[1][needs IPA] (Jérôme Joseph Franz de Paula, Count of Colloredo-Wallsee and Mels; 31 May 1732 – 20 May 1812)[2] was Prince-Bishop of Gurk from 1761 to 1772 and Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg from 1772 until 1803, when the prince-archbishopric was secularized. After secularization, Colloredo fled to Vienna and remained the non-resident archbishop of Salzburg, bereft of temporal power, until his death in 1812. He is most famously known as a patron and employer for Mozart.

Early life

He was born in Vienna, Austria, the second son of Count, later Prince Rudolph Joseph von Colloredo (1706–1788), a high-ranking Imperial official and his wife, Countess Maria Gabriele of Starhemberg (1707–1793).[3]

Life

Hieronymus was brought up in a strict religious household, and since his health did not allow him to pursue a military career, he was educated at the Theresianum Academy in Vienna, and studied philosophy at the University of Vienna and theology at the Collegium Germanicum et Hungaricum in Rome.[4] One of his brothers was the Austrian general Wenzel Joseph von Colloredo.[5]

Accession

The Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg fell vacant in December 1771, and (with considerable pressure from the Imperial court in Vienna), Colloredo, who had been Prince-Bishop of Gurk since 1761, was elected Prince-Archbishop on 14 March 1772 on the 13th ballot. According to Clive, "it was an unpopular choice in Salzburg whose citizens remained cool to him until the end."[6] Clive continues, "he was extremely autocratic and his dictatorial attitude at times provoked the hostility of the cathedral chapter and of civic officials."[6]

Policies

File:20 kreutzer de l'Archeveché de Salzbourg à l'effigie de Jérôme Colloredo, 1787.jpg
Hieronymus von Colloredo, 1787

During his thirty years as ruler of Salzburg, Colloredo implemented reforms similar to those carried out in the Austrian Empire under Joseph II; see Josephinism. According to Halliwell, he "was ultimately successful in his main aims, but the struggle was a perpetual one ... Colloredo had to establish like-minded people in each institution – ecclesiastical, educational, legal, medical, fiscal, administrative and publicistic – and persuade the reluctant populace to change its entire mentality." Halliwell adds that Colloredo "attracted European-wide admiration for his efforts."[7]

Colloredo also resembled Joseph II in moving the Roman Catholic religion within his domains in a direction similar to Protestantism. Halliwell writes: "Pilgrimages and superstitious practices were banned, processions were restricted, church decoration was limited, musical settings of the Mass were shortened and sacred German hymns introduced ... These changes led to deep resentment, and Colloredo and the architect of the pastoral letter [that implemented the policy], Johann Michael Bönike, were called 'secret Lutherans'.[7] His diocesans would quip: "Our Prince von Colloredo has no Gloria nor Credo." Throughout his life he was close to Jansenism, and he was also one of around 1500 identified members of the Illuminati Order[citation needed].

End of Colloredo's secular rule

On 12 December 1801, as French troops under Napoleon drew near to occupying the city, Archbishop Colloredo fled Salzburg, never to return. In 1803, in the course of the German mediatization, the prince-archbishopric was secularized, ending the secular rule of Colloredo.[7] Salzburg was awarded instead to the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who had lost his own state in the Napoleonic upheavals. Later, Salzburg was incorporated into Austria (1805), then Bavaria (1809), then finally into Austria again (1816).[6]

Colloredo, as archbishop, remained the ecclesiastical head of the archdiocese (but not in residence) until his death, aged 79, at Vienna in 1812.

Colloredo and Mozart

Colloredo is well known to history as a patron and employer of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.[7] He became exceptionally annoyed with Mozart's frequent absences. After a number of arguments, he ultimately dismissed him with the words, "Soll er doch gehen, ich brauche ihn nicht!" ("He should just go then; I don't need him!")

Mozart's letters to his father recount his indignation at what he portrays as abusive and insulting behavior by the Archbishop. In his letter of 13 June 1781, Mozart recounts that the final indignity of his dismissal by Colloredo was administered by the Archbishop's steward, Count Arco (Karl Joseph Maria Felix, 1743–1830):

...if they don't want me – that's fine by me; --instead of Count Arco accepting my petition or obtaining an audience for me to send it in later or persuading me to let the matter rest and think it over, enfin, whatever he wanted --no, he throws me out of the room and gives me a kick up the backside. – Well, in plain language this means that as far as I'm concerned, Salzburg no longer exists....[8]

Leopold Mozart stayed in Salzburg but "continued to bemoan the failure to replace musicians who had left or died, and the consequent shambles in the court music."[7] Colloredo "sometimes played the violin in the court orchestra."[7]

In popular culture

Hieronymus von Colloredo was played by Nicholas Kepros in the 1984 film Amadeus.[9] He is also a character in the musical Mozart![10] Colloredo is also a character in the musical "Mozart l'opera rock'".

Notes

Salzburg coin of Colloredo, 1780
  1. ↑ Regarding personal names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated as Count, not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Bautz 1990, column 1098.
  5. ↑ Marek 2009.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Clive 1993, pp. 39–40.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Halliwell 2006, p. 99.
  8. ↑ Eisen 2006, p. 419.
  9. ↑ Amadeus at the TCM Movie Database
  10. ↑ Cast and information about the musical from Budapest Operetta theatre

References

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  • Hammermayer, Ludwig (1988). "Die Aufklärungszeit in Salzburg (ca. 1715–1803)." In: Heinz Dopsch, Hans Spatzenegger, ed., Geschichte Salzburgs. Stadt und Land. 2. Neuzeit und Zeitgeschichte. Salzburg: Pustet, pp. 375–452.
  • Hammermayer, Ludwig (1988). "Die letzte Epoche des Erzstifts Salzburg. Politik und Kirchenpolitik unter Erzbischof Graf Hieronymus Colloredo (1771–1803)." In: Heinz Dopsch, Hans Spatzenegger, ed., Geschichte Salzburgs. Stadt und Land. 2. Neuzeit und Zeitgeschichte. Salzburg: Pustet, pp. 453–535.
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External links

  • Media related to Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. at Wikimedia Commons

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