Kelantan River

Kelantan River Sungai Kelantan سوڠاي كلنتن Sunga Kelate
The Kelantan River in Kuala Krai (about 70 km inland from the river estuary) in Sep 2005. In Nov-Feb the river can rise over 8 metres above its normal level and flood the town
Origin	Mt.Ulu Sepat (2,161 m)
Mouth	South China Sea
Basin countries	Kelantan, Malaysia
Length	248 km (154 mi)
Source elevation	2,161 m (7,090 ft)
Mouth elevation	0 m (0 ft)
Avg. discharge	557.5 m3/s (19,690 cu ft/s) at mouth

Satellite view of the Kelantan River (Landsat 7 images viewed using NASA World Wind software)

The Kelantan River (named Sungai Kelantan in Malay language or Sunga Kelate as it is pronounced in Kelantanese) is the major river in Kelantan, Malaysia. It drains a catchment area of about 11900 km² in north-east Malaysia including part of the Taman Negara National Park, and flows northwards into the South China Sea. The rainfall over the area varies between 0 mm in the dry season (March–May) to 1750 mm in the monsoon season (November–January). The average runoff from the area is about 500 m³/s.

Name and extent

The description of the river is complicated by the local naming convention: instead of using the name Kelantan river from estuary to source, the name is only used for the section from the estuary to the confluence of its two main tributaries, the Galas River and the Lebir River, near the town of Kuala Krai. The same naming convention applies to these tributaries. Thus to describe the main river from source to mouth involves four names: the River Betis (first 20 miles from the source), then the River Nenggiri, then the River Galas, and finally the Kelantan River.

Route

The river tributaries rise in the forested mountains where many Orang Asli tribes live. The area is known for its limestone outcrops and caves. Along the River Nenggeri section some cave systems show evidence of habitation going back 9000 years, such as Gua Cha near Kuala Betis.

Lower down, Malay villages dot the banks of the river which passes through one of the most densely populated flood plains on the Malay Peninsula whose padi fields produce around 12% of Malaysian rice production.

The river flows past four important towns: Pasir Mas, Tumpat, Kuala Krai and the state capital Kota Bharu, which lies near the mouth of the river. Towards the estuary there are several islands in the river.

The area around the actual estuary, known as Kuala Besar, is dotted with picturesque fishing villages, which are also well known for the production of batik (a local patterned material produced by waxing and dyeing cloth) for which the State of Kelantan is famous.

Flooding

The Kelantan River regularly overspills its banks during the months of November to February because of the northeast monsoon season. The estimate flood volume under the 50 year flood condition at Kusial Bridge is about 6 billion m³. Severe flooding occurred in 1926 and 1967. In the 1967 floods 84% of the Kelantan population (537,000 people) were badly affected. Some 125,000 people were evacuated and 38 drowned.

More recently a telemetric flood forecasting system has been installed to give warning of high river levels. Some of the worst floods in recent years have been:

Flood impact in Kelantan

Year	Evacuees	Deaths	Damage (US$1000)
2004	10476	12	3767
2003	2228	2	1461
2001	5800	0	2227
1993	13587	0	398
1988	41059	0	?
1986	7963	0	1603
1983	33815	0	?

See also

• List of rivers of Malaysia

External links

• Kelantan online river level data - click Sg.Kelantan for current week's river level readings taken every hour - or click the number in the Station id column to plot a graph.
• Taman Negara Taman Negara
• [1] Kelantan