Interchange (Australian rules football)

File:Carlton interchange bench.jpg

The Carlton interchange bench in a match against St Kilda, 2011.

Interchange (or, colloquially, the bench or interchange bench) is a team position in Australian rules football, consisting of players who are part of the selected team but are not currently on the field of play.

Interchange numbers

AFL

As of the 2016 season, at AFL level, each team is permitted four interchange players, and a maximum of ninety total player interchanges during a game. Players have no limit to the number of times they may individually be changed, and an interchange can occur at any time during the game, including during gameplay.

The four players named on the interchange bench in the teamsheet, which is submitted ninety minutes before the commencement of the game, must be the four interchange players who start on the bench, however they may be substituted immediately if the coach wishes.

Other leagues

Interchange rules are not uniform across all leagues. In the major state leagues, as of 2011, following interchange numbers are permitted:

• South Australian National Football League: three interchange players.
• Victorian Football League: five interchange players.

Representative teams (such as State of Origin teams), practice and exhibition matches often feature an extended interchange bench of up to six or eight players.

Substitutes

At different times during the history of the sport, there have been substitute players (also known as reserves) serving a function distinct from interchange players. A player who begins the game as a substitute may take no part in the game until he is substituted for another player, the latter of whom permanently leaves the field.

The substitute rule was resisted for many years, with the prevailing view in the 1910s and 1920s being that a team should be permitted only to substitute a player in the event of an injury, but that there was no way to rule against a team making a tactical substitution. A single substitute was finally introduced by the Australian National Football Council for the 1930 season, with no restrictions on whether the substitution be used for injury or tactical reasons. A second substitute was introduced in 1946, before the substitutes were replaced by interchange in the 1970s. Additionally, in the AFL between 2011 and 2015, a hybrid interchange–substitution arrangement existed in which there were three interchange players and one substitute; under those rules, the substitute was required to wear a green vest until activated, and the player substituted out of the game donned a red vest. As of 2016, substitution is no longer used in the sport.

Interchange protocol

In front of the interchange benches is the interchange area (sometimes called the interchange gate), which is a 15-metre stretch of the boundary line, roughly centred between the two teams' benches, through which all players must enter and exit the ground when being interchanged. It is marked on the boundary line with two short lines, perpendicular to the boundary, and sometimes with a slanted end. A player who interchanges outside of this area is not permitted to return for the rest of the game.

Where a player leaves the ground on a stretcher, he is permitted to take the most direct route to the changerooms for medical treatment, and is still permitted to return later in the game; however, where he leaves on a stretcher, the player must wait for 20 minutes of playing time (the length of one regulation quarter) before returning. If a stretcher is brought onto the ground but the player ultimately does not need to use it, he must still wait for 20 minutes before returning.

Due to new AFL concussion rules, effective from 2011 onwards, any player suspected of suffering a concussion must come off the ground and undergo a concussion test; if found to be concussed, he is not allowed to return to the field for the remainder of the game.

A player may be forced to make an interchange by the umpire under the blood rule. If an umpire sees a player bleeding, he will call time-on at the next appropriate time, stopping play until the player has left the field and been replaced.

Where the league has a provision to do so, an interchange steward is provided to monitor interchanges.

Policing interchanges

Head count

The primary means for controlling interchanges in most leagues (but not in the AFL) is via a Head Count, currently detailed in Law 5.5 of the game. To initiate this procedure, a team captain must request a head count from the umpire. The umpire, at the opportunity, will call time on, and all players from both teams line will line-up in the centre of the ground to be counted by the umpires.

If either team has more players on the ground than it should, the general rule is that the team's entire score to that point of the game is cancelled, and a free kick and 50-metre penalty are paid to the opposing captain from the centre of the ground or the spot of the ball. Not all leagues automatically impose a cancellation of the score; in some cases – including the modern day Victorian Football League – the progress score at the time of the head count is recorded, and league officials meet after the game to assess whether or not to retrospectively cancel the score.

If both teams have the correct number of players, a free kick and 50-metre penalty are paid against the captain who initiated the head count; that captain may also be reported for time-wasting and ordered off (should the rules of the league permit) if the umpire believes the captain's primary reason for calling the head count was to waste time.

Head counts are rare at the top levels of the sport, but occur from time to time at suburban, country and junior levels.

Famous head counts

The most famous head-count request occurred in the SANFL in Round 15, 1975. West Torrens' champion Fred Bills, playing the last of his 313 league games (having announced his retirement earlier that week) entered the field of play before John Cassin, who was injured and lying on a stretcher, had left it. This prompted West Adelaide, trailing 11.7 (73) to 12.10 (82) in the final quarter, to request a head count. West Torrens players ran for the boundary line, while West Adelaide players wrestled with them to keep them in bounds. One player, identified in the match report published in The Advertiser as Norm Dare, managed to leap the fence and hide under a supporter's coat to avoid detection from the umpire. Ultimately, the count was abandoned when it became impossible to vouch for who was on the field at the time of the request; West Torrens went on to win by three goals. The incident was celebrated as one of the sport's 150 greatest moments in the 150th year celebrations in 2008.

There have been only three head counts, all unsuccessful, in the history of the VFL/AFL:

• by St Kilda captain Wels Eicke against Carlton Round 12, 1924;
• by Essendon captain Jack Clarke against North Melbourne in Round 17, 1958;
• by West Coast captain Guy McKenna against St Kilda in Round 22, 1999.

Notable successful head counts around the country are listed in the table below.

League	Club penalised	Opponent	Match	Score at count	Count time	Final score	Report
VFA	Richmond	Essendon	Round 9, 1896	3.3 – 2.4	3rd quarter	1.4 – 9.9
VFA	North Melbourne	Preston	1911	47 – 13	2nd quarter	69 – 48
VFA	Prahran	Brighton	Round 10, 1921	26 – 17	1st quarter	34 – 34
VFA	Northcote	Yarraville	Centenary Cup, 1977	89 – ??	4th quarter	20 – 154
O&KFL	Moyhu	Whorouly	2008 First Semi-Final	15–22	2nd quarter	9–81	[1]
BL&GFA	Barossa District	Willaston	2011 First Semi-Final	59–59	4th quarter	6–81	[2]
VFL	Frankston	North Ballarat	Round 14, 2013	38 – ??	3rd quarter	23 – 64

Interchange Infringement Penalties

In Round 6, 2008, North Melbourne and Sydney played a controversial drawn match, in which a botched interchange late in the game left Sydney with 19 men on the field for about a minute, during which time the Swans scored the game-tying behind. Although the laws of the game allowed for Sydney's players to be fined $2500 each for the mistake, there could be no effect on the match result because North Melbourne had not called for a head count. This highlighted the impracticality of the Head Count rule, which had existed since the days before interchanges or substitutions were allowed, in the modern professional league with its rapid use of interchanges for fatigue management.

A few weeks after this incident, the AFL introduced a new rule, allowing the interchange steward to inform the umpires of interchange errors: specifically, when a player enters the field before the player he is replacing has left the field, or when a player is interchanged without using the interchange gate. In each case, the penalty is a free kick and a 50-metre penalty in the centre of the ground (or, at the spot of the ball at the time); in the case of a player not using the interchange gate, this penalty replaces the previous rule that the player would not be permitted to return. Any goals or behinds scored or free kicks given to the opposition when an interchange infringement has occurred get cancelled out.

This process is seen only at the professional AFL level; lower levels of the sport still rely on the head count rule to police interchanges. Additionally, AFL captains retain the right to call for a head count if they believe an interchange infringement has not been detected by the interchange steward, but this has not yet been exercised under the new rules.

Historical interchange rules and tactics

The number of interchanges allowed has followed the following time-line under Australian National Football Council (ANFC) rules:

• Prior to 1930 – there was no means for either substitution or interchange. A team played with 17 on the field (19 prior to 1899) if a player was injured.
• 1930 – the introduction of a single substitute
• 1946 – the introduction of a second substitute
• 1978 – the replacement of two substitutes with two interchanges

Following the disbandment of the ANFC, the following timeline indicates changes to interchange rules in the AFL. Other leagues have not followed this timeline:

• 1994 – the introduction of a third interchange, and introduction of forced interchange under the blood rule
• 1998 – the introduction of a fourth interchange
• 2011 – the replacement of four interchanges with three interchanges and a substitute
• 2013 – the introduction of forced interchange for concussed players, with the provision for temporary activation of the substitute while a concussion test is conducted
• 2014 – the addition of an interchange cap, limiting teams to 120 interchanges per game
• From 2016 – the return to four interchanges without a substitute, reduction of the interchange cap to 90 per game

Historically, the interchange bench was used sparingly, and mostly to take poor-performing or players who were injured and unable to continue out of the game. There was a marked change in this at the top level as professionalism grew in the sport between 2000–2010, and the interchange bench began to be used much more frequently as a means of rotating players to manage player fatigue through the game and offer rest periods for hard working players and game time for young/old players. The average number of interchanges in the AFL doubled between 2007 (56 changes per team per game) and 2010 (113 changes per team per game) as coaches sought to give frequent rests to their running players.

Positions on the Australian rules football field
B:	Back Pocket	Full back	Back Pocket
HB:	Half-Back Flank	Centre Half-Back	Half-Back Flank
C:	Wing	Centre	Wing
HF:	Half-Forward Flank	Centre Half-Forward	Half-Forward Flank
F:	Forward Pocket	Full Forward	Forward Pocket
Foll:	Ruckman	Ruck rover	Rover
Int:	Interchange	Interchange	Interchange
	Interchange
Coach:	coach

Footnotes

1.^ In the AFL's own account of the incident, as published on its website as part of the 150th-anniversary celebrations, the leap over the fence was credited not to Norm Dare, but to Gerry Noonan – who, like Dare, was a former Fitzroy player in the VFL who transferred to West Torrens in 1975. Additionally, the AFL's account of the incident had one other significant factual difference to the account in The Advertiser: the AFL's account indicated that the match was Fred Bills' 300th match, but the account in The Advertiser makes it unequivocally clear that it was Bills' 313th and final match.