List of extinct plants
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
The following is a list of extinct plants only.
-
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.
Contents
Prehistoric extinctions
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Carboniferous Orchid
- Annularia
- Sigillaria
- Lepidodendron
- Calamites
- Sphenophyllum
Permian
- Cordaites
- Glossopteris
- Sphenophyllum
Triassic
- Araucarioxylon[1]
- Caytoniales (extinct at the end of the Cretaceous)
- Cladophlebis
- Zamites
- Brachyphyllum
- Pleuromeia
- Pannaulika
- Sphenophyllum
Jurassic
- Araucaria mirabilis[2]
- Araucarites sanctaecrucis[2]
- Baiera
- Coniopteris
- Cycadeoidea
- Czekanowskia
- Eboracia
- Equisetum thermale (La Matilde Formation, Argentina)[3]
- Gleichenites
- Neocalamites
- Nilssonia
- Pararaucaria patagonica[2]
- Pterophyilum
- Schmeissneria
Cretaceous
- Archaeamphora (Northeastern China)
- Archaeanthus
- Archaefructus
- Ephedrites
- Liaoningocladus
- Orontium mackii (Maastrictian?, McRea Formation, North America)[4]
- Palaeoaldrovanda (Czech Republic)
- Pagiophyllum
- Pityocladus
- Podozamites
- Sagaria (Southern Italy)
- Sphenobaiera
- Williamsonia
- Williamsoniella
Paleocene
- Acer alaskense (Chickaloon Formation, Alaska) [5]
- Banksieaeidites (Australia) (species through the Miocene)
- Cornus piggae (Almont/Biecegal Creek, North America)[6]
- Pinus peregrinus (Golden Valley Formation)[7]
- Ginkgo cranei (Sentinel Butte Formation)[8]
- Metasequoia foxii (Paskapoo Formation, Alberta)[9]
- Montrichardia aquatica (Cerrejón Formation, Colombia)[10]
- Petrocardium (Cerrejón Formation, Colombia)[10]
Eocene
- Acer castorrivularis (Montana, North America)[5]
- Acer clarnoense (John Day Formation, North America)[5]
- Acer douglasense (West Foreland Formation, Alaska, North America)[5]
- Acer hillsi (Klondike Mountain Formation, Washington, North America)[5]
- Acer republicense (Klondike Mountain Formation, Washington, North America)[5]
- Acer rousei (Allenby Formation, McAbee Site, British Columbia, North America)[5]
- Acer stewarti (Allenby Formation, British Columbia, North America)[5]
- Acer stonebergae (Okanagan Highlands, North America)[5]
- Acer taurocursum (Bull Run flora, North America)[5]
- Acer toradense (Okanagan Highlands, North America)[5]
- Acer washingtonense (Klondike Mountain Formation, Washington, North America)[5]
- Actinidia oregonensis (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Azolla primaeva (British Columbia, Canada)[12]
- Abies milleri (British Columbia, Canada; Washington, USA)[13]
- Banksia archaeocarpa (Australia)[citation needed]
- Chamaecyparis eureka (Axel Heiberg Island, Canada)[14]
- Corylopsis readae (Klondike Mountain Formation, Washington, North America)[15]
- Cornus clarnensis (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Coryloides (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Corylus johnsonii (Washington, USA)[16]
- Dillhoffia (British Columbia, Canada; Washington, USA)[17]
- Diploporus (Paleocene-Eocene; Sentinel Butte Formation, Clarno Formation)[11]
- Eucommia eocenica (Claiborne Formation, southeastern North America)[18]
- Eucommia montana (Western North America)[18]
- Eucommia jeffersonensis (John Day Formation, Oregon, North America)[18]
- Eucommia rolandii (North America)[18]
- Fothergilla malloryi (Klondike Mountain Formation, Washington, North America)[15]
- Ginkgo dissecta (Ypresian, Okanagan Highlands)[19]
- Kardiasperma (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Langeria magnifica (Okanagan highlands, north America)[20]
- Nelumbo aureavallis (North Dakota, North America)[7]
- Neviusia dunthornei (Allenby Formation, North America)[21]
- Orontium wolfei (Okanagan Highlands)[4]
- Paleopanax (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Peltandra primaeva (North Dakota, USA)[7]
- Pinus driftwoodensis (Driftwood Canyon Provincial Park, British Columbia)[22]
- Rhizomnium dentatum (Baltic amber, Europe)[23]
- Rhus malloryi (Washington, USA)[20]
- Rhus rooseae (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Sassafras hesperia (Okanogan Highlands)[20]
- Saxonipollis ("East Germany")[citation needed]
- Stonebergia (British Columbia, Canada) [24]
- Taxus masonii (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Tilia johnsoni (Washington, USA)[20]
- Torreya clarnensis (Central Oregon, USA)[11]
- Trochodendron drachuckii (Okanogan Highlands)[25]
- Trochodendron nastae (Washington, USA)[26]
Oligocene
- Acer ashwilli (John Day Formation, Oregon)[5]
- Acer chaneyi (Oligocene to Miocene)[5]
- Acer dettermani (Late Eocene - Early Oligocene; Meshik Volcanics, Alaska)[5]
- Acer ivanofense (Late Eocene - Early Oligocene; Meshick Volcanics, Alaska)[5]
- Acer kenaicum (Oligocene; Kenai Group, Alaska)[5]
- Banksia novae-zelandiae (South Island, New Zealand) (Straddles the Oligocene-Miocene boundary)
Miocene
- Acer browni (western North America)[5]
- Acer latahense (western North America)[5]
- Acer smileyi (Late Oligocene-Middle Miocene; western North America)[5]
- Acer traini (western North America)[5]
- Carya washingtonensis (Washington State, North America)[27]
- Droserapites (Taiwan)
- Droserapollis (Taiwan)
- Hymenaea allendis (Late Oligocene - early Eocene; Mexican Amber)[28]
- Hymenaea mexicana (Late Oligocene - early Eocene; Mexican Amber)[28]
- Hymenaea protera (Dominican amber)
- Osmunda wehrii (Yakima Canyon Flora, North America)[29]
- Palaeoraphe (Dominican Republic)[30]
- Roystonea palaea (Dominican amber)[30]
- Sequoiadendron chaneyi (Western North America)[31]
- Wessiea yakimaensis (Yakima Canyon Flora, North America)[26]
Pliocene
- Acer palaeorufinerve (Miocene - Pliocene; East Asia and possibly Alaska?)[5]
- Pinus matthewsii[32]
Pleistocene
- Banksia kingii (Western Tasmania)
- Banksia strahanensis (Western Tasmania)
- Picea critchfieldi (North America)
Modern extinctions
Africa
- Acalypha rubrinervis (1870, Saint Helena)
- Usambara Annone – Anonidium usambarense (1910, Tanzania) Remove - this was a misidentified specimen see Thomas Couvreur
- Aspalathus complicata (1940s, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Aspalathus cordicarpa (1950s, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Aspalathus variegata (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Barleria natalensis (1900, South Africa) [33]
- Brachystelma schoenlandianum (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Byttneria ivorensis (1896, Côte d'Ivoire)
- Cephalophyllum parvulum (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Ceropegia antennifera (1910, South Africa) [33]
- Ceropegia bowkeri (1900, South Africa) [33]
- Coffea lemblinii (1907, Côte d'Ivoire)
- Conophytum semivestitum (1900, South Africa) [33]
- Crassula subulata (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Cyclopia filiformis (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Disa forcipata (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Dryopteris ascensionis (1889, Ascension Island)
- Erica alexandri subsp. acockii (1940, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Erica foliacea subsp. fulgens (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Erica pyramidalis var. pyramidalis (1910, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Eugenia pusilla (1920, South Africa) [33]
- Helichrysum outeniquense (1950, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Saint Helena Heliotrope – Heliotropium pannifolium (1808, Saint Helena)
- Isolepis bulbifera (1950, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Lampranthus vanzijliae (1920, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Leucadendron grandiflorum (1805, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Leucadendron spirale (1930, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Liparia graminifolia (1830, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Macledium pretoriense (1925, South Africa) [33]
- Macrostylis villosa subsp. minor (1980, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Nemesia micrantha (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Saint Helena Olive – Nesiota elliptica (2003, Saint Helena)
- Oldenlandia adscenionis (1889, Ascension Island)
- Orchidea eupolyanthis (1910, Cameroon)
- Osteospermum hirsutum (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Pausinystalia brachythyrsum (1898, Cameroon)
- Polhillia ignota (1950s, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Psoralea cataracta (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Psoralea gueinzii (1930, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Silphium — Ferula ? (c. 50, Cyrene)
- Sporobolus durus (1886, Ascension Island)
- Thamnea depressa (1900, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Saint Helena Ebony – Trochetiopsis melanoxylon (1771, Saint Helena)
- Vernonella africana (1900, South Africa) [33]
- Willdenowia affinis (1920, South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Xysmalobium baurii (1900, South Africa) [33]
Americas
- Roan Mountain False Goat's-beard - Astilbe crenatiloba (1885, Roan Mountain, Tennessee)
- Galapagos Amaranth – Blutaparon rigidum (1999, Galápagos Ecuador)
- Rio de Janeiro Myrtle – Campomanesia lundiana (1825, Brazil)
- Casearia quinduensis (1997, Colombia)
- Rio de Janeiro Sapota – Chrysophyllum januariense (1997, Brazil)
- Havana Fragrant Tree – Cnidoscolus fragrans (1840, Cuba)
- Santa Cruz Bryophyte – Flabellidium spinosum (1911, Bolivia)
- Cuban Ruta Tree – Galipea ossana (1825, Cuba)
- Cuban Guettarda Tree – Guettarda retusa (1975, Cuba)
- Licania caldasiana (1997, Colombia)
- Mason River Myrtle – Myrcia skeldingii (1972, Jamaica)
- Appalachian Yellow Asphodel - Narthecium montanum (Henderson County, North Carolina)[34]
- Hastings County Neomacounia – Neomacounia nitida (1864, Canada)
- Bigleaf Scurfpea - Orbexilum macrophyllum (1899, Polk County, North Carolina)
- Falls-of-the-Ohio scurfpea - Orbexilum stipulatum (1881, Jefferson County, Kentucky)
- Rio de Janeiro Pouteria – Pouteria stenophylla (1997, Brazil)
- Cajamarca Pradosia – Pradosia argentea (1820, Peru)
- Rio de Janeiro Pradosia – Pradosia glaziovii (1997, Brazil)
- Colombian Pradosia – Pradosia mutisii (1925, Colombia)
- Jamaican Psidium – Psidium dumetorum (1976, Jamaica)
- Juan Fernandez Santalum – Santalum fernandezianum (1908, Chile)
- Thismia americana – Thismia americana (1916, Chicago, IL, USA)
Asia
- Adiantum lianxianense (Guangdong, China)
- Sri Lanka Legume Tree – Crudia zeylanica (1990, Sri Lanka)
- Kerala Legume Tree – Cynometra beddomei (1870, India)
- Sumatra Dipterocarpus – Dipterocarpus cinereus (1996, Sumatra, Indonesia)
- Arunchal Hopea Tree – Hopea shingkeng (1996, India)
- Nilgiri Holly – Ilex gardneriana (1859, India)
- Karnataka Sapota – Madhuca insignis (1900, India)
- Hainan Ormosia – Ormosia howii (1997, Southern China)
- Hainan Otophora – Otophora unilocularis (1935, Hainan, China)
- Pluchea glutinosa (19th Century, Yemen)
- Psiadia schweinfurthii (19th Century, Yemen)
- Sarawak Shorea – Shorea cuspidata (1996, Malaysia)
- Meghalaya Sterculia – Sterculia khasiana (1877, India)
- Valerianella affinis (19th century, Yemen)
- Courtallum Wendlandia – Wendlandia angustifolia (1997, India)
- Woolly-stalked Begonia - Begonia eiromischa (20th century, Penang, Malaysia)
- Ruzhildalani "Ruzhil" (1995, India)
Europe
- Italian Bryophyte – Radula visiniaca (1938, Italy)
- Cry Pansy – Viola cryana (1933, France)
Oceania
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- Hawaii Chaff Flower – Achyranthes atollensis (1964, Hawaiian Is.)
- Argyroxiphium virescens (1996, Hawaiian Is.)
- Casearia tinifolia (1976, Mauritius)
- Clermontia multiflora (1871, Hawaiian Is.)
- New Calodonia Sapinda – Cupaniopsis crassivalvis (1869, New Caledonia)
- Haleakala Cyanea Tree – Cyanea arborea (1928, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cyanea comata (late 19th century, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cyanea cylindrocalyx (1909, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cyanea dolichopoda (1990, Hawaiian Is.)
- Giffard's Cyanea Tree – Cyanea giffardii (1917, Hawaiian Is.)
- Mark's Cyanea Tree – Cyanea marksii (1900, Hawaiian Is.)
- Pohaku Cyanea Tree – Cyanea pohaku (1910, Hawaiian Is.)
- Kohala Cyanea Tree – Cyanea pycnocarpa (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Oak-leaved Cyanea Tree – Cyanea quercifolia (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Dracaena umbraculifera (Mauritius)
- Taravai Aster Tree – Fitchia mangarevensis (1997, Taravai, French Polynesia)
- Moorea Laurel – Hernandia drakeana (1997, French Polynesia)
- Kawaihae Hibiscadelphus – Hibiscadelphus bombycinus (1868, Hawaiian Is.)
- Puhielelu Hibiscadelphus – Hibiscadelphus crucibracteatus (1981, Hawaiian Is.)
- Auwahi Hibiscadelphus – Hibiscadelphus wilderianus (1910, Hawaiian Is.)
- Oahu Kokia – Kokia lanceolata (1888, Hawaiian Is.)
- Cross-bearing Pelea – Melicope cruciata (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Maui Ruta Tree – Melicope haleakalae (1919, Hawaiian Is.)
- Obovate Melicope – Melicope obovata (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Nuku Hiva Neisosperma – Neisosperma brownii (1997, French Polynesia)
- Fatu Hiva Ochrosia – Ochrosia fatuhivensis (1997, French Polynesia)
- Nuku Hiva Ochrosia – Ochrosia nukuhivensis (1997, French Polynesia)
- Tahiti Ochrosia – Ochrosia tahitensis (1997, French Polynesia)
- Hawaii Ruta Tree – Pelea obovata (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Koé Stenocarpus – Stenocarpus dumbeensis (1905, New Caledonia)
- Norfolk Island Streblorrhiza – Streblorrhiza speciosa (1997, Norfolk Island)
- Fijian Weinmannia – Weinmannia spiraeoides (1840, Fiji)
- Skottsberg's Wikstroemia – Wikstroemia skottsbergiana (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Hakeakala Wikstroemia – Wikstoemia villosa (1997, Hawaiian Is.)
- Prony Bay Xanthostemon – Xanthostemon sebertii (1869, New Caledonia)
Plants extinct in the wild
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Africa
- St. Helena Roundleaf Gumwood – (Commidendrum rotundifolium) (Saint Helena)
- Encephalartos brevifoliolatus (South Africa) [33]
- Encephalartos nubimontanus (South Africa) [33]
- Encephalartos relictus (Swaziland)
- Encephalartos woodii (South Africa)[33]
- Erica bolusiae Salter var. cyathiformis (South Africa: Cape Flora)[33]
- Erica turgida (South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Erica verticillata (South Africa: Cape Flora) [33]
- Pleiospilos simulans (South Africa) [33]
- Lotus berthelotii (Canary Islands)
- St. Helena Redwood – (Trochetiopsis erythroxylon) (Saint Helena)
Americas
- Cosmos atrosanguineus (Mexico)
- Csapodya splendens (syn. Deppea splendens) (Mexico)
- Root-spine Palm – (Cryosophila williamsii) (Honduras)
- Cuban Erythroxylum – (Erythroxylum echinodendron) (Cuba)
- Franklin Tree – (Franklinia alatamaha) (Georgia, U.S.)
- Laelia gouldiana (Mexico)
- Biznaguita – (Mammillaria glochidiata) (Mexico)
- Biznaguita – (Mammillaria guillauminiana) (Mexico)
- Rio de Janeiro Terminalia – (Terminalia acuminata) (Brazil)
- Bastard gumwood (Commidendrum rotundifolium) (St. Helena)
Asia
- India Monocarpic Palm – (Corypha taliera) - (Bengal)
- Pallasana Spurge – (Euphorbia mayurnathanii) (India)
- Yunnan Malva – (Firmiana major) (Yunnan, China)
- Kalimantan Mango – (Mangifera casturi) (Kalimantan, Indonesia)
- Sarawak Mango – (Mangifera rubropetala) (Kalimantan & Sumatra)
- Kanehira Azalea – (Rhododendron kanehirai) (Taiwan)
- Tulipa sprengeri)
Europe
- Szaferi Birch – (Betula szaferi) (Poland)
- Lysimachia minoricensis (Spain)
Oceania
- Cyanea pinnatifida (Hawaiian Is.)
- Royal Cyanea Tree – (Cyanea superba) (Hawaiian Is.)
- Punaluu Cyanea – (Cyanea truncata) (Hawaiian Is.)
- Fuzzyflower Cyrtandra – (Cyrtandra waiolani) (Hawaiian Is.)
- Hemiandra rutilans (Australia)
- Cooke's Kokia – (Kokia cookei) (Hawaiian Is)
- Toromiro – (Sophora toromiro) (Easter Island, Chile)
Extinct plant cultivars
- Ansault - pear cultivar
- Semper Augustus - a tulip from the days of tulip mania
- Taliaferro - apple cultivar
- Viceroy - tulip traded during tulip mania
Plants previously thought extinct and subsequently rediscovered
See Lazarus species
- Badula ovalifolia – from Mauritius. Known in 1830's; collected in 1970 and 1997 but misidentified (Page and D'Argent 1997, IUCN report)/confirmed identity in 2008 (Florens et al., Kew Bulletin)
- Café marron (Ramosmania rodriguesii) - rediscovered on Rodrigues in 1979
- Jellyfish tree (Medusagyne oppositifolia) - rediscovered in Seychelles in the 1970s
- Sichuan Thuja – (Thuja sutchuenensis) – rediscovered 1999 (Sichuan, China)
- Gibraltar Campion (Silene tomentosa) - rediscovered on Gibraltar in 1994
- Astragalus nitidiflorus (1909, Spain) - rediscovered 2004 (Cartagena, Spain)
Extinct algae
- Bennett's Seaweed - Vanvoorstia bennettiana - a red alga. (1886, Australia)
See also
- A list of Presumed Extinct Plant species in South Africa (likely to be extinct but not yet adequately confirmed) can be found at http://redlist.sanbi.org/search.php?sppsearch=CR+PE
References
- ↑ F. H. Knowlton (1889), "New species of fossil wood (Araucarioxylon arizonicum) from Arizona and New Mexico", Proceedings of the United States National Museum
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- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 11.7 11.8 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 33.00 33.01 33.02 33.03 33.04 33.05 33.06 33.07 33.08 33.09 33.10 33.11 33.12 33.13 33.14 33.15 33.16 33.17 33.18 33.19 33.20 33.21 33.22 33.23 33.24 33.25 33.26 33.27 33.28 33.29 33.30 33.31 33.32 33.33 33.34 33.35 33.36 33.37 33.38 33.39 http://redlist.sanbi.org/index.php Red List of South African Plants
- ↑ http://sabs.appstate.edu/sites/sabs.appstate.edu/files/chinquapin-issues/Chinq%2016-4.pdf Newsletter of the Southern Appalachia Botanical Society
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Extinct plants. |
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