Mario Pieri

Mario Pieri
Born	(1860-06-22)22 June 1860 Lucca, Italy
Died	Capannori, Italy
Nationality	Italian
Fields	Mathematics

Mario Pieri (22 June 1860 – 1 March 1913) was an Italian mathematician who is known for his work on foundations of geometry.

Pieri was born in Lucca, Italy, the son of Pellegrino Pieri and Ermina Luporini. Pellegrino was a lawyer. Pieri began his higher education at University of Bologna where he drew the attention of Salvatore Pincherle. Obtaining a scholarship, Pieri transferred to Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa. There he took his degree in 1884 and worked first at a technical secondary school in Pisa.

When the opportunity to teach projective geometry at the military academy in Turin arose, Pieri moved there. By 1888 he was assisting in instructing that subject also at the University of Turin. In 1891 he became libero docente at the university, giving elective courses. Pieri continued teaching in Turin until 1900 when he won a competition for the position of extraordinary professor at University of Catania on the island of Sicily. In 1908 he moved to University of Parma, and in 1911 fell ill. Pieri died in Andrea di Compito (Capannori), not far from Lucca.

Von Staudt's Geometrie der Lage (1847) was a much admired text on projective geometry. In 1889 Pieri translated it as Geometria di Posizione, a publication that included a study of the life and work of von Staudt written by Corrado Segre, the initiator of the project.

Pieri also came under the influence of Giuseppe Peano at Turin. He contributed to the Formulario mathematico, and Peano placed nine of Pieri's papers for publication with the Academy of Sciences of Turin between 1895 and 1912. They shared a passion for reducing geometric ideas to their logical form and expressing these ideas symbolically.

In 1898 Pieri wrote I principii della geometria di posizione composti in un sistema logico-deduttivo. According to J.T. Smith (2010) it is

based on nineteen sequentially independent axioms – each independent of the preceding ones – which are introduced one by one as they are needed in the development, thus allowing the reader to determine on which axioms a given theorem depends.

Pieri was invited to address the International Congress of Philosophy in 1900 in Paris. Since this was also the year he moved from Turin to Sicily, he declined to attend but sent a paper "Sur la Géométrie envisagée comme un système purement logique" which was delivered by Louis Couturat. The ideas were also advanced by Alessandro Padoa at both that Congress and the International Congress of Mathematicians also held in Paris that year.

In 1900 Pieri wrote Monographia del punto e del moto, which Smith calls the Point and Motion memoire. It is noteworthy as using only two primitive notions, point and motion to develop axioms for geometry. Alessandro Padoa shared in this expression of Peano's logico-geometrical program that reduced the number of primitive notions from the four used by Moritz Pasch.

The research into the foundations of geometry led to another formulation in 1908 in a Point and Sphere memoire. Smith (2010) describes it as

a full axiomatization of Euclidean geometry based solely on the primitive concepts point and equidistance of two points N and P from a third point O, written ON = OP.

This memoire was translated into Polish in 1915 by S. Kwietniewski. A young Alfred Tarski encountered the text and carried forward Pieri's program, as recounted by Smith.

In 2002 Avellone, Brigaglia & Zappulla gave a modern evaluation of Pieri's contribution to geometry:

Pieri's work was very influential. B. Russell and L. Couturat rightly regarded him as the founder of mathematics as a hypothetical-deductive science. His precision, his rigour, and his analytical clarity are unrivaled by other Italian geometers, perhaps with the exception of Peano.

Giuseppe Peano wrote this tribute to Pieri upon his death:

Pieri was totally dedicated to science and teaching. He was an untiring worker, honest, and of a singular modesty. When, some twenty years ago, the professors in Italy agitated for higher salaries, Pieri declared that their salaries were already above the work they did and their merit.

from Hubert C. Kennedy (1980), Peano, page 142, D. Reidel/Kluwer.

Mario Pieri's collected works were published by the Italian Mathematical Union in 1980 under the title Opere sui fondamenti della matematica (Edizioni Cremonese, Bologna).

See also

• Pieri's formula

References

• Maurizio Avellone, Aldo Brigaglia & Carmela Zappulla (2002) "The Foundations of Projective Geometry in Italy from De Paolis to Pieri", Archive for History of Exact Sciences 56:363–425, esp 418.
• Hubert C. Kennedy (1974) "Mario Pieri", Dictionary of Scientific Biography.
• E.A. Marchisotto & J.T. Smith (2007) The Legacy of Mario Pieri in Geometry and Arithmetic, Birkhäuser.
• E.A. Marchisotto, "The Projective Geometry of Mario Pieri: A Legacy of Karl Georg Christian von Staudt", Historia Mathematica 33(3):277–314.
• .
• Bertrand Russell (1903) The Principles of Mathematics, Cambridge University Press.
• James T. Smith (2010) "Definitions and Nondefinability in Geometry" (winner of a 2011 Lester R. Ford Award), American Mathematical Monthly 117:475–89.