Neues Sehen

The Neues Sehen, also known as New Vision or Neue Optik, was a movement, not specifically restricted to photography, which was developed in the 1920s. The movement was directly related to the principles of the Bauhaus. The New Vision considered photography to be an autonomous artistic practice with its own laws of composition and lighting, through which the lens of the camera becomes a second eye for looking at the world. This new way of seeing was based on the use of unexpected framings, the search for contrast in form and light, the use of high and low camera angles, etc. The movement was contemporary with the New Objectivity with which it shared a defence of photography as a specific medium of artistic expression, although the New Vision favoured experimentation and the use of technical means in photographic expression.

History

The inter-war years saw a significant change in the field of photography. On the one hand, there was a reaction against the painterly approach; while on the other, there was a renewed interest in the new forms of artistic expression. The three main currents developed during that period are the New Vision, the New Objectivity and direct photography. All of them favoured specificity in the photographic medium and its separation from painting. They stood against the photographic associations that were striving to preserve painterly models, accusing them of being unsubstantial, of having a narrow outlook limited to their own assumptions, and of producing images that were unattractive and removed from reality.

But the New Vision was also criticised by the defenders of direct photography and the New Objectivity for being too experimental, inconsistent, and producing amateur photography of poor technical standards. To defend themselves against the latter, they created classes of pure photography at the Bauhaus school and evolved toward ever-greater objectivity in photography.

The movement was formed mainly by young Russian Constructivists such as Rodchenko and photographers from the Bauhaus. Their stylistic resources included unexpected angles, experimenting with light and shadows to produce large dark areas in the photograph, the use of photomontage and collage, and photographic composition according to the strict principles of perception of the Bauhaus. Creativity was more developed in the subject matter and in the new way of interpreting the photographic image.

The works are usually didactic since they force the viewer to confront images that are not easily recognisable as elements of reality. Consequently, these are works of uneven quality and experimental nature.

Film und Foto

The exhibition FIFO, organised in 1929 by the Deutscher Werkbund in Stuttgart, is considered the first great exhibition of modern European and American photography. It was seen as a showcase for the artistic ideas of the New Vision. Shortly before the opening, in the autumn of 1928, László Moholy-Nagy and Sigfried Giedion, who were in charge of the main room in the exhibition, introduced a change in the initial programme and turned it into a representation of the New Vision.

Including 1,200 works by 191 artists belonging to the world of cinema, painting, photography and the visual arts in general, the exhibition can be considered the culmination of experimental production realised with these means. In Germany it was seen as a retrospective of these ideas before the rigid aesthetics of the Nazi regime were imposed.[3] In fact, soon after authors such as László Moholy-Nagy immigrated to the United States.

The selection of authors was made by several artists: while Moholy-Nagy was one of the selectors of European photographers, Edward Weston was in charge of the American selection. Artists included Berenice Abbott, Willi Baumeister, Marcel Duchamp, Hannah Höch, Eugène Atget, Man Ray, Alexander Rodchenko, Edward Steichen, Imogen Cunningham, Charles Sheeler and Brett Weston, among others. The selected works were characterised by unexpected angles, such as the photographs taken by Willi Ruge from a parachute, the use of photomontage, etc. After seeing the exhibition, the critic Franz Roh wrote an essay entitled Foto-Auge (Foto-Ull), asserting that photography had changed in a definitive manner. In the same year, the exhibition travelled to Zurich, Berlin, Danzig and Vienna, and in 1931 it was presented in Tokyo and Osaka.

Further reading

• David Balsells. Praga, París, Barcelona: modernidad fotográfica de 1918 a 1948. La Fábrica. MNAC, 2010. ISBN 978-84-8043-219-1 [Consulta: 15 March 2012].
• The New Vision: Photography between the World Wars. Metropolitan Museum of Art: Distributed by HN Abrams, p. . ISBN 9780870995507.
• Entwicklung der modernen Photographie: "Neues Sehen" und "Neue Sachlichkeit" . Rundfunk, p. . OCLC 257000030.
• The new vision: fundamentals of Bauhaus design, painting, sculpture, and architecture. Dover, p. . ISBN 9780486436937.
• Foto Auge. Thames and Hudson, p. . ISBN 978-0500540176.
• Aufsätze, autobiographische Notizen, Briefe, Erinnerungen. Verl. d. Kunst, p. . ISBN 9783364002736.
• Wege der zeitgenössischen Fotografie. In: Wolfgang Kemp (Hrsg.), Theorie der Fotografie II 1912-1945 (en alemany). Schirmer / Mosel, p. . ISBN 9783888140419.