List of historical national anthems
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The Imperial Russian anthem, God Save the Tsar!,[trans 1] used words by Vasily Zhukovsky (left) and music by Alexei Lvov (right). Adopted in 1833, the anthem was used continuously until the Empire's dissolution in 1917.
The oldest national anthem, defined as "a song, as of praise, devotion, or patriotism",[1] is the Dutch national anthem Het Wilhelmus,[trans 2] which was written between 1568 and 1572, but not then given any official status.[2] The first anthem to be officially proclaimed as such was La Marcha Real,[trans 3] adopted by Spain in 1770.[3] Het Wilhelmus was declared the national anthem of the Netherlands in 1932; both of these anthems remain in use today. A royal or imperial anthem is a song that is similar in patriotic character to a national anthem, but which specifically praises a monarch, or royal dynasty. Some states have doubled their royal or imperial anthem as their national anthem; for example, the Imperial Anthem of Iran, used from 1933 to 1979, served both as national anthem and as an explicit celebration of the Pahlavi dynasty.
An anthem may fall out of use if the country that uses it ceases to exist, or because it adopts a new anthem; the rationale for a new national anthem is often political, perhaps based on a new ruling dynasty or system of government. For example, following the French Revolution, which overthrew the monarchy, La Marseillaise, a republican revolutionary song, became national anthem in 1795. Conversely, when the monarchy was restored 19 years later, the 16th-century royalist tune Vive Henri IV was revived and adapted to create Le Retour des Princes français à Paris, an overt celebration of the restored government.[trans 4] Following a number of further changes, La Marseillaise was readopted in 1870 and remains France's contemporary national anthem.
Some historical anthems share the same tune; for example, Heil dir im Siegerkranz,[trans 5] the Imperial German anthem, used the same music as Britain's national anthem, God Save the Queen. There are also instances of the music of a former national anthem still being used in a current anthem; for instance, the modern national anthem of Germany, Das Lied der Deutschen,[trans 6] uses the same tune as the 19th and early 20th-century Austro-Hungarian anthem Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser.[trans 7] Another well-known example is the Hymn of the Soviet Union,[trans 8] used until its dissolution in 1991, which was given new words and adopted by the Russian Federation in 2000 to replace the unpopular instrumental anthem it had introduced in 1993.[4][5]
This was not the first time that a country's de facto or de jure national anthem had proved controversial among its own people. My Country, 'Tis of Thee, a de facto anthem of the United States during the 19th century, divided opinion as it used the same tune as God Save the Queen.[note 1] A more recent example is Hej, Sloveni,[trans 9] the former Yugoslavian anthem which was retained by Serbia and Montenegro until 2006;[note 2] because it was frequently booed when played in public – at sporting events, for example – it was eventually replaced.[6]
Anthems
See also
- Historical Chinese anthems
- List of national anthems
- List of anthems of non-sovereign countries, regions and territories
Footnotes
An autograph score, including lyrics, for a piano version of the first Austrian national anthem, Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser, handwritten and signed by Joseph Haydn in 1797. The tune, today more associated with Germany, was last used by Austria in 1938.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 My Country, 'Tis of Thee is generally considered to have been the de facto national anthem of the United States prior to 1931, but not universally. Alternatives included Hail, Columbia, and the modern anthem, The Star-Spangled Banner.[25][26]
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Serbia and Montenegro was called the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia until 4 February 2003.[19]
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 The same tune was used for numerous Austrian and Austro-Hungarian national anthems; only the lyrics changed. Although the official lyrics were in German, versions of the anthems used during the imperial period (until 1918) existed in several other languages from throughout the empire: Croatian, Czech, Hungarian, Italian, Polish and Slovene.[8] Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "austria" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "austria" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "austria" defined multiple times with different content Cite error: Invalid<ref>tag; name "austria" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 The anthems of the previously independent German kingdoms and duchies continued to be used as regional anthems until the fall of the German Empire in 1918.
- ↑ Brazil became a republic in 1888, but retained Hino Nacional Brasileiro as its national anthem.
- ↑ From 1908 a royal anthem, Anthem of His Majesty the Tsar,[trans 13] was adopted and played immediately after the anthem whenever the monarch was present.
- ↑ Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada was adopted in 1975 by both Cape Verde and Guinea-Bissau on their respective independence from Portugal. Cape Verde introduced a unique anthem in 1996, but it remains the national anthem of Guinea-Bissau.
- ↑ The Confederate States never adopted an official national anthem. The Civil War Trust firmly states that the "honor rightly belongs to" God Save the South, the first piece of music published in the country, "because of its stirring poetry and its outstanding musical setting". Commonly cited alternatives include the popular song Dixie and The Bonnie Blue Flag, a marching song.[10][11]
- ↑ Only the first verses of each anthem were sung during the union of the Czech lands with Slovakia.
- ↑ Although it is the first to appear on this list, Chant du départ was not the original national anthem of France; La Marseillaise, the modern national anthem, was originally used from 1795 to 1799. It was readopted in 1870.
- ↑ During Germany's Weimar period, all three verses of Das Lied der Deutschen were sung, whereas today only the third verse is sung.
- ↑ During Germany's Nazi period, only the first verse of Das Lied der Deutschen was sung, and followed by Horst-Wessel-Lied, the SA song written by Horst Wessel.
- ↑ Only the third verse, as well as today.
- ↑ The same melody was used for the Kazakh national anthem in the early years of independence, before it was replaced with the current anthem, Meniñ Qazaqstanım.
- ↑ The modern national anthem of Kuwait, adopted in 1978, retains Amiri Salute in its entirety as an opening fanfare.[13]
- ↑ After the founding of the present Lao People's Democratic Republic, Pheng Xat Lao had its words, but not its music, changed.
- ↑ Lībīya, Lībīya, Lībīya, relinquished in 1969, was re-adopted as the national anthem of Libya after the victory of the National Transitional Council over the Gaddafi forces in 2011, the only difference being the omission of a verse glorifying King Idris.
- ↑ As of June 2011, Lībīya, Lībīya, Lībīya is used as Libya's national anthem by the National Transitional Council (NTC), the political body that represents Anti-Gaddafi forces. The NTC is recognised by several United Nations members as the legitimate government of Libya.[14]
- ↑ From 1802 until 1911 the anthem of Macau was Hymno Patriótico followed by Hino da Carta, the same as that of Portugal.
- ↑ The song Ey Reqîb is still used as the regional anthem of Iraqi Kurdistan, and as the anthem of the Kurdish people in general.
- ↑ When Newfoundland joined the Canadian Confederation in 1949, Ode to Newfoundland lost its status as a national anthem. The Canadian province of Newfoundland became the first to adopt a provincial anthem in 1980 when the song was readopted.
- ↑ The last Ottoman sultan, Mehmed VI, decided not to have a special march for himself, but used the first Ottoman anthem, Mahmudiye.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 The Papal States became part of Italy in 1869, but the anthem was retained as the Vatican City's first anthem until 1950.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Rhodesia's 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) went unrecognised by the United Kingdom and the United Nations, both of which continued to consider Rhodesia to be the British colony of Southern Rhodesia. Despite declaring independence, the de facto Rhodesian government still maintained loyalty to Elizabeth II and so retained Britain's national anthem, God Save the Queen, until it declared Rhodesia a republic in 1970. A replacement anthem was not adopted until 1974, when Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia came into use. God Save the Queen remained Rhodesia's de jure national anthem throughout the UDI period of 1965 to 1979.
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 The Worker's Marseillaise was briefly used alongside The Internationale by the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1917 to 1918. Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "workersmarseillaise" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Although replaced as national anthem in 1932, Sansoen Phra Barami was retained as Siam's (and, following the country's change of name in 1939, Thailand's) royal anthem.
- ↑ Naprej, zastava slave is still used by the Slovenian Armed Forces.
- ↑ Served as Somalia's national anthem until 2012, when it was replaced with Qolobaa Calankeed.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 The Call of South Africa and God Bless Africa became co-national anthems of South Africa in 1994. The modern South African national anthem, adopted in 1997, uses elements from each in separate segments.[20] Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "southafrica" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ The anthem continued to be used in the early years of Turkmenistan's independence, until the adoption of the current anthem in 1997.
- ↑ The song was originally called Thanh Niên Hành Khúc (English: March of the Youths); the title and words were altered significantly when it became national anthem, though the music remained the same. Luu Huu Phuoc was still officially credited for both the music and the lyrics.
- ↑ The anthem was a medley of Bože pravde, Lijepa naša domovino and Naprej, zastava slave, the anthems of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia respectively.
- ↑ Ishe Komborera Africa is a translation of Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika from Xhosa into Shona and Ndebele.
Translations and transliterations
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Russian: Боже, Царя храни!; transliterated as Bozhe, Tsarya khrani! Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; name "bozhetsaryakhrani" defined multiple times with different content - ↑ Translates from Dutch as The William
- ↑ Translates from Spanish as The Royal March
- ↑ Translates from French as The Return of the French Princes to Paris
- ↑ Translates from German as Hail to Thee in Victor's Crown
- ↑ Translates from German as The Song of the Germans
- ↑ Translates from German as God save Emperor Francis
- ↑ Russian: Государственный гимн СССР; transliterated as Gosudarstvenniy Gimn SSSR
- ↑ Translates from Serbo-Croatian as Hey, Slavs
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Persian: سرود ملی
- ↑ Armenian: Հայկական ՍՍՀ օրհներգ
- ↑ Bulgarian: Шуми Марица
- ↑ Bulgarian: Химн на Негово Величество Царя; transliterated as Himn na Negovo Velichestvo Tsarya
- ↑ Bulgarian: Републико наша, здравей!
- ↑ Bulgarian: Бъларио мила
- ↑ Belarusian: Дзяржаўны гімн БССР
- ↑ Khmer: បទចំរៀងនៃសាធារណរដ្ឋខ្មែរ
- ↑ Khmer: ដប់ប្រាំពីរមេសាមហាជោគជ័យ
- ↑ Chinese: 李中堂乐
- ↑ Chinese: 颂龙旗
- ↑ Chinese: 鞏金甌
- ↑ Chinese: 中國雄立宇宙間
- ↑ Chinese: 卿云歌
- ↑ Chinese: 國民革命歌
- ↑ Chinese: 国际歌
- ↑ Egyptian Arabic: اسلمى يا مصر
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Egyptian Arabic: والله زمان يا سلاحي
- ↑ Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ ሆይ ደስ ይበልሽ?
- ↑ Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ, ኢትዮጵያ, ኢትዮጵያ ቅደሚ?
- ↑ Georgian: საქართველოს საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკის სახელმწიფო ჰიმნი
- ↑ Georgian: დიდება
- ↑ Chinese: 天佑女王
- ↑ Persian: سلام شاه
- ↑ Persian: سلامتی دولت علیهٔ ایران
- ↑ Persian: سرود شاهنشاهی ایران
- ↑ Persian: ای ایران
- ↑ Persian: پاینده بادا ایران
- ↑ Iraqi Arabic: أرض الفراتين
- ↑ Kazakh: Қазақ Советтiк Социалистік Республикасының мемлекеттік әнұраны
- ↑ Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасының Мемлекеттік Әнұраны
- ↑ Kirghiz: Кыргыз ССР Мамлекеттик Гимни
- ↑ Korean: 대한제국 애국가
- ↑ Arabic: السلام الأميري
- ↑ Lao: ເພງຊາດລາວ
- ↑ Libyan Arabic: لیبیا، لیبیا، لیبیا
- ↑ Libyan Arabic: الله أكبر
- ↑ Serbian Cyrillic: Убавој нам Црној Гори
- ↑ Nepali: राष्ट्रिय गान्
- ↑ Russian: Молитва русских
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Russian: Рабочая Марсельеза
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Russian: Интернационал
- ↑ Russian: Патриотическая Песня
- ↑ Thai: เพลงสรรเสริญพระบารมี
- ↑ Russian: Государственный гимн СССР
- ↑ Tajik: Гимни Республикаи Советии Сотсиалистии Тоҷикистон
- ↑ Arabic: سلام الباي
- ↑ Arabic: ألا خلّدي
- ↑ Ukrainian: Державний гімн УРСР
References
- General
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- Specific
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- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Sousa 1890, p. 180
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Sousa 1890, p. 253
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