Nizhny Novgorod

For other cities named Novgorod, see Novgorod (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Veliky Novgorod.

Nizhny Novgorod (English) Нижний Новгород (Russian)
-  City  -
Clockwise: Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin. Stroganov Church. Makaryev Fair. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral. Chkalov staircase. Minin and Pozharsky square.
Location of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in Russia
Nizhny Novgorod Location of Nizhny Novgorod in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Coordinates:
Coat of arms	Flag
City Day	June 2012
Administrative status (as of November 2011)
Country	Russia
Federal subject	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast
Administratively subordinated to	city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod
Administrative center of	Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod
Municipal status (as of February 2011)
Urban okrug	Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug
Administrative center of	Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug
Head	Ivan Karnilin
Representative body	City Duma
Statistics
Area	410.68 km2 (158.56 sq mi)
Population (2010 Census)	1,250,619 inhabitants
- Rank in 2010	5th
Density
Time zone	MSK (UTC+03:00)
Founded	1221
City status since	1221
Previous names	Nizhny Novgorod (until September 1932), Gorky (until October 22, 1990)
Postal code(s)	in the 603000–603998 range
Dialing code(s)	+7 831
Official website
Nizhny Novgorod on Wikimedia Commons

Nizhny Novgorod (Russian: Ни́жний Но́вгород; IPA: [ˈnʲiʐnʲɪj ˈnovɡərət]), colloquially shortened to Nizhny, is, with a population of 1,250,619, the fifth largest city in Russia and the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. From 1932 to 1990, it was known as Gorky (Горький, IPA: [ˈɡorʲkʲɪj]), after the writer Maxim Gorky, who was born there. The city is an important economic, transportation and cultural center of Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region. It is located about 400 km east of Moscow, where the Oka empties into the Volga.

History

See also: Timeline of Nizhny Novgorod

Name

Originally the name was just Novgorod ("Newtown"), but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod to the north, the city was often being called "Novgorod of the Lower lands". This land was named "lower" because it is situated downstream, especially from the point of view of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom. Later it was transformed into the contemporary name of the city that literally means "Lower Newtown".

Seat of medieval princes

The city traces its origin from a small Russian wooden hillfort that was founded by Grand Duke Yury II in 1221 at the confluence of two of the most important rivers in his principality, the Volga and Oka rivers. Its independent existence was threatened by the continuous Mordvin attacks against it; the major attempt made by forces under Purgaz in April 1229 was repulsed, but after the death of Yury II on March 4, 1238 at the Battle of the Sit River, the Mongols occupied the fortress. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.

Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of their insignificance, but grew into (great) centers in vassalic Russian political life during the period of the Tatar Yoke. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264. After 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich (1323–1383) sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow; he built a stone citadel and several churches and was a patron of historians. The earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the Laurentian Codex, was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377.

Strongest fortress of the Grand Duchy of Moscow

Kuzma Minin appeals to the people of Nizhny Novgorod to raise a volunteer army against the Poles.

After the city's incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1392, the local princes took the name Shuisky and settled in Moscow, where they were prominent at the court and briefly ascended the throne in the person of Vasily IV. After being burnt by the powerful Crimean Tatar chief Edigu in 1408, Nizhny Novgorod was restored and regarded by the Muscovites primarily as a great stronghold in their wars against the Tatars of Kazan. The enormous red-brick kremlin, one of the strongest and earliest preserved citadels in Russia, was built in 1508–1511 under the supervision of Peter the Italian. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.

In 1612, the so-called national militia, gathered by a local merchant, Kuzma Minin, and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the "Time of Troubles" and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty. The main square before the kremlin is named after Minin and Pozharsky, although it is locally known simply as "Minin Square." Minin's remains are buried in the citadel. (In commemoration of these events, on October 21, 2005, an exact copy of the Red Square statue of Minin and Pozharsky was placed in front of St John the Baptist Church, which is believed to be the place from where the call to the people had been proclaimed.)

In the course of the following century, the city prospered commercially and was chosen by the Stroganovs (the wealthiest merchant family of Russia) as a base for their operations. A particular style of architecture and icon painting, known as the Stroganov style, developed there at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries.

The historical coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod in 1981 was a red deer with black horns and hooves on a white field. The modern coat of arms circa 1992 is the same, but the shield can be adorned with golden oak leaves tied with a ribbon with colours of the Russian national flag.

Great trade center

This building formerly housed the Great Russian Fair

In 1817, the Makaryev Fair, one of the liveliest in the world, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, and started to attract millions of visitors annually. By the mid-19th century, the city was firmly established as the trade capital of the Russian Empire. The world's first radio receiver by engineer Alexander Popov and the world's first hyperboloid tower and lattice shell-coverings by engineer Vladimir Shukhov were demonstrated at the All-Russia industrial and art exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod in 1896. According to official Imperial Russian statistics the population of Nizhny Novgorod as of 14 January 1913 was 97,000.

The largest industrial enterprise was the Sormovo Iron Works which was connected by the company's own railway to Moscow station in the upper part of Nizhny Novgorod. The private Moscow to Kazan Railway Company's station was in the lower part of the city. Other industries gradually developed, and by the start of the 20th century the city was also a first-rank industrial hub. Henry Ford helped build a large truck and tractor plant (GAZ) in the late 1920s, sending engineers and mechanics, including future labour leader Walter Reuther.

Soviet era

There were no permanent bridges over the Volga or Oka before the October Revolution in 1917. Temporary bridges were built during the trade fair. The first bridge over the Volga was started by the Moscow-Kazan Railway Company in 1914, but only finished in the Soviet Era when the railway to Kotelnich was opened for service in 1927.

Maxim Gorky was born in Nizhny Novgorod in 1868 as Alexey Maximovich Peshkov. In his novels he described the dismal life of the city proletariat.

Already during his lifetime, the city was renamed Gorky following his return to the Soviet Union in 1932 on the invitation of Joseph Stalin. The city bore Gorky's name until 1990. His childhood home is preserved as a museum, known as the Kashirin House, after Alexey's grandfather who owned the place.

During much of the Soviet era, the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research and production facilities, even though it was a popular stopping point for Soviet tourists traveling up and down the Volga in tourist boats. Unusually for a Soviet city of that size, even street maps were not available for sale until the mid-1970s.

Mátyás Rákosi, communist leader of Hungary, died there in 1971. The physicist and Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980-1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners.

An end to the "closed" status of the city accompanied the reinstatement of the city's original name in 1990.

Administrative and municipal status

Nizhny Novgorod is the administrative center of the oblast. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with one resort settlement and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of oblast significance of Nizhny Novgorod is incorporated as Nizhny Novgorod Urban Okrug.

City layout and divisions

Nizhny Novgorod is divided by the Oka River into two distinct parts. The Upper City (Russian: Нагорная часть, Nagornaya chast) is located on the hilly eastern (right) bank of the Oka. It includes three of the eight city districts into which the city is administratively divided:

• Nizhegorodsky (the historical and administrative center of the city);
• Prioksky;
• Sovetsky.

The Lower City (Russian: Заречная часть, Zarechnaya chast) occupies the low (western) side of the Oka, and includes five city districts:

• Kanavinsky (the site of the Nizhny Novgorod Fair and the location of the main train station);
• Moskovsky (home of the Sokol Aircraft Plant and its airfield);
• Sormovsky (where Krasnoye Sormovo and the Volga Shipyard are located);
• Avtozavodsky (built around the GAZ automotive plants);
• Leninsky.

All of today's lower city was annexed by Nizhny Novgorod in 1929–1931.

Demographics

• Population: 1,250,619 (2010 Census); 1,311,252 (2002 Census); 1,438,133 (1989 Census).
• Births (2008): 12,969
• Deaths (2008): 20,757

Nizhny Novgorod is the fifth largest city in Russia, ranking after Moscow, St. Petersburg, Novosibirsk, and Yekaterinburg.

Climate

The climate in the region is continental, specifically humid continental (Dfb), and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover. Average temperatures range from +19 °C (66 °F) in July to −9 °C (16 °F) in January.

Climate data for Nizhny Novgorod
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	5.7 (42.3)	7.0 (44.6)	17.3 (63.1)	26.3 (79.3)	32.5 (90.5)	36.3 (97.3)	38.2 (100.8)	38.0 (100.4)	31.0 (87.8)	24.2 (75.6)	13.8 (56.8)	8.5 (47.3)	38.2 (100.8)
Average high °C (°F)	−5.9 (21.4)	−5.3 (22.5)	1.1 (34)	10.9 (51.6)	18.7 (65.7)	22.6 (72.7)	24.7 (76.5)	22.1 (71.8)	15.6 (60.1)	8.0 (46.4)	−0.5 (31.1)	−4.7 (23.5)	8.9 (48)
Daily mean °C (°F)	−8.9 (16)	−8.7 (16.3)	−2.6 (27.3)	6.1 (43)	12.9 (55.2)	17.2 (63)	19.4 (66.9)	16.9 (62.4)	11.1 (52)	4.7 (40.5)	−2.8 (27)	−7.4 (18.7)	4.8 (40.6)
Average low °C (°F)	−11.6 (11.1)	−11.7 (10.9)	−5.8 (21.6)	2.1 (35.8)	7.9 (46.2)	12.6 (54.7)	14.8 (58.6)	12.6 (54.7)	7.6 (45.7)	2.1 (35.8)	−4.8 (23.4)	−9.9 (14.2)	1.3 (34.3)
Record low °C (°F)	−41.2 (−42.2)	−37.2 (−35)	−28.3 (−18.9)	−19.7 (−3.5)	−6.9 (19.6)	−1.8 (28.8)	4.6 (40.3)	0.9 (33.6)	−5.5 (22.1)	−16.0 (3.2)	−29.4 (−20.9)	−41.4 (−42.5)	−41.4 (−42.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	47 (1.85)	38 (1.5)	37 (1.46)	36 (1.42)	46 (1.81)	76 (2.99)	73 (2.87)	69 (2.72)	61 (2.4)	64 (2.52)	55 (2.17)	55 (2.17)	657 (25.87)
Average rainy days	5	4	5	13	17	19	18	18	18	18	10	6	151
Average snowy days	28	24	18	7	1	0.1	0	0	1	8	20	26	133
Average relative humidity (%)	86	81	74	64	60	69	70	74	79	82	87	86	76
Mean monthly sunshine hours	43	79	145	196	275	287	280	238	152	81	38	25	1,839
Source #1: Pogoda.ru.net
Source #2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)

Economy

State Bank of Nizhny Novgorod built in 1913

Information technology

Nizhny Novgorod is one of the centers of the IT Industry in Russia. It ranks among the leading Russian cities in terms of the quantity of software R&D providers. Intel has a big software R&D center with more than 500 engineers in the city, as well as a major datacenter. In Nizhny Novgorod there is also a number of offshore outsourcing software developers, including Bell Integrator, Itseez, Tecom, Luximax Systems Ltd., MERA Networks, RealEast Networks, Auriga, SoftDrom, and Teleca, and many other smaller companies specializing in the delivery of services to telecommunication vendors.

There are twenty-five scientific R&D institutions focusing on telecommunications, radio technology, theoretical and applied physics, and thirty-three higher educational institutions, among them are Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy, Nizhny Novgorod State University, Nizhny Novgorod Technical University, as well as Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Information Technologies, that focuses on information technologies, software development, system administration, telecommunications, cellular networks, Internet technologies, and IT management.

Nizhny Novgorod has also been chosen as one of four sites for building an IT-oriented technology park—a special zone that has an established infrastructure and enjoys a favorable tax and customs policy.

Engineering industry

The engineering industry is the leading industry of Nizhny Novgorod economy. It is mainly oriented towards transportation, i.e., the auto industry, shipbuilding, diesel engines, aircraft manufacture, and machine tools, with the auto industry being the leading sector (50%). Largest plants include:

• JSC "Gorky Automobile Plant" - personal cars, trucks, armored personnel carriers, and other autos;
• JSC "Krasnoye Sormovo" - river and sea ships, submarines;
• JSC "Sokol" - airplanes, jets;
• JSC "Hydromash"- hydraulic actuators, landing gears
• JSC "Nitel" - TV sets;
• JSC "RUMO" - diesel generators;
• JSC "Krasny yakor" - anchor chains;

Transportation

The Metro Bridge

OO gauge Model Railway of the high speed Sapsan Railway from Moscow – Saint Petersburg Railway and Moscow to Nizhny Novgorod Railway in the Museum of the Moscow Railway, Moscow

Kanavino bridge

Riverside terminal

Trolleybus ZiU-682.

Railway

The Gorkovskaya Railroad, a Russian Railways department which operates some 5,700 kilometers (3,500 mi) of rail lines throughout the Middle Volga region and 1,200 kilometers (750 mi) in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, is headquartered in Nizhny Novgorod. Since 1862, there has been a railway connection between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow. Overnight trains provide access to Nizhny Novgorod from Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Yaroslavl and others. Since December 2002, a fast train transports passengers between Nizhny Novgorod and Moscow in less than five hours. One can continue from Nizhny Novgorod eastward along the Trans-Siberian Railway, with direct trains to major cities in the Urals and Siberia, as well as to Beijing, Pyongyang, and Ulan-Bator.

The first high-speed rail Sapsan train to Moscow (Kursky Rail Terminal) and Saint Petersburg (Moskovsky Rail Terminal) was launched on July 30, 2010.

Suburban commuter trains (elektrichka) connect Nizhny Novgorod with Vladimir, Dzerzhinsk, Murom, Kirov, Arzamas, Zavolzhye, Balakhna, and others.

Airport

The Nizhny Novgorod International Airport has direct flights to major Russian cities, Europe and the Middle East. The air base Sormovo was an important military airlift facility, and Pravdinsk air base was an interceptor aircraft base during the Cold War. S7 Airlines and UTair Aviation fly to Moscow's Domodedovo and Vnukovo Airports daily.

Waterways

Nizhny Novgorod is an important center of Volga cargo and passenger shipping. During summer, cruise vessels operate between Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and Astrakhan. In 2006 a small number of Meteor-class hydrofoils resumed operations on the Volga river.

Highway

The city is served by the Russian highway M-7 (Moscow – Nizhny Novgorod – Kazan – Ufa), and is a hub of the regional highway network.

Intercity buses

The system of Nizhny Novgorod's bus terminals underwent significant changes in 2015, as the old main intercity bus terminal in Lyadov Sq (just south of downtown) closed, and a new bus terminal opened in Scherbinki, a few miles to the south. Presently, the city's main bus terminals are the following:

• Kanavino Bus Station, near the Moscow Railway Station. Mostly serves directions west and northwest (e.g. toward Moscow)
• Scherbinki Bus Station, a few miles south of downtown. Mostly serves directions east and south.
• Sennay Bus Station, east of downtown. Served by a few commuter routes east, into Kstovo and district.

Out of the three bus terminals, only the Kanavino station is near a subway line; the other two are connected with the rest of the city by city buses.

Local public transportation

Public transportation within the city is provided by a small subway system (Nizhny Novgorod Metro), tramways, marshrutkas (routed taxis), buses, and trolleybuses. Electric and diesel commuter trains run to suburbs in several directions.

Aerial tramway

The Nizhny Novgorod Volga Aerial Tramway from Nizhny Novgorod to Bor across the Volga river opened in 2012.

Main sights

Much of the city downtown is built in the Russian Revival and Stalin Empire styles. The dominating feature of the city skyline is the grand Kremlin (1500–1511), with its red-brick towers. After Bolshevik devastation, the only ancient edifice left within the kremlin walls is the tent-like Archangel Cathedral (1624–31), first built in stone in the 13th century.

Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin

Cultural features

Planetarium and circus

Church of the Nativity of Our Lady, built by the Stroganovs

File:Площадь Минина и Пожарского.jpg

Minin and Pozharsky Square

There are more than six hundred unique historic, architectural, and cultural monuments in the city.

There are about two hundred municipal and regional art and cultural institutions within Nizhny Novgorod. Among these institutions there are eight theaters, five concert halls, ninety-seven libraries (with branches), seventeen movie theaters (including five movie theaters for children), twenty-five institutions of children optional education, eight museums (sixteen including branches), and seven parks.

Nizhny Novgorod art gallery

The art gallery in Nizhny Novgorod is a large and important art gallery and museums of human history and culture.

Nizhny Novgorod has a great and extraordinary art gallery with more than 12,000 exhibits, an enormous collection of works by Russian artists such as Viktor Vasnetsov, Karl Briullov, Ivan Shishkin, Ivan Kramskoi, Ilya Yefimovich Repin, Isaak Iljitsch Lewitan, Vasily Surikov, Ivan Aivazovsky, there are also greater collections of works by Boris Kustodiev and Nicholas Roerich, not only Russian art is part of the exhibition it include also a vast accumulation of Western European art like works by David Teniers the Younger, Bernardo Bellotto, Lucas Cranach the Elder, Pieter de Grebber, Giuseppe Maria Crespi, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, and lot more.

Finally what makes this gallery extremely important is the amazing collection Russian avant-garde with works by Kazimir Malevich, Wassily Kandinsky, Natalia Goncharova, Mikhail Larionov and so on. There is also collection of East Asian art.

Houses of worship

Pechersky Ascension Monastery

File:Zamokizpeska.JPG

New Fair Cathedral (Alexander Nevsky Cathedral)

Savior (Old Fair) Cathedral

Other notable landmarks are the two great medieval abbeys. The Pechersky Ascension Monastery features the austere five-domed cathedral (1632) and two rare churches surmounted by tent roofs, dating from the 1640s. The Annunciation monastery, likewise surrounded by strong walls, has another five-domed cathedral (1649) and the Assumption church (1678). The only private house preserved from that epoch formerly belonged to the merchant Pushnikov.

There can be little doubt that the most original and delightful churches in the city were built by the Stroganovs in the nascent Baroque style. Of these, the Virgin's Nativity Church (1719) graces one of the central streets, whereas the Church of Our Lady of Smolensk (1694–97) survives in the former village of Gordeyevka (now, part of the city's Kanavinsky District), where the Stroganov palace once stood.

Other notable churches include:

• the Saviour Cathedral, also known as the Old Fair Cathedral, a huge domed edifice built at the site of the great fair to an Empire style design by Agustín de Betancourt and Auguste de Montferrand in 1822;
• the so-called New Fair Cathedral, designed in the Russian Revival style and constructed between 1856 and 1880 at the confluence of the Oka and the Volga. The New Fair Cathedral is the third tallest Cathedral in Russia;
• the recently reconstructed Church of the Nativity of John the Precursor (1676–83), standing just below the Kremlin walls; it was used during the Soviet period as an apartment house;
• the parish churches of the Holy Wives (1649) and of Saint Elijah (1656);
• the Assumption Church on St Elijah's Hill (1672), with five green-tiled domes arranged unorthodoxly on the lofty cross-shaped barrel roof;
• the shrine of the Old Believers at the Bugrovskoe cemetery, erected in the 1910s to a critically acclaimed design by Vladimir Pokrovsky;
• the wooden chapel of the Intercession (1660), transported to Nizhny Novgorod from a rural area.

There is also a mosque in Sennaya Square, where the Muslim populations of the city go for Friday prayers, Islamic activities and activities which are organized by the mosque. There is also a small shop to buy halal meats. Most of the Muslims in this city are Tatars.

The centrally located Nizhny Novgorod Synagogue was built in 1881-1883; disused during the Soviet era, it was renovated and reopened ca. 1991.

Other

A singular monument of industrial architecture is a 128-meter-high open-work hyperboloid tower built on the bank of the Oka near Dzerzhinsk as part of a powerline river crossing by the eminent engineer and scientist Vladimir Shukhov in 1929.

A staircase connecting the Kremlin with the Volga river offers a panoramic view of the surroundings. The staircase itself was constructed in the late 1940s by German prisoners of war forced to labor around Gorky.

View as seen from Rozhdestvenskaya st., Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin, Church of St John the Baptist, Arrow Oka and Volga

Education

Main Entrance of State Technical University

Nizhny Novgorod is home to the following educational facilities:

• N. I. Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod
• Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University
• Nizhny Novgorod State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering
• Nizhny Novgorod State Linguistic University
• Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University
• Nizhny Novgorod State Medical Academy
• Nizhny Novgorod State Agricultural Academy
• Volgo-Vyatsky Region Civil Service Academy

There are also twenty research institutes located in the city.

Sports

Several sports clubs are active in the city:

Club	Sport	Founded	Current League	League Rank	Stadium
Volga Nizhny Novgorod	Football	1963	Russian National Football League	2nd	Lokomotiv Stadium
Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod	Ice Hockey	1946	Kontinental Hockey League	1st	Trade Union Sport Palace
Start Nizhny Novgorod	Bandy	1932	Bandy Super League	1st	Start Stadium
BC Nizhny Novgorod	Basketball	2000	VTB United League	1st	Trade Union Sport Palace
Guberniya Nizhny Novgorod	Volleyball	2008	Volleyball Super League	1st	FOK Zarechye
Sparta	Volleyball	2000	Women's Volleyball Supreme League A	2nd	FOK Zarechye
Futbol-Hokkey NN	Futsal	1996	Futsal Supreme League	2nd	FOK Krasnaya Gorka

2018 FIFA World Cup

Russia will host the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and some matches will be played at the proposed Nizhny Novgorod Stadium. The stadium will be built on an island in the Volga river and will have a capacity of 44,899 people.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Nizhny Novgorod

International relations

Volga riverside, Kremlin and Chkalov Stairs view

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia

Twin towns and sister cities

Nizhny Novgorod is twinned with:

Essen, Germany Jinan, China Kharkiv, Ukraine Linz, Austria Matanzas, Cuba Bitola, Republic of Macedonia

Novi Sad, Serbia Philadelphia, United States Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain Suwon, South Korea Tampere, Finland

References

Sources

• Munro-Butler-Johnstone, Henry Alexander, A trip up the Volga to the fair of Nijni-Novgorod, Oxford: J. Parker and co., 1876.
• Fitzpatrick, Anne Lincoln, The Great Russian Fair: Nizhnii Novgorod, 1840-90, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, in association with St. Antony’s College, Oxford, 1990. ISBN 0-333-42437-9
• Городская Дума города Нижнего Новгорода. №91 23 ноября 2005 г. «Устав города Нижнего Новгорода». Вступил в силу с 1 января 2006 г., но не ранее официального опубликования после государственной регистрации, за исключением подпункта 13 пункта 10 статьи 43, вступающего в силу в сроки, установленные федеральным законом, определяющим порядок организации и деятельности муниципальной милиции. Опубликован: "Нижегородский рабочий", №234/15894, 30 декабря 2005 г. (City Duma of the City of Nizhny Novgorod. #91 November 23, 2005 Charter of the City of Nizhny Novgorod. Effective as of January 1, 2006, but not earlier than the official publication date following the state registration, and with the exception of subitem 13 of item 10 of Article 43, which takes effect during the timeframe to be set by a federal law legislating the organization and functioning of the municipal militsiya.).
• Законодательное собрание Нижегородской области. Закон №184-З от 16 ноября 2005 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Нижегородской области», в ред. Закона №21-З от 3 марта 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Нижегородской области "Об административно-территориальном устройстве Нижегородской области"». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Нижегородские новости", №218(3390), 23 ноября 2005 г. (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Law #184-Z of November 16, 2005 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, as amended by the Law #21-Z of March 3, 2015 On Amending the Law of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast "On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast". Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
• Законодательное Собрание Нижегородской области. Закон №205-З от 22 декабря 2005 г. «О утверждении границ, состава территории городского округа город Нижний Новгород», в ред. Закона №16-З от 7 февраля 2011 г «О внесении изменений в отдельные Законы Нижегородской области». Вступил в силу по истечении десяти дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Нижегородские новости", №2(3414), 11 января 2006 г. (Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Law #205-Z of December 22, 2005 On Establishing the Borders, Territorial Composition of the Urban Okrug of the City of Nizhny Novgorod, as amended by the Law #16-Z of February 7, 2011 On Amending Various Laws of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Effective as of after ten days from the day of the official publication.).
• Президиум Верховного Совета РСФСР. Указ от 22 октября 1990 г. «О переименовании города Горького в город Нижний Новгород и Горьковской области в Нижегородскую области». (Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. Decree of October 22, 1990 On Changing the Name of the City of Gorky to the City of Nizhny Novgorod and the Name of Gorky Oblast to Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. ).

External links

• Official website of Nizhny Novgorod
• Nizhny Novgorod City Guide
• Official website of Nizhny Novgorod State Art Museum (Russian)
• Art Museum of Nizhny Novgorod
• The Nizhny Novgorod and Arzamas Archdiocese (Russian)
• VisitNizhny.com Information about tourism and entertainment in Nizhny Novgorod
• Nizhny Novgorod Video on YouTube Created by Anton Chivkunov.
• Nizhny Novgorod Online (Russian)
• Heather DeHaan. "Nizhnii Novgorod: History in the Landscape"
• Photographic community in Nizhny Novgorod "Photo Gorky" (Russian)
• Archangel's Cathedral, Cathedral of St. Michael the Archangel (Nizhny Novgorod)"

Web-cameras

• 100+ webcams on the Nizhny Novgorod (Russian)
• Web-camera, Gorkogo sq. (Russian)
• Web-camera, Lyadova sq. You could see Okskiy s'ezd, Gagarina prospect, Timiryazeva str. (Russian)
• Web-camera, Kovalihinskaya and Proviantskaya streets crossing (Russian)