Military history of Serbia

The military history of Serbia spans over 1100 years on the Balkan peninsula during the various forms of the Serbian state and Serbian army.

Medieval Serbian army

Main article: Medieval Serbian army

The Serbian army during this period was primarily consisted of light cavalry and infantry force armed with spear, javelin or bows. With the increasing wealth from mining, mercenary knights were recruited to complement noble cavalry armed with bow and lance. This enabled the Serbs to fight effectively outwith their mountain strongholds. The core of the army consisted of noble cavalry (vlastela) armed with lance and bow in the Byzantine style in early medieval time. These were increasingly supplemented by western style knights. Mostly Germans in Dušan's reign. Dušan's military tactics consisted of wedge shaped heavy cavalry attacks with horse archers on the flanks. Many foreign mercenaries were in the Serbian army, mostly Germans as cavalry and Spaniards as infantry. He also had personal mercenary guards, mainly German knights. A knight named Palman was the commander of this unit and was the leader of all German mercenaries. Light horses were provided by Hungarian and Cuman mercenaries. Later in the period Serbian lance armed Hussars took over this role. The infantry still included lightly armed javelin troops although the bow and crossbow became the most important infantry weapon in the 14th century. A western style charge by the armoured cavalry and knights was the main tactic with the infantry used to follow up. Unable to gain any Bulgarian territory after the defeat of the Bulgarian Empire in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330, the Serbs expanded their state to the south conquering most of Macedonia, Epirus and Thessaly from the Byzantine Empire which was in the midst of a disastrous civil war. Without major field battles, the Serbian tactic was based on seizing towns by siege.

In 1346 Stephen Dušan proclaimed himself Emperor but the empire began to fall apart after his death in 1355 due to rivalry among the nobility and the lack of consolidation of the newly conquered territories. In 1371 a Serbian army led by Vukašin advanced on Adrianople only to be surprised in a dawn attack by an inferior Ottoman force commanded by Lala Şahin.

The Serbian leaders were killed and Serbian lands were grabbed by various independent nobles as well as the Ottomans. A decade later, Serbs defeated Ottomans in Battle of Pločnik in 1386. As the Battle of Kosovo in 1389 is generally considered as temporarily the end of the medieval Serbian state until 1402. Despotovina, the successor of the Serbian Empire and the state of Prince Lazar survived for 70 more years, experiencing a cultural and political renaissance in the first half of the 15th century before it was conquered by the Ottomans in 1459. The state was led by Despot Stefan and the Branković dynasty. Despot Stefan widely armed knights with light firearms (musket "Fitiljača"),also with spears, swords, daggers, maces, bow and arrows, crossbows, shields, armours, halberd and cannons. He also introduced Europe style knight tournaments. Even then, Serbian state continued to last in the Hungarian exile until the mid 16th century and the autonomous Serbian principality fell only in 1540.

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  Weapons of Duklja, Zeta and Raška, Serbian feudal states, from the 9th century.

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  Serbian medieval army equipment

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  Musket "Fitiljača" (named after the Slow match used to ignite the gunpowder) used by Serbian Army in the 15th century.

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  Armor used by Serbian knights in the early 15th century.

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  Smederevo Fortress's view from inner city citadel. Built in the early 15th century.

History of the Serbian Army

Main article: History of the Serbian Army

List of wars, military campaigns and battles

Medieval Serbia

• Battle of Bar
• Uprising of Georgi Voiteh
• Bulgarian-Serbian Wars
  • Battle of Velbazhd (1330)
• Byzantine civil war of 1341–1347
• Serbian-Ottomans Wars
  • Battle of Gallipoli (1312)
  • Battle of Stephaniana (1344)
  • Battle of Maritsa (1371)
  • Battle of Dubravnica (1381)
  • Battle of Savra (1385)
  • Battle of Plocnik (1386)
  • Battle of Kosovo (1389)
  • Siege of Belgrade (1456)
• Venetian-Serbian wars
  • Second Scutari War

Modern Serbia

• First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813)
  • Battle of Ivankovac (1805)
  • Battle of Mišar (1806)
  • Siege of Belgrade (1806)
  • Battle of Čegar (1809)
• Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817)
  • Battle of Ljubić
• Serbian-Ottoman War (1876–1878)
• Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885)
• First Balkan War (1912–1913)
  • Battle of Kumanovo
  • Battle of Prilep
  • Battle of Bitola
  • Siege of Adrianople
  • Siege of Shkodër
• Second Balkan War (1913)
  • Battle of Bregalnica
  • Battle of Kalimantsi
• First World War (1914–1918)
  • Battle of Cer
  • Battle of Kolubara
  • Battle of Drina
  • Battle of Morava
  • Battle of Ovche Pole
  • Battle of Kosovo (1915)
  • Salonika front
  • Battle of Kajmakchalan
  • Battle of Dobro Pole
• Allied Expedition to the Ukraine
• World war II (1941–1945)

Military tradition

Serbian military music

• Marš na Drinu
• Kreće se lađa francuska
• Tamo daleko
• Kapetan Koča putuje
• Tobdžijsko kolo
• Marš Vojvode Stepe
• Paradni marš
• Gardijski marš

Day of the Serbian Armed Forces

The Day of the Serbian Armed Forces was elected to be 23 April. On that day, on Palm Sunday, in Takovo in 1815, prominent elders met and reached a decision to start the Second Serbian Uprising for the liberation of Serbia from the Turkish authorities.

The Second Serbian uprising resulted in a positive starting point in the long run. Initially it was a military operation of the Serbian history, but in the later period ensued political and diplomatic activities, which led to the Serbia being freed from supreme Turkish authorities and the Second Serbian Uprising in some ways is the foundation for the creation of the Serbian government and Serbian armed forces. As a product, and independence was followed by the creation of the standing army and the establishment of the Guard which consisted of 76 men who were selected "in stature and reputation of" from finest families in Serbia.

Since the creation of a standing army, the first "conscripts" and later "soldats", went unnoticed by the Porte, the National Assembly made the name "Soldat" official. This is when first recruits were introduced, who remained in the army for ten years, bearing in mind that their service period was not determined. A standing army was living in the barracks and receiving salary. They received uniforms." These first Serbian regular army formations were modeled after the Austrian army, which confirms that both at that time the experience of foreign armies were invaluable in creating our army.

Second Serbian Uprising was precisely the combination of events led by faith in the liberation of Serbia using existing military assets and military organization, which led to the final liberation and recognition of modern Serbia as a state with full international legality and recognized by the powers at Berlin congress in 1878.

See also

• History of the Serbian Air Force
• History of the Serbian-Turkish wars
• Skull Tower

Sources

• Momir Jović, Kosta Radić. Srpske zemlje i vladari (1955), str. 68 – 80.
• Pavle Vasić, Uniforme srpske vojske 1808–1918, Prosveta, Beograd, 1980.

External links

• Military Museum Belgrade
• Museum of Yugoslav Aviation
• Strategic Research Institute of Serbia (successor to the Military History Institute)