Kangerlussuaq

For other uses, see Kangerlussuaq (disambiguation). For the United States Air Force Base (1941-1992), see Sondrestrom Air Base.

Kangerlussuaq Søndre Strømfjord
Myers Avenue with church and congress centre
Kangerlussuaq Location within Greenland
Coordinates:
State	Kingdom of Denmark
Constituent country	Greenland
Municipality	Qeqqata
Founded	1941
Government
• Mayor	Albrecht Kreutzmann
Population (2013)
• Total	512
Time zone	UTC-03
Postal code	3910

Kangerlussuaq (English: "Big Fjord" from Kalaallisut language), (Danish: Søndre Strømfjord), is a settlement in western Greenland in the Qeqqata municipality located at the head of the fjord of the same name (Danish: Søndre Strømfjord). It is Greenland's main air transport hub and the site of Greenland's largest commercial airport. The airport dates from American settlement during and after World War II, when the site was known as Bluie West-8 and Sondrestrom Air Base. The Kangerlussuaq area is also home to Greenland's most diverse terrestrial fauna, including muskoxen, caribou, and gyrfalcons. The settlement's economy and population of 512 is almost entirely reliant on the airport and tourist industry.

Geography

Kangerlussuaq occupies an alluvial flatland on the far end of the 190 km long Kangerlussuaq Fjord, straddling both sides of the Qinnguata Kuussua river estuary. East of Kangerlussuaq there is a confluence of the two major regional rivers, the Qinnguata Kuussua and Akuliarusiarsuup Kuua. The valley of the latter forms large quicksand plains. Both rivers originate from the Russell Glacier. The edge of the glacier is easily accessible and is a major tourist attraction from the town, as is the edge of the ice sheet in the Isunngua highlands to its northeast.

Highlands such as Tarajornitsut bound Kangerlussuaq from the north and south. To the southeast behind lake Tasersuatsiaq, which provides fresh water to the town, is the vast highland of Ammalortup Nunaa, the original region artificially populated with 27 muskoxen.

History

Hotel Tuttu / Reindeer Inn installed in the former American Army barracks.

Residential area.

While Inuit hunters certainly visited Kangerlussuaq, there appears never to have been a settlement at the location.

Kangerlussuaq was founded at the east end of Kangerlussuaq fjord as Bluie West-8 on 7 October 1941, under the supervision of Colonel Bernt Balchen of the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Following the fall of Denmark to Germany in World War II, US forces assumed security for Greenland, building several bases including Bluie West-1 to the south in Narsarsuaq and Bluie West-8 at the Kangerlussuaq fjord.

The base briefly came under Danish control in 1950, but following mounting concerns about the Cold War threat, a new agreement saw the United States reopen Bluie West-8 under the name of Sondrestrom Air Base on 27 April 1951.

It served as one of the Distant Early Warning Line bases and a supply station for similar early warning facilities. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, the usefulness of the base was greatly diminished and the last U.S. Air Force personnel left the base on 30 September 1992. The base subsequently came under Greenlandic Home Rule and was renamed using the Kalaallisut dialect of the West Greenland Inuit.

This site and Bluie West-1 in Narsarsuaq remain Greenland's best-equipped airports. Almost all of the permanent structures in the town were built during the American occupation of the site.

Population

The population of Kangerlussuaq dropped significantly after the liquidation of the Sonderstrom Air Base. Since then it has increased by more than 80%, although it has begun dropping again in recent years.

Kangerlussuaq population growth dynamics, 1991-2010. Source: Statistics Greenland

Transport

Air

Main article: Kangerlussuaq Airport

As the only civilian airport in Greenland large enough to support large long-range airplanes such as Boeing 747s, Kangerlussuaq Airport is Greenland's most important transport hub. Hotel Kangerlussuaq operates at the airport.

Sea

Kangerlussuaq Fjord is navigable in its entire length. There is a seaport at Kangerlussuaq, 20 km west of Kangerlussuaq Airport. It is fairly shallow and suitable for small ships only, mainly used by supply ships of the Royal Arctic Line, and unusable in winter. Cruise ships, such as Norway's Hurtigruten navigate the fjord, anchoring outside the port.

Road

Musk ox (Greenlandic: umimmak) road sign just outside Kangerlussuaq

Kangerlussuaq has the largest road network outside any settlement in Greenland (not counting streets inside the settlement).

A gravel road through Isunngua connects Kangerlussuaq with the ice sheet, initially serving as venue for car endurance experiments. Since then it is mainly used for tourist purposes.

Construction of a road to Sisimiut (170 km) has been discussed for several years without resolution. The cost estimates have been between 250-500 MDKK, depending on road quality, but it has been considered expensive, and therefore the plans are delayed. The drive time would be much longer than the fly time, and there are also considerations to move the main hub of Air Greenland to Nuuk, closing Kangerlussuaq airport.

Climate

The climate in Kangerlussuaq is subarctic, bordering on polar continental, with the area receiving very little rainfall.

Climate data for Kangerlussuaq, 1961-1990
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	−14.7 (5.5)	−15.5 (4.1)	−11.2 (11.8)	−2.5 (27.5)	7.9 (46.2)	14.0 (57.2)	16.5 (61.7)	14.2 (57.6)	7.9 (46.2)	−1.5 (29.3)	−7.5 (18.5)	−12.1 (10.2)	−0.37 (31.32)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−19.7 (−3.5)	−21.0 (−5.8)	−17.5 (0.5)	−8.4 (16.9)	2.3 (36.1)	8.4 (47.1)	10.7 (51.3)	8.5 (47.3)	3.1 (37.6)	−6.0 (21.2)	−12.0 (10.4)	−16.9 (1.6)	−5.71 (21.73)
Average low °C (°F)	−24.4 (−11.9)	−25.6 (−14.1)	−22.1 (−7.8)	−12.9 (8.8)	−1.7 (28.9)	3.9 (39)	5.7 (42.3)	4.0 (39.2)	−0.5 (31.1)	−9.4 (15.1)	−16.3 (2.7)	−21.8 (−7.2)	−10.09 (13.84)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	6 (0.24)	4 (0.16)	4 (0.16)	7 (0.28)	7 (0.28)	13 (0.51)	22 (0.87)	28 (1.1)	18 (0.71)	13 (0.51)	12 (0.47)	6 (0.24)	140 (5.53)
Source:

In July 2012 a gust of warm air resulted in glacier meltwater which wiped out a key crossing of the Watson River.

Scientific Research

Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility

Midnight sun under Sugar Loaf, Kangerlussuaq

There is an ionospheric and atmospheric research facility known as the Sondrestrom Upper Atmospheric Research Facility, situated at about 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Kangerlussuaq. It is commonly known around the town as Kellyville. It is operated by SRI International for the U.S. National Science Foundation and the Danish Meteorological Institute. This facility is host to more than 20 instruments, the majority of which provide unique and complementary information about the arctic upper atmosphere. The centerpiece instrument of the facility is an L band incoherent scatter (IS) radar with a 32 m (105 ft) fully steerable antenna. It has been operational since the ionospheric radar was transported from Alaska to Kangerlussuaq in 1983 and it continues to be in high demand by the scientific communities.

Russell Glacier, flowing down from Sermersuaq. Visible is the fresh meltwater outflow and remains of berg bombardment.

Kangerlussuaq has also hosted the Greenland Space Science Symposium in May 2007. The selection of Greenland as a place for the symposium celebrated the rich history of Greenland in using scientific instruments to provide a window into the geospace system.

A panorama of Kangerlussuaq taken from Black Ridge, 2013

External links

• Media related to at Wikimedia Commons
• Kangerlussuaq travel guide from Wikivoyage