Lambic

Lambic
Bottled Lambic beers
Country of origin	Belgium
Yeast type	Spontaneous fermentation
Alcohol by volume	2 - 8%
Color (SRM)	yellow or pale to deep gold
Malt percentage	66%

Traditional wooden lambic barrels at Hanssens

Lambic is a type of beer traditionally brewed in the Pajottenland region of Belgium (southwest of Brussels) and in Brussels itself at the Cantillon Brewery and museum. Lambic is now mainly consumed after refermentation, resulting in derived beers such as Gueuze or Kriek lambic.

Unlike conventional beers, which are fermented by carefully cultivated strains of brewer's yeasts, lambic is produced by spontaneous fermentation: it is exposed to the wild yeasts and bacteria that are said to be native to the Zenne valley, in which Brussels lies. It is this unusual process which gives the beer its distinctive flavour: dry, vinous, and cidery, usually with a sour aftertaste.

Lambic beer is widely consumed in Brussels and environs, and frequently featured as an ingredient in Belgian cuisine.

Etymology

The name "lambic" entered English via French, but comes from the Dutch language. Lambic is probably derived from the name "Lembeek", referring to the municipality of Lembeek near Halle, close to Brussels.

Brewing

Today the beer is generally brewed from a grist containing approximately 60-70% barley malt and 30-40% unmalted wheat. Lambic wort is cooled overnight in the traditional manner: in a shallow, flat metal pan called a koelschip. Here it is left exposed to the open air so microorganisms may inoculate the wort. While this cooling method of open air exposure is a critical feature of the style, the key yeasts and bacteria that perform the fermentation are now understood to reside within the breweries' (usually timber) fermenting vessels. Over eighty microorganisms have been identified in lambic beer, the most significant being Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Saccharomyces pastorianus and Brettanomyces bruxellensis. The process is generally only possible between October and May as in the summer months there are too many unfavourable organisms in the air that could spoil the beer.

Aged dried hops

Since at least the 11th century and probably earlier, hops have been used in beer for their natural preservative qualities as well as for the pleasant bitterness, flavor, and aroma they impart. Today it is the latter that is the reason for their inclusion in almost all beer styles other than lambic. Since the method of inoculation and long fermentation time of lambic beers increases the risk of spoilage, lambic brewers still use large amounts of hops for their antibacterial properties. Lambic in the early 19th century was a highly hopped beer, using 8-9 g/l of the locally grown Aalst or Poperinge varieties. Modern lambic brewers, however, try to avoid making the beer extremely hop forward and utilise aged, dry hops which have lost much of their bitterness, aroma and flavour Consequently, lambics often have a strong, cheese-like, "old hop" aroma, in contrast to the resiny, herbal, earthy hop bitterness found in other styles. The traditional favourite hop used for Lambic in the nineteenth century was a variety called Coigneau which was cultivated in the Aalst-Asse area in Belgium.

After the fermentation process starts, the lambic is siphoned into old port wine or sherry barrels (of chestnut or oak) from Portugal or Spain. (Some brewers prefer used wine barrels.) The lambic is left to ferment and mature for one or several years. It forms a velo de flor of yeast that gives some protection from oxidation, in a similar way to vin jaune and sherry; the barrels are not topped up.

Types of lambic and derived beers

Another important feature of lambic is that it is usually a blend of at least two different beers; many "producers" are in fact blenders who buy beers from other brewers, and blend two or more together to create the desired result. A gueuze may have occupied space in several different cellars over six years or more. While those outside Belgium are likely to find bottled gueuze and fruited versions, a wider variety of styles is available to local drinkers. Beers are often blended again or sweetened with sugar or flavored syrups before drinking, as some examples can be extremely tart.

Most, if not all varieties listed below have Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) status. (This status does not specify that a product has a link to specific geographical area.)

Lambic (unblended)

Unblended lambic is a cloudy, uncarbonated, bracingly sour beverage that is rarely available on tap. Draught releases are generally regarded as either jonge (young) or oude (old), depending on age and discretion of the brewer. Bottled offerings from Cantillon and De Cam can be found outside Belgium.

Gueuze

Main article: Gueuze

A mixture of young (one-year-old) and old (two- and three-year-old) lambics that have been bottled. Because the young lambics are not yet fully fermented, it undergoes secondary fermentation in the bottle and produces carbon dioxide. A gueuze will be given a year to carbonate in the bottle, but can be kept for 10–20 years. Gose, a German top-fermenting style, is not to be confused with gueuze.

Mars

Mars traditionally referred to a weaker beer made from the second runnings of a lambic brewing. It is no longer commercially produced. In the 1990s, the Boon brewery made a modern Mars beer called Lembeek's 2% (the 2% referring to the alcohol content), but its production has since been discontinued.

Faro

A glass and bottle of Boon Faro

Historically, a low-alcohol, sweetened beer made from a blend of lambic and a much lighter, freshly brewed beer to which brown sugar (or sometimes caramel or molasses) was added. The fresh beer was referred to as meertsbier, and was not necessarily a lambic. Sometimes herbs were added as well. The use of meertsbier (or even water) and of substandard lambic in the blend made this a cheap, light, sweet drink for everyday consumption. The 19th century French poet Charles Baudelaire commented on faro's disagreeable aftertaste, "It's beer that you drink twice", believing that the Faro in Brussels was brewed from the waters of a river (the Senne or Zenne) that was also used as a sewer.

The sugar was originally added shortly before serving, and therefore did not add carbonation or alcohol to the beverage, as the sugar did not have the time to ferment. Modern faro beer is still characterized by the use of brown sugar and lambic, but is not always a light beer. The use of meertsbier has disappeared, and modern faro is not viewed as cheap or light. Today, faro is bottled, sweetened, and pasteurized to prevent refermentation in the bottle. Examples are produced by Cantillon, Boon, Lindemans or Mort Subite.

Kriek

Main article: Kriek lambic

Lambic refermented in the presence of sour cherries (usually the morello variety) and with secondary fermentation in the bottle results in kriek. Traditional versions of kriek are dry and sour, just as traditional Gueuze.

Fruit

Lambic with the addition of raspberry (framboise), peach (pêche), blackcurrant (cassis), grape (druif), or strawberry (aardbei), as either whole fruit or syrup. Other, rarer fruit lambic flavorings include apple (pomme), banana (banane), pineapple (ananas), apricot (abricotier), plum (prunier), cloudberry (plaquebière), lemon (citron), and blueberry (bleuet). Fruit lambics are usually bottled with secondary fermentation. Although fruit lambics are among the most famous Belgian fruit beers, the use of names such as kriek, framboise or frambozen, cassis, etc. does not necessarily imply that the beer is made from lambic. The fruit beers produced by the Liefmans Brewery, for example, use an oud bruin, rather than a lambic as a base.

Many of the non-traditional fruit beers derived from lambic that were commercialized in the last decades are considered to be low quality products by many beer enthusiasts. These products are typically artificially sweetened, artificially carbonated, sterilized, and based on syrups instead of whole fruit, resulting in an untraditional product.

Belgian lambic producers

Lambic production is generally sanctioned and promoted by the High council for artisanal lambik style beers.

Breweries

• Belle-Vue owned by InBev (Sweetened – except Sélection lambic), Sint-Pieters-Leeuw
• Boon (Traditional), Lembeek
• Brasserie Cantillon (Traditional), Brussels
• De Keersmaeker owned by Scottish & Newcastle, better known by its brand name Mort Subite (Sweetened – except Gueuze Fond), Kobbegem
• De Troch who also produce the Chapeau lambics (Sweetened – except Oude Gueuze), Wambeek
• Girardin (Traditional), Sint-Ulriks-Kapelle
• Lindemans Brewery (Sweetened – except Cuvée René), Vlezenbeek
• Oud Beersel now brewed by Frank Boon (Traditional), Beersel
• Timmermans (Sweetened – except "Traditional" line), Itterbeek
• Van Honsebrouck produce St. Louis beers (Sweetened – except Gueuze Fond Tradition) located outside of the Zenne valley, in Ingelmunster
• 3 Fonteinen (Traditional), Beersel

Blenders

• Tilquin (Traditional), Rebecq
• De Cam (Traditional), Gooik
• Hanssens Artisanaal (Traditional), Dworp

Use in popular culture

• Lambik is the name given by Willy Vandersteen to a Belgian character in the comic strip Spike and Suzy (Suske en Wiske in Dutch) which appeared in Tintin magazine.

Further reading

• H. Verachtert, Lambic and gueuze brewing: mixed cultures in action, Foundation Biotechnical and Industrial Fermentation research, Vol. 7 Finland pp. 243–263.
• Jean-Xavier Guinard, Classic Beerstyle Series nr. 3, Lambic, Brewers Publications, a division of the Association of Brewers (1990).
• Dirk Van Oevelen, Microbiology and biochemistry of the natural wort fermentation in the production of Lambic and gueuze, PhD Thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Belgium (1979)
• Tim Webb, Chris Pollard, and Joris Pattyn. LambicLand/LambikLand. ISBN 0-9547789-0-1
• Jeff Sparrow, Wildbrews: Beer Beyond the Influence of Brewer's yeast, Brewers Publications, a division of the Association of Brewers (2005).

External links

• List of publications about Lambic
• EU Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) status of Lambic
• Belgian Lambic beer listing
• High council for artisanal lambik style beers HORAL