Laser-heated pedestal growth

Crystallization
Concepts
Crystallization · Crystal growth Recrystallization · Seed crystal Protocrystalline · Single crystal
Methods and technology
Boules Bridgman–Stockbarger technique Czochralski process Fractional crystallization Fractional freezing Hydrothermal synthesis Laser-heated pedestal growth Crystal bar process
Fundamentals
Nucleation · Crystal Crystal structure · Solid

Schematic illustration of a possible configuration of a LFZ setup.

Laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG) or laser floating zone (LFZ) is a crystal growth technique. The technique can be viewed as a miniature floating zone, where the heat source is replaced by a powerful CO2 or YAG laser. Among all the modern techniques for growing crystals from the melt (liquid/solid phase transition), it has become one of the most powerful for materials research. The main advantages of this technique are the high pulling rates (60 times greater than the conventional Czochralski technique) and the possibility of growing materials with very high melting points. In addition, LHPG is a crucible-free technique, which allows single crystals to be grown with high purity and low stress.

The geometric shape of the crystals (the technique can produce small diameters), and the low production cost, make the single-crystal fibers (SCF) produced by LHPG suitable substitutes for bulk crystals in many devices, especially those that use high melting point materials. However, single-crystal fibers must have equal or superior optical and structural qualities compared to bulk crystals to substitute for them in technological devices. This can be achieved by carefully controlling the growth conditions.

Until 1980, laser-heated crystal growth used only two laser beams focused over the source material. This condition generated a high radial thermal gradient in the molten zone, making the process unstable. Increasing the number of beams to four did not solve the problem, although it improved the growth process. The largest improvement to the laser-heated crystal growth technique was made by Fejer et al., who incorporated a special optical component known as a reflaxicon, consisting of an inner cone surrounded by a larger coaxial cone section, both with reflecting surfaces. This optical element converts the cylindrical laser beam into a larger diameter hollow cylinder surface. This optical component allows radial distribution of the laser energy over the molten zone, reducing radial thermal gradients. The axial temperature gradient in this technique can go as high as 10000 °C/cm, which is very high when compared to traditional crystal growth techniques (10–100 °C/cm).

Another interesting feature of the LHPG technique is its high convection speed in the liquid phase due to Marangoni convection. The video presented in the following reference shows the liquid phase convection during lithium niobate (LiNbO₃) fiber pulling using a very small piece of platinum wire inside the liquid that is allowed to spin. It is possible to see that it spins very fast. Even when it appears to be standing still, it is in fact spinning fast on its axis.

See also

• Crystal structure
• Crystallite
• Crystallization and engineering aspects
• Fractional crystallization
• Micro-pulling-down
• Nucleation
• Protocrystalline
• Recrystallization (metallurgy)
• Seed crystal