Mwani language

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Mwani
Native to Mozambique[1]
Native speakers
 100,000 (2006)[2]
2nd language: 20,000[3]
Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3 wmw
Glottolog mwan1247[4]
G.403[5]
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The area where Kimwani is spoken is in gray.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.

The Mwani language, or Kimwani (pronounced [kiˈmwani]), is spoken on the coast of the Cabo Delgado Province of Mozambique, including the Quirimbas Islands. Although it shares high lexical similarity (60%) with Swahili, it is not intelligible with it. It is spoken by around 120,000 people (including 20,000 who use it as their second language). Speakers of Kimwani also use Portuguese, (the official language of Mozambique), Swahili and Makhuwa language. Kiwibo, the dialect of the Island of Ibo is the prestige dialect. Kimwani (sometimes spelled as Quimuane) is also called Mwani (sometimes spelled as: Mwane, Muane) and Ibo. According to Anthony P. Grant:[6] 'Kimwani of northern Mozambique appears to be the result of imperfect shift towards Swahili several centuries ago by speakers of Makonde', and Arends et al. suggest it might turn out to be a Makonde–Swahili mixed language.[7]

Name

Kimwani is the Kimwani word for the Kimwani language, and this is also used in English. 'Ki-' is a prefix attached to nouns of the noun class that includes languages. Mwani means 'people from the coast', and Kimwani refers to the '(Ki)Mwani Language' or 'language of the people from the coast'.

Sounds

Kimwani (similar to Swahili) is unusual among sub-Saharan languages in having lost the feature of lexical tone (with the exception of some verbal paradigms where its use is optional). It does not have the penultimate stress typical of Swahili; it has movable pitch accent. Labialization of consonants (indicated by a [w] following the consonant) and palatalization of r (ry; [rj]) are frequent. Nasalization of vowels occurs only before a nasal consonant n followed by a consonant.

Vowels

Kimwani has five vowel phonemes: /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, and /u/, that is: its vowels are close to those of Spanish and Latin. It does not have a distinction of closed and open mid vowels typical of Portuguese, French or Italian.

The pronunciation of the phoneme /i/ stands between International Phonetic Alphabet [i] and [e]. Vowels are never reduced, regardless of stress. The vowels are pronounced as follows:

  • /a/ is pronounced like the "a" in start
  • /e/ is pronounced like the "e" in bed
  • /i/ is pronounced like the "y" in happy
  • /o/ is pronounced like the "o" in or
  • /u/ is pronounced like the "u" in Susan.

Kimwani has no diphthongs; in vowel combinations, each vowel is pronounced separately.

Consonants

Two symbols in a table cell denote the voiceless and voiced consonant, respectively.

Consonants of Kimwani[8]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosives and
affricates		 p, b t, d tʃ, dʒ k, g
Fricatives f, v s, z ʃ h
Trill r
Approximants w l j

Orthography

Kimwani can be spelled in three ways: using orthography similar to Swahili, using a slightly modified spelling system used in Mozambique schools or using a Portuguese-based spelling. Here are the differences:

Kimwani spelling systems differences
Swahili language spelling Modified spelling Portuguese spelling Translation
/tʃ/ chala cala tchala finger
/dʒ/ juwa juwa djua Sun
/k/ kitabu kitabu quitabo book
/ŋ/ ng' ombe ng' ombe ngombe cow
/ɲ/ nyoka nyoka nhoca snake
/s/ fisi fisi fissi hyena
/z/ meza meza mesa table
/ʃ/ kushanga kushanga cuxanga to admire
/w/ wakati wakati uacate time
/j/ kipya kipya quípia new
/i/ sukili sukili suquile sugar
/u/ ufu ufu ufo flour

Numbers

m’moja (1), mbire (2), natu (3), n’né (4), n’tano (5)

sita (6), saba (7), nane (8), khénta (9)

kume (10), kume na m’moja (11), kume na mbire (12)

shirini (20), talatini (30), arubaine (40), amusine (50)

sitine (60), sabine (70), tamanine (80), tusuine (90)

mia (100), mia mbire (200)

álufu (1000)

External links

  1. ↑ Ethnologue list of countries where Kimwani is spoken
  2. ↑ Mwani at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Arends, Muysken, & Smith (1995), Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction
  8. ↑ A sketch of Kimwani by Petzell, Malin

References

  • Petzell, Malin. A sketch of Kimwani (a minority language of Mozambique); Africa & Asia, #2, pp.  88–110, Göteborg University. 2002. ISSN: 1650-2019
  • Namuna ya kufifunda kufyoma na kwandika (Manual de transição, língua Kimwani); SIL & JUWA; Pemba, Cabo Delgado, Mozambique. 2002.
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