History of the web browser

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For the "history" feature found in most web browsers, see Web browsing history.

A web browser is a software application for retrieving, presenting and traversing information resources on the World Wide Web. An information resource is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) and may be a web page, image, video, or other piece of content.[1] Hyperlinks present in resources enable users easily to navigate their browsers to related resources. A web browser can also be defined as an application software or program designed to enable users to access, retrieve and view documents and other resources on the Internet.

Precursors to the web browser emerged in the form of hyperlinked applications during the mid and late 1980s, and following these, Tim Berners-Lee is credited with developing in 1990 both the first web server, and the first web browser, called WorldWideWeb (no spaces) and later renamed Nexus.[2] Many others were soon developed, with Marc Andreessen's 1993 Mosaic (later Netscape),[3] being particularly easy to use and install, and often credited with sparking the internet boom of the 1990s.[4] Today, the major web browsers are Firefox, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Opera and Safari.[5]

The explosion in popularity of the Web was triggered in September 1993 by NCSA Mosaic, a graphical browser which eventually ran on several popular office and home computers.[6] This was the first web browser aiming to bring multimedia content to non-technical users, and therefore included images and text on the same page, unlike previous browser designs;[7] its founder, Marc Andreessen, also established the company that in 1994, released Netscape Navigator, which resulted in one of the early browser wars, when it ended up in a competition for dominance (which it lost) with Microsoft Windows' Internet Explorer.

Precursors

In 1984, expanding on ideas from futurist Ted Nelson, Neil Larson's commercial DOS Maxthink outline program added angle bracket hypertext jumps (adopted by later web browsers) to and from ASCII, batch, and other Maxthink files up to 32 levels deep.[citation needed] In 1986, he released his DOS Houdini network browser program that supported 2500 topics cross-connected with 7500 links in each file along with hypertext links among unlimited numbers of external ASCII, batch, and other Houdini files.[citation needed]

In 1987, these capabilities were included in his then popular shareware DOS file browser programs HyperRez (memory resident) and PC Hypertext (which also added jumps to programs, editors, graphic files containing hot spots jumps, and cross-linked theraurus/glossary files). These programs introduced many to the browser concept and 20 years later, Google still lists 3,000,000 references to PC Hypertext. In 1989, he created both HyperBBS and HyperLan which both allow multiple users to create/edit both topics and jumps for information and knowledge annealing which, in concept, the columnist John C. Dvorak says pre-dated Wiki by many years.[citation needed]

From 1987 on, he also created TransText (hypertext word processor) and many utilities for rapidly building large scale knowledge systems ... and in 1989, helped produce for one of the big eight accounting firms[citation needed] a comprehensive knowledge system of integrating all accounting laws/regulations into a CDROM containing 50,000 files with 200,000 hypertext jumps. Additionally, the Lynx (a very early web-based browser) development history notes their project origin was based on the browser concepts from Neil Larson and Maxthink.[8] In 1989, he declined joining the Mosaic browser team with his preference for knowledge/wisdom creation over distributing information ... a problem he says is still not solved by today's internet.

Another early browser, Silversmith, was created by John Bottoms in 1987.[9] The browser, based on SGML tags,[10] used a tag set from the Electronic Document Project of the AAP with minor modifications and was sold to a number of early adopters. At the time SGML was used exclusively for the formatting of printed documents.[11] The use of SGML for electronically displayed documents signaled a shift in electronic publishing and was met with considerable resistance. Silversmith included an integrated indexer, full text searches, hypertext links between images text and sound using SGML tags and a return stack for use with hypertext links. It included features that are still not available in today's browsers. These include capabilities such as the ability to restrict searches within document structures, searches on indexed documents using wild cards and the ability to search on tag attribute values and attribute names.

Starting in 1988, Peter Scott and Earle Fogel expanded the earlier HyperRez concept in creating Hytelnet which added jumps to telnet sites ... and which by 1990 offered users instant logon and access to the online catalogs of over 5000 libraries around the world. The strength of Hytelnet was speed and simplicity in link creation/execution at the expense of a centralized worldwide source for adding, indexing, and modifying telnet links.[citation needed] This problem was solved by the invention of the web server.

The NeXT Computer which Berners-Lee used as the first web server

In April 1990, a draft patent application for a mass market consumer device for browsing pages via links "PageLink" was proposed by Craig Cockburn at Digital Equipment Co Ltd (DEC) whilst working in their Networking and Communications division in Reading, England. This application for a keyboardless touch screen browser for consumers also makes reference to "navigating and searching text" and "bookmarks" was aimed at (quotes paraphrased) "replacing books", "storing a shopping list" "have an updated personalised newspaper updated round the clock", "dynamically updated maps for use in a car" and suggests such a device could have a "profound effect on the advertising industry". The patent was canned by Digital as too futuristic and, being largely hardware based, had obstacles to market that purely software driven approaches did not suffer from.

Early 1990s: WWW browsers

File:Unix vs windows.svg
A graph showing the market share of Unix vs Windows browsers

The first web browser, WorldWideWeb, was developed in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee for the NeXT Computer (at the same time as the first web server for the same machine)[12][13] and introduced to his colleagues at CERN in March 1991.

In 1992, Tony Johnson released the MidasWWW browser. Based on Motif/X, MidasWWW allowed viewing of PostScript files on the Web from Unix and VMS, and even handled compressed PostScript.[14] Another early popular Web browser was ViolaWWW, which was modeled after HyperCard. In the same year the Lynx browser was announced[8] – the only one of these early projects still being maintained and supported today.[15]

Thomas R. Bruce of the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School started 1992, to develop Cello. When released on 8 June 1993 it was one of the first graphical web browsers, and the first to run on Windows: Windows 3.1, NT 3.5, and OS/2.

However, the explosion in popularity of the Web was triggered by NCSA Mosaic which was a graphical browser running originally on Unix and soon ported to the Amiga and VMS platforms, and later the Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows platforms. Version 1.0 was released in September 1993,[6] and was dubbed the killer application of the Internet. It was the first web browser to display images inline with the document's text.[7] Prior browsers would display an icon that, when clicked, would download and open the graphic file in a helper application. This was an intentional design decision on both parts, as the graphics support in early browsers was intended for displaying charts and graphs associated with technical papers while the user scrolled to read the text, while Mosaic was trying to bring multimedia content to non-technical users. Marc Andreessen, who was the leader of the Mosaic team at NCSA, quit to form a company that would later be known as Netscape Communications Corporation. Netscape released its flagship Navigator product in October 1994, and it took off the next year.

IBM presented its own Web Explorer with OS/2 Warp in 1994.

UdiWWW was the first web browser that was able to handle all HTML 3 features with the math tags released 1995. Following the release of version 1.2 in April 1996, Bernd Richter ceased development, stating "let Microsoft with the ActiveX Development Kit do the rest."[16][17][18]

Microsoft, which had thus far not marketed a browser, finally entered the fray with its Internet Explorer product (version 1.0 was released 16 August 1995), purchased from Spyglass, Inc. This began what is known as the "browser wars" in which Microsoft and Netscape competed for the Web browser market.

The wars put the Web in the hands of millions of ordinary PC users, but showed how commercialization of the Web could stymie standards efforts. Both Microsoft and Netscape liberally incorporated proprietary extensions to HTML in their products, and tried to gain an edge by product differentiation, leading to the acceptance of the Cascading Style Sheets proposed by Håkon Wium Lie over Netscape's JavaScript Style Sheets (JSSS) by W3C.

Late 1990s: Microsoft vs Netscape

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. In 1996, Netscape's share of the browser market reached 86% (with Internet Explorer edging up 10%); but then Microsoft began integrating its browser with its operating system and bundling deals with OEMs, and within two years the balance had reversed. Although Microsoft has since faced antitrust litigation on these charges, the browser wars effectively ended once it was clear that Netscape's declining market share trend was irreversible. Prior to the release of Mac OS X, Internet Explorer for Mac and Netscape were also the primary browsers in use on the Macintosh platform.

Unable to continue commercially funding their product's development, Netscape responded by open sourcing its product, creating Mozilla. This helped the browser maintain its technical edge over Internet Explorer, but did not slow Netscape's declining market share. Netscape was purchased by America Online in late 1998.

2000s

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At first, the Mozilla project struggled to attract developers, but by 2002, it had evolved into a relatively stable and powerful internet suite. Mozilla 1.0 was released to mark this milestone. Also in 2002, a spinoff project that would eventually become the popular Firefox was released.

Firefox was always downloadable for free from the start, as was its predecessor, the Mozilla browser. Firefox's business model, unlike the business model of 1990s Netscape, primarily consists of doing deals with search engines such as Google to direct users towards them – see Web browser#Business models.

In 2003, Microsoft announced that Internet Explorer would no longer be made available as a separate product but would be part of the evolution of its Windows platform, and that no more releases for the Macintosh would be made.

AOL announced that it would retire support and development of the Netscape web browser in February 2008.[19]

In the second half of 2004, Internet Explorer reached a peak market share of more than 92%.[20] Since then, its market share has been slowly but steadily declining and is around 11.8% as of July 2013. In early 2005, Microsoft reversed its decision to release Internet Explorer as part of Windows, announcing that a standalone version of Internet Explorer was under development. Internet Explorer 7 was released for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, and Windows Vista in October 2006. Internet Explorer 8 was released on 19 March 2009, for Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, and Windows 7.[21] Internet Explorer 9, 10 and 11 where later released, and version 11 is included in Windows 10, but Microsoft Edge became the default browser there.

Apple's Safari, the default browser on Mac OS X from version 10.3 onwards, has grown to dominate browsing on Mac OS X. Browsers such as Firefox, Camino, Google Chrome, and OmniWeb are alternative browsers for Mac systems. OmniWeb and Google Chrome, like Safari, use the WebKit HTML rendering engine, which is packaged by Apple as a framework for use by third-party applications. In August 2007, Apple also ported Safari for use on the Windows XP and Vista operating systems.

Opera was first released in 1996. It is a popular choice in handheld devices, particularly mobile phones, but remains a niche player in the PC Web browser market. It is also available on Nintendo's DS, DS Lite and Wii consoles.[22] The Opera Mini browser uses the Presto layout engine like all versions of Opera, but runs on most phones supporting Java Midlets.

The Lynx browser remains popular for Unix shell users and with vision impaired users due to its entirely text-based nature. There are also several text-mode browsers with advanced features, such as w3m, Links (which can operate both in text and graphical mode), and the Links forks such as ELinks.

Relationships of browsers

A number of web browsers have been derived and branched from source code of earlier versions and products.

Timeline representing the development of various web browsers.

Web browsers by year

A rough estimate of usage share by percent of layout engines of web browsers as of Q2 2009, see usage share of web browsers.

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See also: Timeline of web browsers

This is a table of personal computer web browsers by year of release of major version, in chronological order, with the approximate number of worldwide Internet users in millions. Note that Internet user data is related to the entire market, not the versions released in that year. The increased growth of the Internet in the 1990s and 2000s means that current browsers with small market shares have more total users than the entire market early on. For example, 90% market share in 1997 would be roughly 60 million users, but by the start of 2007 9% market share would equate to over 90 million users.[23]

Year Web browsers Internet users
(in millions)[23][24][25][26]
1991 WorldWideWeb (Nexus) 4
1992 ViolaWWW, Erwise, MidasWWW, MacWWW (Samba) 7
1993 Mosaic, Cello,[27] Lynx 2.0, Arena, AMosaic 1.0 10–14
1994 IBM WebExplorer, Netscape Navigator, SlipKnot 1.0, MacWeb, IBrowse, Agora (Argo), Minuet 20–25
1995 Internet Explorer 1, Netscape Navigator 2.0, OmniWeb, UdiWWW,[28] Internet Explorer 2, Grail 16–44
1996 Arachne 1.0, Internet Explorer 3.0, Netscape Navigator 3.0, Opera 2.0,
PowerBrowser 1.5,[29] Cyberdog, Amaya 0.9,[30] AWeb, Voyager		 36–77
1997 Internet Explorer 4.0, Netscape Navigator 4.0, Netscape Communicator 4.0, Opera 3.0,[31] Amaya 1.0[30] 70–120
1998 iCab, Mozilla 147–188
1999 Amaya 2.0,[30] Mozilla M3, Internet Explorer 5.0 248–280
2000 Konqueror, Netscape 6, Opera 4,[32] Opera 5,[33] K-Meleon 0.2, Amaya 3.0,[30] Amaya 4.0[30] 361–413
2001 Internet Explorer 6, Galeon 1.0, Opera 6,[34] Amaya 5.0[30] 499–513
2002 Netscape 7, Mozilla 1.0, Phoenix 0.1, Links 2.0, Amaya 6.0,[30] Amaya 7.0[30] 587–662
2003 Opera 7,[35] Safari 1.0, Epiphany 1.0, Amaya 8.0[30] 719–778
2004 Firefox 1.0, Netscape Browser, OmniWeb 5.0 817–910
2005 Safari 2.0, Netscape Browser 8.0, Opera 8,[36] Epiphany 1.8, Amaya 9.0,[30] AOL Explorer 1.0, Maxthon 1.0, Shiira 1.0 1018–1029
2006 SeaMonkey 1.0, K-Meleon 1.0, Galeon 2.0, Camino 1.0, Firefox 2.0, Avant 11, iCab 3, Opera 9,[37] Internet Explorer 7 1093–1157
2007 Maxthon 2.0, Netscape Navigator 9, NetSurf 1.0, Flock 1.0, Safari 3.0, Conkeror 1319–1373
2008 Konqueror 4, Safari 3.1, Opera 9.5,[38] Firefox 3, Amaya 10.0,[30] Flock 2, Chrome 1, Amaya 11.0[30] 1562–1574
2009 Internet Explorer 8, Chrome 2–3, Safari 4, Opera 10,[39] SeaMonkey 2, Camino 2, Firefox 3.5, surf 1743–1802
2010 K-Meleon 1.5.4, Firefox 3.6, Chrome 4–8, Opera 10.50,[40] Safari 5, xxxterm, Opera 11 1971–2034
2011 Chrome 9–16, Firefox 4-9, Internet Explorer 9, Maxthon 3.0, SeaMonkey 2.1–2.6, Opera 11.50, Safari 5.1 2264–2272
2012 Chrome 17–23, Firefox 10–17, Internet Explorer 10, Maxthon 4.0, SeaMonkey 2.7-2.14, Opera 12, Safari 6 2497–2511
2013 Chrome 24–31, Firefox 18–26, Internet Explorer 11, SeaMonkey 2.15-2.23, Opera 15–18, Safari 7 2712
2014 Chrome 32–39, Firefox 27–34, SeaMonkey 2.24-2.30, Opera 19–26, Safari 8 3079
2015 Microsoft Edge, Vivaldi

Historical web browsers

This table focuses on operating system (OS) and browsers of the 1990 to 2000. The year listed for a version is usually the year of the first official release, with an end year being end of development, project change, or relevant termination. Releases of OS and browser from the early 1990s to before 2001–02 time frame are the current focus.

Many early browsers can be made to run on later OS (and later browsers on early OS in some cases); however, most of these situations are avoided in the table. Terms are defined below.

Browser Years MS 2000/XP/Vista/7/8/10 98/Me NT 95 3.1 IBM OS/2 Mac OS X
(Intel/PPC)		 Mac OS 9 Mac OS 8 System 7
(PPC/68k)		 Linux BSD Unix
(HP-UX,
Solaris)		 Other
Years (OS) - 2000–13 1998 1993 1995 1992 1988 2001 1999 1997 1991 1994 (1.0)/1991 1993 (1990s) -
AWeb 1996–2007 No No No No No No No No No No No No No AmigaOS
MorphOS
Cello 1993–94 No No Terminated (1.01a) No Terminated (1.01a) Terminated (1.01a) No No No No No No No No
DocZilla 2003–05 Terminated (1.0) Terminated (1.0) Terminated (1.0) Terminated (1.0) No No No No No No Terminated (1.0) No No No
IBM WebExplorer 1994 No No No No Unknown Terminated (1.1h) No No No No No No No No
ICab 1998–current No No No No No No Yes (4.25) Dropped (3.03) Dropped (2.9.9) Dropped (2.9.9) No No No No
Internet Explorer 1995–current Included (Windows 2000 dropped as of IE7, XP support dropped) Dropped (6.0 SP1) (included 5.0) Dropped (6.0 SP1) (included 2.0) Dropped (5.0) (included 3.0) Dropped (5.0) No No No No Dropped (3.0) Dropped* (5.01 SP1) No Dropped* (5.01 SP1) Windows Server 2008 included (7.0), Windows Server 2003 included (6.0)
IE Mac
(IE5, Tasman)		 1996–2003 No No No No No No Terminated (5.2.3) (didn't support Intel) Dropped (5.1.7) Dropped (5.1.7) No No No No No
Konqueror 1996–current Yes No No No No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes No
Lunascape 2004–current Yes No No No No No No No No No No No No Windows Server 2008, Windows Server 2003
MacWeb 1994–96 No No No No No No No No Unknown Terminated (2.0) No No No No
Mosaic 1993–97 No No Terminated Terminated Terminated Terminated No Terminated (3.0) Terminated Terminated Dropped (2.6) Dropped (2.6) Dropped (2.6) OpenVMS
Mozilla
(restarted SeaMonkey)		 2002–06 Terminated (1.7.13 – Vista and 7 unsupported) Terminated (1.7.13) Terminated (1.7.13) Terminated (1.7.13) Dropped Terminated (1.7.13) Terminated (1.7.13) Dropped (1.2.1) Dropped (1.0.1) No Terminated (1.7.13) Terminated (1.7.13) Terminated (1.7.13) OpenVMS
Mozilla Firefox 2004–current Yes Dropped (3.0) Dropped (3.0) Dropped (3.0) No No Yes No No No Yes Yes No No
Netscape Navigator 9 2008 Terminated (Windows 7 unsupported) Terminated No No No No Terminated
(Mac OS X v10.2)		 No No No Terminated
(kernel 2.2.14)		 No No No
Netscape Browser 2004–07 Terminated (Vista and 7 unsupported) Terminated Terminated Terminated No No No No No No No No No No
Netscape 7
Netscape 6		 2000–04 Terminated (7.2 – Vista and 7 unsupported

XP also unsupported in Netscape 6)		 Terminated (7.2) Terminated (7.2) Terminated (7.2) No No Terminated (7.2) Dropped (7.02) Dropped (7.02) Unknown Terminated (7.2) Terminated (7.2) Terminated (7.2) No
Netscape Communicator 1997–2002 Terminated (4.8 – XP/Vista/7 unsupported) Terminated (4.8) Terminated (4.8) Terminated Dropped (4.08) Terminated No Terminated (4.80) Terminated (4.80) Dropped (4.08) Dropped (4.77) Terminated Dropped (4.77) No
Netscape Navigator 1994–98 No Terminated (4.08) Terminated Terminated Terminated (4.08) Terminated No Terminated (4.08) Dropped Dropped 3.0.4 Terminated (4.08) Terminated (4.08) Terminated (4.08) OpenVMS
OmniWeb 1995–current No No No No No No Yes Dropped (4.0) Dropped Dropped No No No NeXTSTEP
Opera 1996–current Yes Yes Dropped (10.0)[41] Yes Dropped (3.62) Dropped (5.12) Yes Dropped (7.54u2) Dropped (6.03) Unknown Yes Yes Yes[note 1][note 2] Yes[note 3]
UdiWWW 1995–96 No No Terminated (1.2.000) Terminated (1.2.000) Terminated (1.2.000) No No No No No No No No No
ViolaWWW 1992 No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes X11
WorldWideWeb 1991 No No No No No No No No No No No No No NeXTSTEP
OpenStep
Browser Years MS Windows 2000/XP/Vista/7/8/10 98/Me NT 95 3.1 IBM OS/2 Mac OS X
(Intel/PPC)		 Mac OS 9 Mac OS 8 System 7
(PPC/68k)		 Linux BSD Unix
(HP-UX,
Solaris)		 Other

[42][43]

  1. ↑ Opera dropped support for Solaris in 10.10.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Cell phones, Nintendo DS / Wii, Symbian, Windows Mobile, iOS (Opera Mini – available from App Store); BeOS (dropped 3.62), QNX (dropped 6.01)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ <The Server Guide: CERN httpd
  13. ↑ History of the Web
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ "Lynx, Current development", lynx.isc.org
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  30. ↑ 30.00 30.01 30.02 30.03 30.04 30.05 30.06 30.07 30.08 30.09 30.10 30.11 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  31. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  32. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  33. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

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